Cost-benefit Research Articles

Selective recovery of europium from real acid mine drainage using modified Cr-MIL and SBA15 adsorbents.

The successful adoption and widespread implementation of innovative acid mine drainage treatment and resource recovery methods hinge on their capacity to demonstrate enhanced performance, economic viability, and environmental sustainability compared to conventional approaches. Here, an evaluation of the efficacy of chromium-based metal-organic frameworks and amine-grafted SBA15 materials in adsorbing europium (Eu) from actual mining wastewater was conducted. The adsorbents underwent comprehensive characterization and examination for their affinity for Eu. Cr-MIL-PMIDA and SBA15-NH-PMIDA had a highest Langmuir adsorption capacity of 69mg/g and 86mg/g, respectively, for an optimum level of pH 4.8. Preferential adsorption tests followed using real AMD collected at a disused mine in the north of Norway. A comparative study utilizing pH-adjusted real AMD revealed that Cr-MIL-PMIDA (88%) exhibited slightly higher selectivity towards Eu compared to SBA15-NH-PMIDA (81%) in real mining wastewater. While Cr-MIL-PMIDA displays excellent properties for the selective recovery of REEs, practical challenges related to production costs and potential susceptibility to chromium leaching make it less appealing for widespread applications. A cost-benefit analysis was then undertaken to quantify the advantages of employing SBA15-NH-PMIDA material. The study disclosed that 193.2g of EuCl3 with 99% purity can be recovered by treating 1000 m3 of AMD.

The Role of Preoperative Abdominal Ultrasound in the Preparation of Patients Undergoing Primary Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Machine Learning Algorithm on 4418 Patients' Records.

The utility of preoperative abdominal ultrasonography (US) in evaluating patients with obesity before metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) remains ambiguously defined. Retrospective analysis whereby patients were classified into four groups based on ultrasound results. Group 1 had normal findings. Group 2 had non-significant findings that did not affect the planned procedure. Group 3 required additional or follow-up surgeries without changing the surgical plan. Group 4, impacting the procedure, needed further investigations and was subdivided into 4A, delaying surgery for more assessments, and 4B, altering or canceling the procedure due to critical findings. Machine learning techniques were utilized to identify variables. Four thousand four hundred eighteen patients' records were analyzed. Group 1 was 45.7%. Group 2, 35.7%; Group 3, 17.0%; Group 4, 1.5%, Group 4A, 0.8%; and Group 4B, 0.7%, where surgeries were either canceled (0.3%) or postponed (0.4%). The hyperparameter tuning process identified a Decision Tree classifier with a maximum tree depth of 7 as the most effective model. The model demonstrated high effectiveness in identifying patients who would benefit from preoperative ultrasound before MBS, with training and testing accuracies of 0.983 and 0.985. It also showed high precision (0.954), recall (0.962), F1 score (0.958), and an AUC of 0.976. Our study found that preoperative ultrasound demonstrated clinical utility for a subset of patients undergoing metabolic bariatric surgery. Specifically, 15.9% of the cohort benefited from the identification of chronic calculous cholecystitis, leading to concomitant cholecystectomy. Additionally, surgery was postponed in 1.4% of the cases due to other findings. While these findings indicate a potential benefit in certain cases, further research, including a cost-benefit analysis, is necessary to fully evaluate routine preoperative ultrasound's overall utility and economic impact in this patient population.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Alternative Management Strategies for Red Deer in Denmark.

In this paper, we conduct a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of five alternative management strategies for red deer in Denmark: free harvest, trophy hunting, maximum harvest and two cases for natural demographic population compositions. To capture the outcome under each strategy we use a biological sex- and age-structured population model. The net benefit function includes meat values, recreational values, browsing damage costs and traffic damage costs and these values and costs are assumed to differ for the various sex and age classes of red deer. We show that the maximum harvest strategy leads to a reasonably high positive total net benefit, while the free harvest strategy yields a small positive net benefit. On the other hand, the trophy hunting strategy generates a high negative net benefit, while small negative net benefits are obtained under the two strategies for natural demographic population compositions.

