Benefit Of Others Research Articles

A reward self-bias leads to more optimal foraging for ourselves than others.

People are self-biased for rewards. We place a higher value on rewards if we receive them than if other people do. However, existing work has ignored one of the most powerful theorems from behavioural ecology of how animals seek resources in everyday life, the Marginal Value Theorem (MVT), which accounts for optimal behaviour for maximising resources intake rate. Does this self-bias help humans maximise rewards when foraging for their own benefit compared to foraging for the benefit of others? Participants had to decide when to leave patches where reward intake was gradually depleting, in environments with different average reward rates. Half of the time participants foraged for themselves, and in the other half they collected rewards for an anonymous stranger. The optimal MVT derived solution states people should leave when the instantaneous reward intake in a patch equals the average rate in an environment. Across two studies, people were more optimal when foraging for self, showing a reduced sensitivity to instantaneous rewards when foraging for other. Autistic traits were linked to reduced sensitivity to reward rates when foraging for self but not for other. These results highlight that the self-bias may be adaptive, helping people maximise reward intake.

Демон или будда: настоятель Рё:гэн и его образ в поучительных рассказах «Бесед о делах старины»

In the paper biography of Ryōgen, a prominent Japanese monk of the 10th cen­tury and Tendai zasu, is considered, as well as his contribution in the develop­ment of Tendai school is briefly discussed. Also, the analysis of Ryōgen’s achievements and vices as the authors of setsuwa tales’ compilations saw them is presented, based mainly on the “Tales About Old Matters” (“Kojidan”, early 13th century) by Minamoto no Akikane. Akikane chose for the chapter about monks three stories in which Ryōgen plays a significant role. The author creates an image of zasu as a superhuman being, dragon, who was born in the human world and became the head of Tendai school for the benefit of others only. In the literature of Akikane’s and slightly latter time there were examples of completely opposite views on Ryōgen’s nature and his deeds too. Such differ­ence in understanding of the zasu image in Japanese culture is accounted for the facts of his biography. With the lack of advantage of being highborn or rich, he overcame many obstacles and climbed on the very top of monastic hierarchy, particularly due to his exceptional eloquence, knowledge of Buddhist texts and ability to make connections with lay aristocracy. He was criticized for the latter, but in fact he successfully took Tendai school out of stagnation and led it to prosperity. He played his role in formation of schism in the school because he re­garded with favour monks of his own linage, but he also was a talented adminis­trator, built temples, improved education in Enryakuji. He influenced on develop­ment of Amidaism, and his disciples became prominent religious figures. That may be the cause why Akikane condemns ambitious monks, but not Ryōgen

Abstract B058: Preliminary findings of a multilevel community-based clinical trials and genomic navigation program implemented in the southern United States

