Beneficial Effects Of Physical Training Research Articles

Effects of a 3-Month Physical Training on Cortisol and Testosterone Responses in Women After Bariatric Surgery

Although it is well established that physical activity (PA) may partially correct the metabolic and hormonal alterations observed in patients with obesity, knowledge of its impact after bariatric surgery (BS) remains poor. The purpose of this study was to assess the repercussions of physical training on cortisol and testosterone responses in post-BS women. According to a randomized clinical trial, a PA group (11 women) started a 3-month physical training 6weeks after BS, whereas no specific activity was proposed to a control group (9 women). Submaximal exercise (i.e., 30min at 60% VO2peak) was performed by all subjects just before and after the 3-month period. Blood samples were taken at rest, after 10, 20, and 30min of exercise and 10min of passive recovery for cortisol and testosterone analyses. Blood glucose, blood lactate, and heart rate were assessed at the same time. Before the program, a significant increase in cortisol, blood lactate, and heart rate was observed in all subjects during the submaximal exercise vs. rest, with no change in blood glucose and testosterone. After vs. before the 3-month period, no modification in any parameter was noted at rest in either group. However, during exercise, lack of cortisol increase and lower heart rate were found in the PA group only, with disappearance of the increase in blood lactate in both groups. Our results show some beneficial effects of physical training on hormonal and physical parameters. Further studies are needed to determine the biological and clinical significance of these adaptations induced by physical training in women after BS.

MARKERS OF ADAPTATION TO PHYSICAL LOADS IN YOUNG PEOPLE COMMITTED TO HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

The aimwas to study the gender characteristics of the heart rate variability (HRV) in young people depending on physical loading (FL), associated with habitual physical activity (FA).Materials and methods. 98 practically healthy students of a medical high school with different levels of habitual FA were examined. HRV was studied at short 10-minute intervals at rest and after intense FL with the energy consumption of 72–88 kcal.Results. HRV changes are determined, which depend not only on the FL intensity and the training level of young people, but are also gender-associated. At rest, less pronounced sympathetic tone (LF/HF 0.86±0.04 versus 1.05±0.04, p<0.05) and the predominance of the central mechanisms of the heart rhythm over the autonomous ones (ID 75.3±5.7 versus 55.8±5.5 units, p<0.05) were observed for female respondets as compared to the young men. After intense FL, a more pronounced inhibition of the parasympathetic tone (pNN (50%) 5.4±1.2 vs. 10.2±1.9%, p<0.05) and a more pronounced functional intensity of adaptive reactions (ID 176.6±17.9 against 101.4±14.4 units, p<0.05) were noted for the female respondetns as well.Conclusion.Changes in HRV parameters, which reflect the beneficial effects of physical training on the adaptive responses of the cardiovascular system, have been found in young people with constant, habitually high FA. The application of the HRV research methodology for short periods in dynamics is justified in the practice of health-saving preventive and rehabilitation measures, since it allows the process of optimal adaptation of a person to physical loading to be controlled.Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.

TREINAMENTO COMBINADO DE SPRINTS E AGACHAMENTO MELHORA A MODULAÇÃO AUTONÔMICA CARDÍACA DE JOVENS SAUDÁVEIS

Studies demonstrate beneficial effects of physical training on cardiac autonomic modulation. Combined training, characterized by different stimulus in the same session, has been widely used because of its performance benefits. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiac autonomic modulation through heart rate variability (HRV) of young men after a combined training. 38 healthy young men performed six weeks of combined training of sprints and squats. HRV was measured during rest at the beginning and the end of the full training. The indexes RMSSD (root-mean square of successive differences) and SDNN (standard deviation of normal RR intervals) showed significant increase after the training (p=0.016; ES=0.410; p≤0.001; ES=0.647, respectively). Therefore, it is concluded that the combined training during six weeks was effective to improve cardiac autonomic modulation, evaluated through HRV.

Water exercise in coronary artery disease patients, effects on heart rate variability, and body composition: A randomized controlled trial.