Evaluating economic viability and environmental externalities of integrated tilapia-sugarcane farming in Maharashtra

In recent years, farmers in Maharashtra have engaged in aquaculture-sugarcane farming, with those from the Ujjani reservoir area practicing integrated sugarcane farming using tilapia farm discharge water. This study aims to systematically compare the economic viability and environmental externalities between sugarcane-only farms (SF) and tilapia-sugarcane farms (TSF) within the commanding area of the Ujjani reservoir. Primary data was collected from the 160 farmers (80 SF, 80 TSF), and Secondary data were collected from published literature, the Department of Fisheries, and fisheries cooperative societies. Data analysis used descriptive statistics to characterize demographic profile, farm performance (cost-benefit analysis, production function), and farmers' perceptions. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and two-way MANOVA were employed for environmental assessments. Results indicate that TSF yields higher profits across all cost scenarios, with a Benefit-Cost ratio of 1.69, surpassing SF's ratio of 1.55. The Cobb-Douglas production function analysis reveals increasing returns to scale for both SF and TSF, with the sum of coefficients exceeding one. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicate that 31 variables rated by sugarcane growers were extracted into ten components, which explains 65 % of the total variance for SF and 62 % for TSF. K-means cluster analysis grouped these components into four clusters, termed externalities of irrigation. A Two-way MANOVA indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) between SF and TSF farmers' perceptions of these externalities, with further distinctions among four farmer categories and significant interaction effects. Policy recommendations include financial incentives and environmental regulations to support TSF adoption, sustainable land-use policies, and institutional interventions for management practices and market research. These measures address challenges and promote the transition to sustainable TSF practices.

Second-generation smart meter roll-out in Italy: a cost–benefit analysis

Second-generation smart meter roll-out in Italy: a cost–benefit analysis

Productivity and profitability of sesame (Sesamum indicum)- chickpea (Cicer arietinum) organic cropping system as influenced by nutrition and planting geometry

An experiment was conducted during 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to optimize organic nutrition and planting geometry for improved productivity and profitability of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) organic cropping system. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design (SPD) with three organic nutrition management practices in main plots, viz. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) to supply recommended doses of nitrogen (RDN) i.e. 52.5 kg/ha for sesame and 15 kg/ha for chickpea; Application of FYM to supply RDN + natural farming concoctions (NFCs) i.e. beejamrit, ghanjeevamrit and jeevamrit; and Control i.e. without application of FYM and NFCs. In sub-plots, four planting geometries were evaluated for sesame (30 cm × 15 cm, 45 cm × 10 cm, 60 cm × 10 cm, and paired rows) and chickpea (30 cm × 10 cm, 45 cm × 7 cm, 60 cm × 7 cm, and bed planting). Application of FYM significantly improved growth, yield attributes and seed yield of sesame and chickpea compared to the control, whereas the addition of NFCs along with FYM did not further enhance these parameters significantly during both the years. Paired row sowing followed by (fb) bed formation led to notably higher seed yield in sesame, while chickpea sown at 30 cm × 10 cm spacing achieved the highest seed yield, statistically equivalent to sowing at 45 cm × 7 cm and bed planting. The most productive system, recorded a sesame equivalent yield of 18.1 q/ha, net returns of ₹1,06,224/ha, and a benefit cost (B:C) ratio of 1.51, achieved through paired row sowing of sesame and bed planting of chickpea. Conclusively, the optimized organic nutrition and planting geometry significantly enhanced the productivity and profitability of the sesame-chickpea cropping system, with paired row sowing and bed planting emerging as the most effective strategies.

Removing information from working memory with a delay: Effective but not beneficial.

Ideally, removing outdated information from working memory (WM) should have two consequences: The removed content should be less accessible (removal costs), and other WM content should benefit from the freeing up of WM capacity (removal benefits). Robust removal benefits and removal costs have been demonstrated when people are told to forget items shortly after they were encoded (immediate removal). However, other studies suggest that people might be unable to selectively remove items from an already encoded set of items (delayed removal). In two experiments (n = 219; n = 241), we investigated the effectiveness and consequences of delayed removal by combining a modified version of Ecker's et al. (Journal of Memory and Language, 74, 77-90, 2014) letter updating task with a directed-forgetting in WM paradigm. We found that while delayed removal resulted in reduced memory for the to-be-forgotten item-location relations (removal costs), it failed to enhance performance for existing WM content. This contrasts sharply with immediate removal, where removal benefits can be observed. A fine-grained analysis of removal benefits shows that removal from WM proactively facilitates the subsequent encoding of new information but does not retroactively aid stored WM content.