Abstract Introduction: Advances in genomics have increased our understanding of the interplay between genetics, environment, behavior, and disease. However, these scientific advances are hampered by the inadequate representation of African American (AA) and Hispanic populations in genomic studies and clinical trials; thus, it is important to identify effective engagement and navigation strategies. The goal of the MSM/TU/UAB OCCC Partnerships to Advance Cancer Health Equity (PACHE) Outreach Core is to implement and evaluate an evidence-based, theory-informed, multi-level, clinical trial and cancer genomics education program (CTC-GEP) to address the determinants for AA and Hispanic participation in clinical trials and genomic research. The program consists of a clinical and genomic navigator and a high and low-tech toolkit. We will present preliminary data characterizing the feasibility phase of this two-arm behavioral trial. Methods: The Attitudes and Intentions to Enroll in a Therapeutic Trial (AIET) questionnaire and a culturally tailored social and demographic questionnaire were used by navigators to obtain participants information. Cumulative logistic regression was used to assess the correlation of age, race, education, and type of health insurance with attaining a higher score on the Likert scale used in AIET survey questions at pre- and post-test. Results: Younger participants (18-49 years) were significantly more likely than older participants (ages 50 and above) to hold several positive views about participating in clinical trials. Specifically, they were 3.6 times as likely to believe that participating in a clinical trial could help advance science to improve community health (P-value = 0.0393); 4.6 times as likely to think there are benefits for others like them (P-value = 0.25); 5.6 times as likely to trust that clinical trial centers have rules to protect their records (P-value = 0.024); and 3.9 times as likely to trust health workers (P-value = 0.002). Additionally, participants with a high school education or less were 3.2 times as likely to consider themselves at risk of cancer compared to those with a college education or higher (P- value = 0.0015). Medicare & Medicaid recipients, compared to those with private insurance, viewed privacy as a major concern when participating in research (P-value = 0.008). Furthermore, Black/AA participants were more likely than White participants to believe that Blacks are used in research without their knowledge (P-value = 0.005). Conclusions: CTC- GEP was demonstrated to be feasible and acceptable among study participants. Findings from the AIET survey highlight privacy concerns are more pronounced among Medicare & Medicaid recipients, indicating a need for better communication about privacy protections. As well, age and racial disparities exist in trust regarding the ethical conduct of research, with older and AA participants expressing significant concern about being used in research inappropriately and without their knowledge. Citation Format: Mohamed Mubasher, Osato Eke, Victoria Churchill, Vivian Carter, Yu-Mei Schoenberger, Desiree Rivers, Jamirah Chevrin, Stephen Sodeke, Christina Wilkerson, Makeeta Rayton, Teresa Hall, Illeana Barrios Zermeno, Angela Morris, Jennifer Culbertson, Roland Matthews, Brian Rivers. Preliminary findings of a multilevel community-based clinical trials and genomic navigation program implemented in the southern United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B058.

The Importance and Value of Knowledge in the Religion of Islam

This article discusses such questions as: what place is given to knowledge in the religion of Islam? What honorable place is given to literate people and teachers? And also it is about religious sciences and secular sciences, and that every Muslim in his life should strive to gain knowledge. The journal explores the critical role of knowledge in Islam. It highlights how Islam, as the true religion of Allah, emphasizes the acquisition of knowledge as essential for leading a righteous life. The teachings of the Holy Quran and the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) underscore that a Muslim is responsible before Allah for all actions and must pursue knowledge to avoid error and find the true path. The Quran encourages reflection and knowledge acquisition, linking religious values and scientific understanding, emphasizing the harmony between religion and science. Islam views education as the foundation of personal and societal prosperity, where knowledge gained must be applied for the benefit of others. Teachers hold an esteemed place in Islamic society, as they shape individuals into wise, ethical, and productive members of society. The article concludes that education fosters human progress, and Muslims must respect teachers and continue striving for knowledge, which ultimately leads to personal growth and societal welfare.

Are individualistic employees tolerant of the benefit of others? A multilevel analysis of the relationship between witnessing coworkers i-deals and malicious envy

This study focuses on a third party (coworkers) perspective of idiosyncratic deals (i-deals). In more detail, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of witnessing others’ i-deals on coworker’s emotional response (malicious envy), and the moderating effect of individualistic values on that response at both individual and national level. In addition, this study examines the impact of two types of witnessing others’ i-deals which include not only the other’s i-deals that the coworker directly observes, but also the generalized others’ i-deals which is an aggregated perception as a result of frequent observation of idiosyncratic deals enjoyed by multiple others. Data were collected from 450 employees from 5 Asian countries at two points. We adopted a hierarchical linear model (HLM) because we assume two levels for both i-deals and individualism. The results show that witnessing other’s i-deals is positively related to malicious envy. In addion, individual-level individualism was found to moderate the relationship between witnessing coworkers’ i-deals and malicious envy. Interestingly, it is not individualism at the country level, but that at the individual level that moderates the relationship between witnessing i-deals and malicious envy. This study indicates that i-deals studies on coworkers’ reactions to others’ i-deals should focus more on the moderating effect of individual cultural values.