It is important to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of water-based training programs in order to prescribe it as an alternative in cardiac rehabilitation for patients who have coronary artery disease (CAD). In these patients, autonomic dysfunction is an important physiological change strongly associated with adverse outcomes, morbidity, and mortality. Given that the beneficial effects of physical training in CAD patients have been traditionally evidenced with programs involving land-based aerobic exercises, this study aims to evaluate the effects of water aerobic exercise training (WAET) on the autonomic modulation of heart rate (HR) and body composition, in the rehabilitation of CAD patients. Twenty-six male subjects with CAD were randomly divided into a training group (n=14), submitted to the WAET, and a control group (n=12). The WAET consisted of 3 weekly sessions on alternate days, totalling 48 sessions. The analysis of HR variability was used to evaluate the autonomic modulation of HR, from the recording of R-R intervals for 15min, at rest in the supine position, and the body composition was evaluated through the bioelectrical impedance analysis. Only the training group participants had improvement in the HR variability indices; patterns without variation decreased (0V, p=.005) and an increase of patterns of two different variations (p<.001), Shannon entropy (p=.02), and normalized conditional entropy (p=.03), whereas the control group had an increase of 0V (p=.04) and a decrease of normalized conditional entropy (p=.01). All body composition variables remained unchanged. The WAET protocol improved the cardiac autonomic modulation of patients with CAD and can be considered as exercise training strategy in cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Physical Exercise and ACE2-Angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas Receptor Axis of the Renin Angiotensin System.

Many physiological responses of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) are associated with two opposite pathways: (1) a classical one formed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor, which is associated to vasoconstriction, cell proliferation, organ hypertrophy, sodium retention and aldosterone release and (2) a counter-regulatory or vasodilator pathway comprising angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and Mas receptor, which is involved in vasodilation, antiproliferation, anti-hypertrophy, cardioprotective and renoprotective actions. This review aimed to bring up-to-date on the interactions between physical exercise and the vasodilator axis of the RAS (ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis). We also investigated the relation of acute and chronic exercise with blood pressure regulation and components of the vasodilator axis of the RAS. We searched studies with animal models and humans in PUBMED, LILACS and IBECS. Experimental studies showed that physical training can stimulate ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis in parallel with the inhibition of ACE-Ang II-AT1 receptor pathway. However, up to now, the interaction between the counter-regulatory RAS axis and physical training is not investigated in humans. The activation of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis may have a role in the beneficial effects of physical training in experimental models. Further studies with humans are necessary.

Effects of Dynamic Exercise and Dynamic Resistance Training in Rehabilitation of Patients after Surgical Coronary Revascularization

Summary Cardiac rehabilitation is an integral part of the complex therapy of cardiac patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dynamic exercise and dynamic resistance training on exertion tolerance, muscle strength of the upper and lower extremities, and respiratory index in patients after surgical coronary revascularization. The study included 84 patients divided into two groups. Both groups of respondents were included in the complex cardiac rehabilitation program of the interval type. In the first group, the patients performed dynamic exercise. The second group of patients received a combination of dynamic exercise and dynamic resistance training. At the end of the rehabilitation treatment, which lasted 21 days, a statistically significant difference in muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs was observed in both groups (p &lt; 0.05); statistically significant difference was found in relation to exertion tolerance in both groups (p &lt; 0.001); a statistically significant difference in duration of exercise stress test was observed in the both groups (p &lt; 0.05); respiratory index values showed statistically significant differences in both groups (p &lt; 0.001). After the rehabilitation treatment, in both groups of patients there were statistically significant differences in increasing the muscle strength of the upper and lower extremities, exertion tolerance, and respiratory index; however, beneficial effects of physical training were more pronounced in the group of subjects included in the program of resistance exercise for the upper and lower extremities.

Physical training promotes similar effects to the blockade of angiotensin-converting enzyme on the cardiac morphology and function in old female rats subjected to premature ovarian failure.