Standardization of Crop Geometry and Major Nutrients for Enhancing the Growth, Yield and Quality of Davana (Artemisia pallens Wall) cv. Theni under Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India

The study was conducted on the effect of spacing and fertilizers on growth, quality and yield of Artemisia pallens Wall. cv. Theni in northern Karnataka (Zone III) for two consecutive years in rabi 2021 and 2022. The research was set out in a factorial RCBD and replicated thrice in nine treatment combinations, that is three levels of spacing (S1: 15 x 7.5 cm, S2: 20 x 10 cm and S3: 30 x 10 cm) and three fertilizer levels (F1: 60:30:20 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1, F2: 90:30:30 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 and F3: 120:40:40 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1). The pooled data of two years was statistically analysed using the Fisher's method of "Analysis of variance". Among the spacing levels, 20 x 10 cm spacing was noticed the maximum inflorescences plant-1 (87.40), hundred flower weight (3.83 g), fresh herbage yield (11.29 t ha-1), dry herbage yield (2.83 t ha-1) &amp; essential oil yield (13.23 kg ha-1). Among various fertilizer doses application of F3 (120:40:40 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1) was noticed economically feasible, it has obtained maximal growth and yield parameters. The highest fresh herb yield (12.78 t ha-1), dry herbage yield (3.16 t ha-1) and essential oil yield of (15.46 kg ha-1) were noticed with 120:40:40 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 (F3) application. Spacing of 20 x 10 cm (S2) and application of 120:40:40 N N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 (F3) found to be economical with highest benefit cost ratio of 4.08.

Management of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) through efficient spray schedule of fungicides in the north-eastern Himalayan region of India

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, belongs to order Peronosporales is one of the most destructive phytopathogen causing late blight disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The disease symptoms appear on leaf, petiole, stem, and tubers at any stage of crop growth and may cause severe disease epidemics leading to complete defoliation and extensive yield loss. The field experiments were conducted during 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Chesrimai GP, Charilam block, Sepahijala, Tripura to find out the effective management strategies with fungicides to mitigate the losses caused by the devastating disease. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) in 3 replications with 8 treatments having different fungicides in different combinations for determining the best spray schedule against late bight disease. Results revealed that one spraying of Mancozeb 75% @0.25% at 35 days after sowing (DAS), second spraying of Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% @0.25% at 42 DAS, and third spraying of Mancozeb 75% @0.25% at 49 DAS and fourth spraying of Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% @ 0.25% at 56 DAS recorded the best performing treatment, with the least mean disease severity (10.54 and 7.30%), the least mean disease incidence (15.00 and 12.75%), the least coefficient of disease index (CODEX) value (1.58% and 0.93%), and highest tuber yield (21.27 and 21.68 t/ha) during 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively. In addition, there were 26.6 and 27.7% increase in yield over control during 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively and the pooled incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) of 1:16.09 was found to be highest among all other treatments. Efficient spray schedule of prophylactic/ preventive spray with contact fungicide followed by spraying with translaminar/systemic + contact fungicide can effectively manage the late blight disease of potato under field conditions.

Evaluation of INM Practices on Fruit Yield and Quality of Established Mango Orchard