"Frequent Self-Examination Is the Duty of All": Practical Religion, Moral Improvement, and Transatlantic Protestantism

Abstract: Practicing Protestants sought moral perfection through innovative means of self-development during the eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. The philosophical, cultural and religious changes that emerged from the Protestant Reformation and Enlightenment influenced transatlantic Protestantism. Evangelical religion and new sectarian groups appeared simultaneously and dialectically to the emergence of liberal thought, democratic politics and scientific advancement. The high-level musings of prominent philosophers of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe trickled down to common practitioners, who engaged in new patterns of religiosity. Through spiritual performances, habitual methods, and regimented schedules, Protestants customized their individual programs for moral progress and spiritual enlightenment. Pictorial and published works served as devices to evoke, maintain and advance their faith through reading, prayer, meditation, and diet. Recording their activities and assessing their successes and failures, the individual plans detailed here were part of a continuum of spirituality and rationality to perform piety on one's own terms and for the benefit of others. These Protestants combined Christian concepts with Enlightenment ideals to pursue autonomous, aspirational, and tailored approaches to self-discipline and spiritual insight.

Wanting to matter and learning to care: A neurodevelopmental window of opportunity for (Pro) social learning?

Wanting to matter—to feel socially recognized, appreciated, and capable of actions that benefit others—represents a fundamental motivation in human development. The motivational salience of mattering appears to increase in adolescence. Evidence suggests this is related to pubertal increases in the incentive salience for gaining social value and personal agency. This can provide a useful heuristic for understanding motivational proclivities (i.e. wanting to matter) that influence action-outcome learning as young adolescents are exploring and learning how to navigate increasingly complex social and relational environments. Adolescence also brings new capacities, motives, and opportunities for learning to care about and contribute to the benefit of others. Together, these create a window of opportunity: a sensitive period for learning to gain salient feelings of mattering through caring prosocial actions and valued societal contributions. Successfully discovering ways of mattering by doing things that matter to others may contribute to formative socio-emotional learning about self/other. Advances in understanding these social and relational learning processes and their neurodevelopmental underpinnings can inform strategies to improve developmental trajectories of social competence and wellbeing among adolescents growing up in a rapidly changing and increasingly techno-centric world.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Menghambat Perlindungan Konsumen terhadap Pengguna Barang Thrift Fasion dipasar Andalas Kota Gorontalo

This research aims to find out about the phenomenon of legal protection for consumers using thrift fashion goods in the Andalas market, Gorontalo City and the factors that hinder consumer protection for users of thrift fashion goods in the Andalas market, Gorontalo City. This research uses empirical legal research methods which are carried out by collecting data through observation and interviews. The results of this research indicate that Consumer Protection is regulated in Law no. 8 of 1999 which is a replacement for Law no. 3 of 1989 concerning Telecommunications. The consumer protection law itself regulates the rights and obligations of consumers, including producers, who act to meet consumer needs and ensure the realization of legal protection for the benefit of others. In essence, consumer protection is the consumer's own right, including the activities and movements of the sales industry which are currently being widely discussed and highlighted, especially the buying and selling of imported second-hand clothing, known as thrifting, namely the activity of shopping for used goods such as clothes and other types, whose prices are very high. cheaper, as well as factors that hinder the provision of this protection and make it not work as it should. In the city of Gorontalo itself, there are problems in providing consumer protection for the sale of imported second-hand clothing, namely; strong desire on the part of sellers and buyers, law enforcement is limited to socialization and appeals without confiscation and sanctions, and lack of public awareness.

Proud to Be Dishonest: Emotional Consequences of Altruistic Versus Egoistic Dishonesty

ABSTRACTWe explore and demonstrate the anticipated and actual emotions that are experienced by individuals who engage in dishonest behaviors that benefit others (altruistic dishonesty) versus the self (egoistic dishonesty), and primarily focus on the positive emotion of pride. Across three preregistered experiments (one scenario experiment and two incentivized behavioral ones), we found that engaging in altruistic dishonesty was not only more prevalent than egoistic dishonesty but also evoked more pride and less guilt and shame. Interestingly, the increase in pride and decrease in guilt and shame when cheating solely for the benefit of others were attenuated when participants cheated for the benefit of both others and themselves. These findings shed further light on the emotional processes involved in dishonesty and highlight the understudied role of pride. The positive association between engaging in altruistic dishonesty and pride may explain the relatively high rates of altruistic dishonesty observed in the current and previous studies, as it suggests that having an altruistic justification may not only enable cheaters to maintain a clear conscience but also even boost how they feel about themselves.