We investigated the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and aerobic physical training on the heart of old female rats (82-wk-old) submitted to premature ovarian failure (10-wk.-old). We used different approaches: morphology and function by echocardiography, reactivity of the coronary bed and left ventricular contractibility (Langendorff Technique). Female Wistar ovariectomized (OVX) rats (n=42) were assigned to one of four groups: OVX, vehicle treated only; OVX-EM, Enalapril Maleate only (EM, 10mg·kg-1·d-1); OVX-T, aerobic trained only; and OVX-EMT, treated with Enalapril Maleate and aerobic trained. Both Enalapril Maleate treatment and aerobic training were done in the last 20weeks of the experimental protocol. When compared to the OVX group, the OVX-EM group showed lower values of wall thickness and left ventricular (LV) mass, lower values of coronary bed reactivity and reduced maximum response of LV contractility to dobutamine, while the OVX-T group showed lower values of LV wall thickness, increase in end-systolic volume, reduced maximum response of LV contractility to dobutamine, and left intraventricular pressure due to increased flow. The combination of treatments (EM and aerobic physical training) did not promote additional important effects on the parameters evaluated. Our results suggest similar beneficial effects of physical training and EM treatment on the morphology and cardiac function in old female rats submitted to premature ovarian failure. Although the causes of these benefits are still unknown, both treatments have promoted a decrease in cardiac contractility, and the reduced β1-adrenergic sensitivity suggests that both treatments may attenuate the sympathetic effect on the heart.

Beneficial Effects of Physical Training on the Vascular Dysfunction Induced by Intermittent Hypoxia during Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is characterized by multiple breathing interruptions during sleep due to transient closing of the superior airways. This induces chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH), which enhances cardiovascular dysfunction and remodeling, potentially leading to hypertension and cardiac infarct. Since physical training has previously been described as limiting the extent and occurrence of several cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of intensive training on the reactivity of arteries and calcium signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) of rats submitted to IH.Four groups of Wistar rats were randomly assigned: N (normoxic sedentary rats), NIE (normoxic intensively exercised rats), IH (intermittent hypoxic sedentary rats) and IHIE (intermittent hypoxic intensively exercised rats). IH consisted in alternating normoxia (21%O2) and hypoxia (5%O2) every 30 sec in the cages for 8 h/day during 3 weeks. Exercise sessions were conducted 5 times/week in NIE and IHIE rats as a double fast 24 min walk with a speed progressively rising from 16 to 30 m/min. After 21 days of normoxia or IH (with/without training), the aortic ring tone in response to increasing doses of vasoactive agonists has been investigated by tension arteriography. Also, calcium imaging of cultured aortic SMC and protein expression of calcium channels were performed to examine the effects of lack of oxygen and/or training at the cellular and molecular levels respectively.21 days of exposure to IH had no impact on the aortic response to tested vasoconstrictors (10−11 to 10−4 M endothelin‐1 and 10−12 to 10−5 M phenylephrine). IH also reduced by up to 20% the vasorelaxant effect of acetylcholine (at 10−6 M), which is in accordance with the previously shown endothelial dysfunction generated by IH. On the contrary, intensive training increased by ~20% the vasodilatory effect of acetylcholine (10−10 to 10−3 M), compared to aortic responses of sedentary animals, while it decreased by ~50% the aortic response to the vasoconstrictors endothelin‐1 and phenylephrine in both normoxic and IH groups. Intensive training also increased the caffeine‐induced elevation of cytoplasmic calcium level in aortic SMC. At the molecular level, the protein expressions of major calcium channels like RyR or TRP were altered during hypoxia and/or exercise modulating SMC calcium signaling. Our results suggest that intensive exercise training could decrease the adverse effects of IH on the cardiovascular physiology trough calcium homeostasis. This could lead to improvements in the treatment of OSA patients.Support or Funding InformationUGA, INSERM, Agir@Dom, AUF (PCSI)

Adherence of elderly patients suffering from chronic heart failure to physical training

Congestive CHF is a very common pathology. Patients are often elderly and 25% are older than 80 years old. Physical disability is usual in this population and could increase the negative impact of CHF. The beneficial effect of physical training is still discussed especially in the elderly patients due to the low adherence of patients. We have developed a specific education program for years. This program includes a specific physical training and adherence of patients is measured every 6 month by a questionnaire and educative visit. The aim of our work is to determine the long-term adherence of elderly patients (CHF patients older than 80 years old) to our physical home training. We have analyzed through a questionnaire, physical examination and interview the adherence and the impact of practicing gymnastic and physical training in those patients. We have included more than 350 patients in our database and have selected all the patients older than 80 years old (75 patients). One year after the initial session, 75% of the patients have still an regular physical activity (non statiscally different from younger patients) and those with such “every week” training have a better performance to 6 minute walk test ( P P

The Effects of Moderate Exercise on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injuries in Rats