The current study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Saharsa, under the supervision of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, and ICAR-ATARI (Zone-IV) in fifteen farmers' fields in Bihar's Saharsa district between 2020-21 and 2021-22. Each farmer's field was handled as a single replication. The experimental treatments were distributed in a Randomized Block Design with 15 replications (=15 farmers) and three treatments containing recommended agronomic techniques. According to two years' worth of pooled data, treatment T3 (75% RDF + 20 kg Vermicompost + 250 ml Azotobacter + 250 ml PSB) produced the highest fruit length (9.35 cm), fruit width (6.52 cm), fruit volume (213.21 cm3), and fruit weight (225.35 g), as well as yield parameters, such as the highest number of fruits per plant (365.33), fruit yield per plant (91.33 kg), and TSS (18.10°Brix). in this respect, T2 (75% RDF + 20 kg Vermicompost + 250 ml Azotobacter) came to the next. Considering the effect of agronomic practices on some chemical properties of soil under trees, T3 (75% RDF + 20 kg Vermicompost + 250 ml Azotobacter + 250 ml PSB per tree) had the highest recorded values of pH (7.4), EC (0.51 dSm-1), Organic Carbon (0.52%), available N (305.21 kg/ha), available P (32.56 kg/ha), and available K (201.33 kg/ha). Also, the maximum soil microbial count of 6.5 × 109 and 7.8 × 109, was recorded. From an economical view point, treatment T3 resulted in the maximum benefit cost ratio (3.01) and the highest net realization (₹.497800) based on fruit yield per hectare.

ASO Visual Abstract: Comparing Costs-Does Extreme Oncoplastic Breast-Conserving Surgery Confer a Cost Benefit When Compared with Mastectomy and Reconstruction?

ASO Visual Abstract: Comparing Costs-Does Extreme Oncoplastic Breast-Conserving Surgery Confer a Cost Benefit When Compared with Mastectomy and Reconstruction?

Urban Roadway in America: The Amount, Extent, and Value

Problem, research strategy, and findings We predicted the amount, share, and value of land dedicated to roadways within and across 316 U.S. primary metropolitan statistical areas. Despite the amount and value of land dedicated to roadways, our study provides the first such estimate across a broad range of metropolitan areas. Our basic approach was to estimate roadway widths using a 10% sample of widths provided by the Highway Performance Monitoring System and apply our estimates to the rest of the roadway system. Multiplying estimated widths by segment length and netting out double counting at intersections provided estimates of land area. We also matched roadway segments and areas to existing land value estimates and satellite-based measures of urbanized land. We found that a little less than a quarter of urbanized land—roughly the size of West Virginia—was dedicated to roadway. This land was worth around $4.1 trillion in 2016 and had an annualized value that was higher than the total variable costs of the trucking sector and the total annual federal, state, and local expenditures on roadways. Conducting a back-of-the-envelope cost–benefit analysis, we found that the country likely has too much land dedicated to urban roads. Takeaway for practice Federal, state, and local agencies dedicate substantial time, money, and resources to providing roadways. Even with relatively generous assumptions and no external costs from driving, however, we estimated that the average cost of expanding roadways exceeded the benefits by a factor of nearly three when accounting for land value. Policymakers should question policies focused on roadway expansion and consider options to reduce the amount of space dedicated to roadway in favor of more housing, offices, and other land uses. In addition to our findings, we provide a novel data set that academics and policymakers can use to draw their own conclusions about the state of America’s urban roadways.

R&D lags in economic models

ABSTRACT Quite different R&D lag structures predominate in studies of agricultural R&D compared with studies of R&D in other industries, and compared with studies of economic growth more broadly. Here we compare the main models and their implications using long-run data for U.S. agriculture. We reject the models predominantly used in studies of economic growth and industrial R&D both on prior grounds and using various statistical tests. The preferred model is a 50-year gamma lag distribution model. The estimated elasticity of agricultural MFP with respect to the knowledge stock is 0.21 and the implied marginal benefit–cost ratio is 18:1.

Sustainable Maintenance of Conductors in Transmission/Distribution Networks Using Complex Magnetic Field Analysis

This study presents issues related to electromagnetic pollution and the level of magnetic field radiation occurring around conductors used for electricity transmission and distribution. The fact that modeling and simulation are the most efficient methods of optimization, considering the cost–benefit ratio, was the premise of this work. This paper proposes the performance of a complex analysis, carried out in a comparative manner, which includes physical tests and simulations in the existing field around transmission and distribution cables used in transformer substations. In the first stage, the level of the magnetic field existing near the conductor carried by an electric current was tested (measured), and a virtual model was then designed to simulate the field in conditions similar to those of the test. The results obtained from the simulation were analyzed in comparison with those obtained by testing. The maximum permissible limits of exposure to an electromagnetic field, which are regulated by Government Decision HG 520/2016 of 20 July 2016 and Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, were used as the reference to formulate conclusions for both situations considered. These comparisons were intended to determine the level of exposure to electromagnetic fields existing in places where electricity transmission/distribution conductors are located. Energy sustainability exists due to the versatile properties of the conductors, with the energy transmission and distribution network being functional regardless of the source of energy production.

Access-based cost-benefit analysis

Current methods of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for transport investments rely on travel-time savings for potential users. This approach presents a consistent and significant historical trend of forecast inaccuracy, and thus has been questioned and criticized. Access, or the ease of reaching valued destinations, can be used as an alternative. Access features a strong correlation with land value which can be measured through hedonic analysis, and subsequently, access gains offered by a transport initiative can be monetised via property uplift. We test this hypothesis and evaluate Sydney's South West Metro Link (SWML).We first develop linear and semi-log ordinary least square hedonic pricing models for house sales in the Sydney region. The models are set up with structural and neighbourhood attributes in addition to access measures, and result in a statistically significant fit.Next, we model changes to job access induced by the SWML. Benefits are then quantified by land value uplift and are estimated at $1.87 Billion in 2031 and between $1.53–$3.08 Billion in 2061, which reflect base and transit-oriented development (TOD) scenarios. The project is thus feasible should certain land use and economic conditions be met, including TOD to occur about station localities by 2061 and if project costs are minimal. Although limitations are noted, access-based CBA exhibits significant promise as an alternative approach to appraisal and has direct application in value capture strategy.

Optimizing electric vehicle scheduling strategies for advanced distribution system planning and operation with comprehensive cost-benefit analysis

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a compelling way to advance environmentally sustainable transportation systems, thanks to their potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions. Nevertheless, the seamless integration of EVs into distribution systems is fraught with challenges that require thorough investigation. With the ultimate goal of creating an ideal planning plan, the primary objective of this research is to examine electric vehicle planning strategies (EVPSs) utilizing a thorough cost and benefit analysis technique. Because EVs may operate as both a dispersed energy source and a load, they present the idea of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. An EV with V2G technology installed can actively support the distribution system's power needs, particularly in the area of reactive power support. In order to fully benefit from integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into distribution systems, EV charging activities must be coordinated with the concurrent availability of V2G technology. This study involves the implementation of two separate PSs, each of which focuses on specific aspects of distribution system improvement. Active power distribution (APD) and reactive power distribution (RPD) are the two categories into which the strategies are separated. Their shared objective is to reduce system losses by strategically utilizing the V2G technology that is built into electric vehicles. The APD technique is predicated on the idea of minimizing losses by optimizing EV charging and discharging (CDC). On the contrary, strategy based on RPD revolves around minimizing losses through optimal charging of EVs and smart injection of reactive power into the distribution system. In addition, this research presents an in-depth cost-benefit analysis of the developed EVPSs, which provides valuable insights from a planning perspective. Finally, this study assesses how the distribution system's reorganization has improved the system's planning and operation. The effectiveness and resilience of the suggested strategy are convincingly illustrated by simulations conducted on a 33-bus distribution system, which validate these crucial observations.

A national evaluation of Project Cautioning And Relationship Abuse (‘CARA’) awareness raising workshops for first time offenders of domestic violence and abuse: protocol for a concurrent mixed-methods evaluation design