Competition between self- and other-regarding preferences in resolving social dilemmas

Evolutionary game theory assumes that individuals maximize their benefits when choosing strategies. However, an alternative perspective proposes that individuals seek to maximize the benefits of others. To explore the relationship between these perspectives, we develop a model where self- and other-regarding preferences compete in public goods games. We find that other-regarding preferences are more effective in promoting cooperation, even when self-regarding preferences are more productive. Cooperators with different preferences can coexist in a new phase where two classic solutions invade each other, resulting in a dynamical equilibrium. As a consequence, a lower productivity of self-regarding cooperation can provide a higher cooperation level. Our results, which are also valid in a well-mixed population, may explain why other-regarding preferences could be a viable and frequently observed attitude in human society.

Resolving selfish and spiteful interdependent conflict.

Interdependence occurs when individuals have a stake in the success or failure of others, such that the outcomes experienced by one individual also generate costs or benefits for others. Discussion on this topic has typically focused on positive interdependence (where gains for one individual result in gains for another) and on the consequences for cooperation. However, interdependence can also be negative (where gains for one individual result in losses for another), which can spark conflict. In this article, we explain when negative interdependence is likely to arise and, crucially, the role played by (mis)perception in shaping an individual's understanding of their interdependent relationships. We argue that, owing to the difficulty in accurately perceiving interdependence with others, individuals might often be mistaken about the stake they hold in each other's outcomes, which can spark needless, resolvable forms of conflict. We then discuss when and how reducing misperceptions can help to resolve such conflicts. We argue that a key mechanism for resolving interdependent conflict, along with better sources of exogenous information, is to reduce reliance on heuristics such as stereotypes when assessing the nature of our interdependent relationships.

The Guidelines for Development the Servant Leadership of School Administrators under the Mahasarakham Primary Educational Service Area Office 3

Background and Aims: School administrators who follow the concept of servant leadership will give importance to and recognize the value of co-workers and will pay attention to developing the potential of co-workers. Ignore personal interests to get what others want and help others develop, to grow. Therefore, this research aims to study the current state, the desirable state, and the priority needs and study the guidelines for the development of the servant leadership of school administrators under the Mahasarakham primary educational service area office 3. Methodology: The research is divided into 2 phases: Phase 1 studies the current state, desirable state, and the priority needs of servant leadership of school administrators, A sample group of 280 school administrators and teachers, was randomly selected using a stratified sampling method. The research instrument is a questionnaire with a 5-level with a confidence value of 0.93 and data analysis by mean and standard deviation. phase 2 study of the guidelines for the development of servant leadership of school administrators. The key informant group comprises 3 best practice schools and 9 experts for assessment of the development guideline. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview form and assessment form the suitability and feasibility of development guideline Results: 1. The current state overall was high level; desirable state overall was the highest level. The priority needs ranked from high to low level were humility, service, awareness, empowerment, and human development dedication, respectively. 2. The guidelines for the development of servant leadership of School administrators include 5 elements 1) principle 2) purpose 3) content 4) development process and 5) measurement and evaluation. The results of the evaluation of the suitability and feasibility of development guidelines overall were at the highest level. Conclusion: The servant leadership style of school administrators involves fulfilling responsibilities with an understanding and practice of prioritizing the needs of others over one's own, placing the benefits of others above personal gains, and adding value to the development of others. This is done for the needs of others and the decentralization of power. The key components include: humility, service, awareness, empowerment, and human development dedication

Development of an intervention for reducing infant bathing frequency.