Background: The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the development of pathogenesis in acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol is well known. The beneficial effects of physical training on the antioxidant defenses of numerous tissues have been proved. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of exercise training on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 equal groups: sedentary control, exercise control, sedentary plus ethanol and exercise plus ethanol groups. The rats were subjected to moderate treadmill exercise protocol for 30 consecutive days (one hour per day). Thereafter, ethanol-treated groups received absolute ethanol (1 mL/rat) by gavage to induce gastric ulcer. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation of stomach wall were measured by evaluation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase activities (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration, respectively. Results: The histopathological findings of this study showed that moderate exercise training significantly inhibited the ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Biochemical results also showed that administration of ethanol significantly decreased GPx activity and increased TBARS when compared to the sedentary control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the exercise plus ethanol group showed higher GPx activity and lower TBARS concentration when compared to the ethanol-treated rats (P < 0.05). The catalase activity in ethanol-treated rats tended to be decreased when compared to control group. Conclusions: It seems that the preventive effects of exercise training may be mediated through increasing GPx activity subsequently inhibition of lipid peroxidation in stomach wall of rats.

March 2015 at a glance.

March 2015 at a glance.

Body Weight Gain Blunts Brain Beneficial Effects Of Physical Training In Old Apoe-/- Mice

Body Weight Gain Blunts Brain Beneficial Effects Of Physical Training In Old Apoe-/- Mice

Beneficial Effects of Physical Training on the Cardio-Inflammatory Disorder Induced by Lung Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats

Our laboratory demonstrated that training program attenuated the inflammatory responses in lung ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Considering the importance of the inflammatory responses on the cardiovascular system, we evaluate the effect of physical training on the vascular responsiveness and its underlying mechanism after lung IR. Male Wistar rats were submitted to run training and lung IR. Concentration-response curves for relaxing and contracting agents were obtained. Protein expressions of SOD-1 and p47(phox), plasma nitritre/nitrate (NO (x) (-) ) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were evaluated. A decreased in the potency for acetylcholine and phenylephrine associated with an upregulation of the p47(phox) expression were found after Lung IR as well as an increase in IL-6 and NO (x) (-) levels. Run training attenuated the vascular dysfunction that was accompanied by reduction of the p47(phox) protein expression and IL-6 levels. Our findings show the beneficial effect of training on the vascular function that was associated with reduction in inflammatory response in lung IR.

Gene expression of PPARγ and PGC-1α in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues is related to insulin resistance markers and mediates beneficial effects of physical training

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are reaching epidemic proportions in Western societies, and they contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and PPARgamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) system plays an important role in the regulation of efficient energy utilization and oxidative phosphorylation, both of which are decreased in obesity and insulin resistance. We measured the metabolic parameters and the expression of PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha mRNA using quantitative real-time PCR in omental and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues in an observational study of 153 individuals as well as in SC fat and skeletal muscle in an interventional study of 60 subjects (20 each with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and T2D) before and after intensive physical training for 4 weeks. PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in both fat depots as well as in skeletal muscle is associated with markers of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. PGC-1alpha mRNA expression is significantly higher in SC fat than in omental fat, whereas PPARgamma mRNA expression is not significantly different between these fat depots. Skeletal muscle and SC fat PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha mRNA expression increased significantly in response to physical training. Gene expression of PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha in human adipose tissue is related to markers of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Increased muscle and adipose tissue PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha expression in response to physical training may mediate the beneficial effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity.

Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on the sGC/cGMP pathway in vascular relaxing responses from exercised rats

Background It has been largely documented the beneficial effects of physical training on the endothelium-derived relaxing response by increasing nitric oxide production and/or its bioavailability to the smooth muscle [1]. L-carnitine (LCar) has been used as important supplement to regulate body composition associated with lipid metabolism. However, no studies exist investigating the effect of L-Car intake associated with dynamic exercise on the NO-independent sGC/cGMP pathway in the vascular responsiveness in rats. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of L-Car supplementation on the NO-independent sGC/cGMP pathway in aortic and mesenteric rings in trained rats.