Introduction Interventions related to the perpetration of Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA) have gained traction over the past several years, in response to dissatisfaction by victims, an inadequate response from the criminal justice system, increased demand on police time and a lack of rehabilitative responses to the perpetration of domestic abuse. The CARA model is a conditional diversionary caution, offered by police for first time offenders of ‘standard’ or ‘medium risk’ domestic abuse, that engages perpetrators in awareness raising workshops and signposts them onto further services. Although quasi-experimental studies have indicated that CARA showed promise at reducing reoffending, the CARA model has yet to be evaluated nationally and there is no qualitative evidence related to understanding or learning about the lived experience of perpetrators and victims as they engage with the intervention. Methods Using a concurrent pragmatic mixed methods design model we will undertake a national evaluation of CARA by triangulating quantitative data from up to nine police forces, and routine data from service providers, with qualitative data from workshop participants, victims and professional stakeholders to: (1) understand the long-term impact of CARA implementation on DVA reoffending and engagement with services and (2) explore perceptions and experiences of both delivery and receipt of CARA. We will use qualitative methodologies that draw on interpretivist and phenomenological perspectives, as well as quantitative methodologies using interrupted time series models, Poisson regression models, Geo mapping and a cost benefits analysis. Ethics and dissemination Where currently the CARA model is being introduced as a national option for standard risk first-time offending, we will engage with policymakers and academics nationally in the live debate on its effectiveness and suitability during its roll-out. Ethical approval was approved by the University of Southampton on the 1st June 2022 (Ref: ERGO ID: 71818.A1).

Study on the Guidelines for the Efficient and Sustainable Management of Groundwater Usage Revenue Collection in Relation to Groundwater Usage Fees and Groundwater Preservation Fees in the Groundwater Crisis Areas of Thailand

This study attempts to examine the cost and benefits of shifting the collection process of groundwater revenue and groundwater preservation fees from a manual to automatic meter reading (AMR) system, utilizing marginal cost and marginal benefit. The methodology is based on a benefit-cost analysis, taking into account the monetary value of time. The following specific results are revealed: (1) Changing to an AMR system can provide additional benefits in terms of time-savings for current personnel since the administrative work relating to the collection of groundwater usage fees and groundwater preservation fees can be reduced by 70%. This study is based on two personnel per province, calculated using the rate of 26,397.46 baht (or 792.95 USD) per person per month, 70% of which equates to an opportunity cost of 18,000 baht (or 540.70 USD) per person per month. (2) The accident rate can be reduced if personnel do not need to travel to examine the groundwater usage of licensees. However, because the AMR system is complicated and customizable, transitioning from manual to AMR systems is not a one-size-fits-all proposition. We propose that a pilot project be carried out to properly implement the AMR installation process.

Optimizing decarbonation and sustainability of concrete pavement: A case study

This study focuses on the actual project of rural road ‘concrete to asphalt’ pavement renovation, deeply integrating the design concept of full structure regeneration and the innovation of in-situ regeneration technology for old cement pavement. Through the life cycle assessment method, an environmental impact quantification assessment model is used. Based on the analysis of the environmental benefits of traditional pavement renovation technology (using multi-hammer crushed stone and hot mix asphalt production technology), the environmental advantages of the full-structure regeneration technology scheme are outlined, including the recycling of recycled asphalt pavement materials, application of emulsified asphalt plant mixing cold regeneration technology, and implementation of resonance crushed stone on-site regeneration technology. At the same time, sensitivity analysis methods are used to deeply analyze the sensitivity of changes in parameters such as surface and base thickness, transportation distance, and environmental factors to the overall environmental impact. The research results indicate that the optimization plan can achieve a 57.97% reduction in total energy consumption and a 71.45% reduction in total carbon emissions. Additionally, the recycling and utilization of RAP materials significantly reduce the demand for new mineral materials and asphalt. For a 1-kilometer road surface, mineral materials save up to 82.39% and asphalt saves up to 27.11%. The energy consumption and carbon emissions generated during the raw material production stage in both schemes contribute the most to the environmental impact of road construction. The analysis found that the environmental benefits of the optimization plan mainly come from the recycling of the old cement concrete pavement as the base layer after resonance crushing, as well as the use of emulsified asphalt mixture cold recycling instead of the lower layer of hot mix asphalt concrete, achieving full-scale recycling of the pavement renovation. The relevant findings provide a data foundation or the improvement and upgrading of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies in road surface renovation and offer valuable insights for future research on sustainable road surface renovation strategies.

Benefit–Cost Analysis for Earthquake-Resilient Building Design and Retrofit: State of the Art and Future Research Needs

Benefit–Cost Analysis for Earthquake-Resilient Building Design and Retrofit: State of the Art and Future Research Needs