Bathing babies less frequently and intensively in the first six months of life may prevent eczema, but this has not yet been definitively tested in a randomised controlled trial. Such a trial would require evidence-based support to help parents engage with a minimal bathing routine. The present study reports the development of this support. We adopted a four-stage design process: (i) Pregnant women and their families (n = 31) were interviewed to ascertain key barriers and facilitators towards following the minimal bathing intervention. (ii) These barriers and facilitators were mapped to behaviour change techniques, focussing on the intervention types of education, persuasion and environmental restructuring, alongside appropriate modes of delivery, and prototype intervention materials were developed. (iii) We iteratively refined these materials in a workshop with multidisciplinary experts and Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) representatives (n = 13) and an (iv) intervention walkthrough with families (n = 5). The design process was informed by the Behaviour Change Wheel, Theoretical framework of acceptability and the Template for intervention description and replication. Social influences and motivational factors are likely to influence both uptake and adherence to the intervention. Anticipated emotional reward from participating in research for the benefit of others was indicated to be a strong facilitator for intervention uptake. Alternatives to bathing, having fun with the baby and the night-time routine, alongside family support, were notable facilitators suggested to aid adherence to the intervention. Barriers included hygiene concerns and anticipated negative social appraisal. Barriers and facilitators were mapped to thirty-six behaviour change techniques, focussing on the intervention types of education, persuasion and environmental restructuring, all of which were embedded into the package of support. The prototype intervention materials received positive feedback from the expert workshop and study walkthrough with families. The final package of support comprises printed and digital prompts and cues, a study booklet, video, and digital tool for self-monitoring. The intervention design process incorporated the 'real world' views and experiences of families, experts and PPIE representatives, alongside criteria for designing behavioural interventions. The effectiveness of the package of support will be tested in a feasibility trial and embedded process evaluation.

The Danish Ibbis Trials for Sickness Absentees with Common Mental Disorders: A Phase 4 Prospective Study Comparing Randomized Trial and Real-World Data.

In two randomized controlled trials (RCT) we tested the efficacy of a novel integrated vocational rehabilitation and mental healthcare intervention, coined INT, for sickness absentees with common mental disorders. The aim was to improve vocational outcomes compared to Service As Usual (SAU). Contrary to expectations, the delivered intervention caused worse outcomes within some diagnostic groups and some benefits in others. In this phase 4 study, we examined the effectiveness of the intervention in real-world practice. In this prospective intervention study, we allocated adult sickness absentees with either depression, anxiety, or adjustment disorder to receive INT in a real-world setting in a Danish Municipality. We compared the vocational outcomes of this group to a matched group who received INT as a part of the RCTs, after randomization to the intervention group herein. Primary outcome was return to work at any point within 12 months. In the real-world group, 151 participants received INT during 2019. From the randomized trials, 302 matched participants who received INT between 2016-2018 were included. On the primary outcome - return to work within 12 months - the real-word group fared worse (48.3 vs 64.6 %, OR 0.54 [95%CI: 0.37-0.79], p = 0.001). Across most other vocational outcomes, a similar pattern of statistically significant poorer outcomes in the real-world group was observed: Lower number of weeks in work and lower proportion in work at 12 months (42.3% vs. 58.3% (p = 0.002)). The real-word group showed significantly worse vocational outcomes. Like in many other studies of complex interventions, implementation was difficult in the original randomized trials and perhaps even more difficult in the less structured real-world setting. Since the intervention was less effective for some groups compared to SAU in the original trial, this negative effect may be even more pronounced in a real-world setting.

Innovation from necessity: digital technologies, teacher development and reciprocity with organisational innovation

ABSTRACT This paper outlines how digital technologies support innovation in teaching and learning the English language across Palestinian Higher Education Institutes. A European project collaborated to build staff capacity in knowledge and skills, shown here through the redesign of curricula, pedagogical training, the design and implementation of interactive textbooks, the creation of language labs, helping to develop expertise in creating and utilising Open Educational Resources (OER) and significantly, the development of individual agency as a form of OER. In this paper, we draw on three years of data to present a model for teacher innovation showing how digital innovation is firstly personal at a practitioner level and shaped by need, before becoming driven by collaboration at an organisational level with like-minded colleagues. Shared practice at this level can lead to community discourse through practitioner networks, which in turn can lead to dialogue initiating instances of organisational change. This resonates with literature which shows innovation has three outcomes: originality (practitioner-based agency); scale (going beyond the site of creation) and value (how this produces benefits for others). We perceive that the resulting capacity-building extends beyond the redesign of curricula mentioned to professional enrichment, collegiality through cascading innovation to other areas, and enhanced practitioner agency.

Integrating Environmental Involvement and Media Exposure on the Theory of Planned Behavior in Explaining Green Purchase Behavior

Green purchase behavior has become a main agenda in most countries, especially after the introduction of the Sustainable Development Goals. Green purchase behavior is considered an act of protecting the environment for a better living. Green purchase behavior goes beyond self-benefits, it’s a commitment to the benefits of others and the environment. Hence, understanding what influences consumer green purchase behavior is considered of utmost importance and relevant in today’s sustainable development. This study aims to integrate environmental involvement and media exposure of environmental messages into the theory of planned behavior. The quantitative study among 346 young respondents from one of the top business schools in Malaysia revealed that attitude toward green products, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, environmental involvement, and media exposure has a significant positive relationship with green purchase behavior. The findings contribute to extending the literature on green purchase behavior specifically in the context of young consumers in Malaysia. Besides, the findings suggest a few practical implications which are discussed at the end of the article.

“Why did we do that?” A Systematic Approach to Tracking Decisions in the Design and Iteration of Learning Experiences

Practitioners today are often tasked with designing learning experiences situated in increasingly complex contexts where defining the challenge, understanding learners and stakeholders, and being informed by theory and evidence must all be taken into consideration when planning and implementing a solution. The Learning Engineering Evidence and Decision (LEED) tracker is one possible tool for managing these various channels of influence by recording, revisiting, and iterating upon actionable design decisions in an evidence-grounded way. Emerging from specific examples of LEED tracker use by a learning engineering team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are general benefits for others engaging in design for learning: it concretizes decisions grounded in understandings of pedagogical approaches and context, facilitates iteration and improvement based on data, and serves as a communication tool among stakeholders.

Reduced social function in experimentally evolved Dictyostelium discoideum implies selection for social conflict in nature.

Many microbes interact with one another, but the difficulty of directly observing these interactions in nature makes interpreting their adaptive value complicated. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum forms aggregates wherein some cells are sacrificed for the benefit of others. Within chimaeric aggregates containing multiple unrelated lineages, cheaters can gain an advantage by undercontributing, but the extent to which wild D. discoideum has adapted to cheat is not fully clear. In this study, we experimentally evolved D. discoideum in an environment where there were no selective pressures to cheat or resist cheating in chimaeras. Dictyostelium discoideum lines grown in this environment evolved reduced competitiveness within chimaeric aggregates and reduced ability to migrate during the slug stage. By contrast, we did not observe a reduction in cell number, a trait for which selection was not relaxed. The observed loss of traits that our laboratory conditions had made irrelevant suggests that these traits were adaptations driven and maintained by selective pressures D. discoideum faces in its natural environment. Our results suggest that D. discoideum faces social conflict in nature, and illustrate a general approach that could be applied to searching for social or non-social adaptations in other microbes.

Modifying Our Genes: Theology, Science and “Playing God”

Modifying Our Genes: Theology, Science and “Playing God”

The Grammar and Socio-Political Implications of Kierkegaard’s Christian Virtue of Meekness

This paper argues that in Kierkegaard’s works, in his upbuilding discourses and late journal entries in particular, meekness or gentleness (Danish: Sagtmodighed) is presented as a distinctive moral and spiritual quality that exhibits a number of characteristics that are usually regarded as attributes of a virtue. Following a “grammatical approach” to what counts as a virtue, rather than a specifically Aristotelian-Thomistic interpretation, it is argued that Kierkegaard presents meekness as an encompassing attitude, a character trait, which can be acquired through imitation of exemplary persons, Christ, in particular, which aims for the good life, is conducive of the good, and is for the benefit of others and the self. It is demonstrated that according to Kierkegaard, meekness differs from other virtues such as courage and patience by its forgiving attitude towards the wrongdoer and nonviolent resistance to injustice and evil. As a virtue that disposes a person to nonviolent resistance, meekness has socio-political implications: injustice is uncovered and criticized for the benefit of “the poor”. A meek person does not confirm the world in its evil, but criticizes it, albeit in a way that is appropriate to meekness, i.e., in a forgiving and nonviolent way.