Long-term effects on cancer survivors’ quality of life of physical training versus physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy: results from a randomized trial

We compared the effect of a 12-week group-based multidisciplinary self-management rehabilitation program, combining physical training (twice weekly) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (once weekly) with the effect of 12-week group-based physical training (twice weekly) on cancer survivors' quality of life over a 1-year period. One hundred forty-seven survivors [48.8 +/- 10.9 years (mean +/- SD), all cancer types, medical treatment > or = 3 months ago] were randomly assigned to either physical training (PT, n = 71) or to physical training plus cognitive-behavioral therapy (PT + CBT, n = 76). Quality of life and physical activity levels were measured before and immediately after the intervention and at 3- and 9-month post-intervention using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 questionnaire and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, respectively. Multilevel linear mixed-effects models revealed no differential pattern in change of quality of life and physical activity between PT and PT + CBT. In both PT and PT + CBT, quality of life and physical activity were significantly and clinically relevantly improved immediately following the intervention and also at 3- and 9-month post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (p < 0.001). Self-management physical training had substantial and durable positive effects on cancer survivors' quality of life. Participants maintained physical activity levels once the program was completed. Combining physical training with our cognitive-behavioral intervention did not add to these beneficial effects of physical training neither in the short-term nor in the long-term. Physical training should be implemented within the framework of standard care for cancer survivors.

Exercise training reduces pulmonary ischaemia-reperfusion-induced inflammatory responses

Physical exercise reduces the deleterious effects of cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of physical training on the inflammatory responses following lung ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into sham-operated animals and sedentary and trained animals submitted to lung IR. The run training programme consisted of 5 sessions.week(-1), each lasting 60 min.day(-1), at 66% of maximal oxygen consumption for 8 weeks. The left pulmonary artery, bronchus and pulmonary vein were occluded for 90 min and reperfused for 2 h. Lung protein extravasation was measured as (125)I-human albumin accumulation, whereas lung neutrophil infiltration was measured as myeloperoxidase activity. Lung IR in sedentary rats resulted in marked increases in protein extravasation and neutrophil influx, and in significant elevations of serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta levels. Physical preconditioning attenuated the increased IR-induced protein leakage without affecting neutrophil influx. It also reduced serum TNF-alpha (and IL-1beta) levels, but had no effect on IL-10 levels. Plasma superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in trained IR rats. The present data show that physical preconditioning protects the rat lung from ischaemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating the pulmonary vascular permeability that may be a consequence of reduced levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta and elevated superoxide dismutase activity.

Physical training reverses the increased activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway in chronically diabetic rats

This study was designed to examine whether the training-induced improvement in the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in experimental diabetes mellitus could be explained by changes in the activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway and/or the plasma free fatty acid levels. Diabetes mellitus was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and training was carried out on a treadmill. The plasma concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid was increased (P < 0.001) in sedentary diabetic rats, and this was partly reversed by training (P < 0.001). The plasma concentration of free fatty acids was increased (P < 0.001) in sedentary diabetic rats, and this was reversed to normal by training (P < 0.001). Diabetes was also associated with an increased activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway. When the data are expressed as per total liver, physical training decreased the activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway by 18% in nondiabetic rats (P < 0.05) and by 22% in diabetic rats (P < 0.01), the activity present in trained diabetic rats being not statistically different from that of sedentary control rats. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of physical training on the plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid levels in the diabetic state are probably explained in part by a decrease in the activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway and in part by a decrease in plasma free fatty acid levels.

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Long-term combined beneficial effects of physical training and metabolic treatment on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice.

The pathogenic mechanisms by which physical exercise influences atherosclerotic lesion formation remain poorly understood. Because vigorous physical training increases oxidative stress, this study tested the hypothesis that graduated and moderate physical exercise together with metabolic intervention (l-arginine and antioxidants) may contribute to increased vascular protection. Exercise training in mice was induced by graduated swimming. In hypercholesterolemic male mice on an atherogenic high-cholesterol diet, graduated and moderate exercise lowered plasma cholesterol and decreased atherosclerotic lesions compared with sedentary control mice. Antioxidants (1.0% vitamin E added to the chow and 0.05% vitamin C added to the drinking water) and l-arginine (6% in drinking water) supplementation to exercising hypercholesterolemic mice further and synergistically reduced atherosclerosis compared with untreated exercised mice. Arterial oxidation-specific epitopes and systemic oxidative stress were reduced by metabolic intervention. Graduated chronic exercise elicited an increase in production of nitric oxide through increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and ameliorated scavenger activities. Thus, metabolic intervention with l-arginine and antioxidants together with graduated and moderate exercise training reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation.