Bending Diameter Research Articles

Ultraviolet-cured polyurea-polyurethane acrylate/polysiloxane hybrid anti-fouling coatings with superior mechanical properties, transparency, and durability

The demand for rapidly preparing omniphobic liquid-like anti-fouling coatings has become increasingly important across a wide range of applications. However, achieving a rapid fabrication process that results in coatings with effective anti-fouling properties, alongside the comprehensive performance of the coatings such as hardness, flexibility, transparency, and abrasion resistance, remains a significant challenge. Herein, this paper proposes a synergistic strategy combining ultraviolet (UV) curing and organic/inorganic hybridization, which involves the rapid cross-linking of hyperbranched methacryloxypropyl polysiloxanes (HMO), polyurea-polyurethanes acrylate (SPUA) and bis-vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS-bvt) containing multiple double bonds under UV curing for just 60 s. Notably, HMO imparts excellent hardness (7H) and abrasion resistance, while SPUA enhances the coating's flexibility (2 mm bending diameter) and adhesion (5B). The anti-fouling properties of the coating are attributed to PDMS-bvt, which provides self-cleaning, anti-graffiti, and anti-fingerprint capabilities. Additionally, the coating's hydrophobicity and smooth surface significantly reduce ice adhesion strength (21.13 ± 6.9 kPa), offering a passive anti-icing effect. Furthermore, the coating exhibits excellent transparency, with a transmittance of >92 % in the visible region. The coating exhibits remarkable durability, maintaining its anti-fouling performance after exposure to mechanical abrasion (500 abrasion cycles and 1000 bending/release cycles), chemical corrosion (24 h of immersion in organic solutions), and UV aging (168 h). This strategy presents a fast and effective method for preparing multifunctional anti-fouling coatings, with potential applications on foldable screens, high-rise building glazing, and curved surfaces.

Efficient single-mode operation in a 10 dB/m absorption very-large-mode-area ytterbium-doped optical fiber via curvature-induced mode filtering

In this paper we report our findings on the design, manufacturing and testing of low numerical aperture active step-index optical fibers with very large mode area, operating in a truly single-mode regime. Our approach to efficiently filter higher-order modes in the core relies on applying curvature in a specific direction at a given diameter on a specially designed fiber containing boron-doped silica rods on both sides of the core. The fabricated ytterbium-doped fibers exhibit a mode field diameter of 32μm, a cladding pump absorption of 10 dB/m and were designed for use in a compact monolithic configuration due to its all-solid nature and its 14 cm targeted bend diameter.

Fundamental study on performances of fiber-superconducting composite CORC cable: electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical and quench behaviors

Abstract Common terminal voltage measurement can be hardly applied to detect quenches in long high temperature superconducting (HTS) conductor on round core (CORC) cable because not only the HTS normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV) is low but also immobilizing a large number of voltage leads is inconvenient. Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is a promising method for quench detection of long superconductors. To sense the thermal changes of CORC cables during quenches more directly and prevent optical fibers from damages by external stress, a fiber-superconducting composite (FSC) CORC cable was fabricated. For this cable, three optical fibers were placed in three grooves of the copper core respectively, then three HTS tapes were spirally wound on the copper core in sequence. Comparing to a traditional CORC cable, obviously, the FSC CORC cable structure has been changed. To promote FSC CORC cable engineering applications, it is necessary to study the fundamental performance of the cable. In this paper, we investigated the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of the FSC CORC cable by comparing those with a common one. The results demonstrated that, compared to the common one, the magnetic distribution of the FSC CORC cable hardly changed, but the current distribution of the copper core in the FSC CORC cable slightly changed which led to decreases of transport AC loss, in addition, the thermal characteristics of the FSC CORC cable was slightly changed and the bending tolerance ability of the cables reduced within a bending diameter range of 15 cm. What’s more, the embedded optical fibers combined with DOFS system are successfully used to detect the temperature changes of the cable surface. Finally, to study the quench behaviors of the cable, we built a quench detection platform, which equips with a voltage acquisition system, a thermocouple temperature acquisition system and the DOFS system. By using the platform to detect the quenches of the FSC CORC cable, minimum quench energy of the cable and NZPV of the tape and cable at different currents was tested.

Impact response of steel plate-concrete composite slabs with kinked rebar connectors

The steel plate-concrete (SC) composite slabs usually undergo large deformation under impact loading. To prevent early failure of the connectors and further improve the energy dissipation capacity, a novel kinked rebar connector (KR connector) is proposed for SC slabs. Pendulum impact tests on six specimens and numerical simulation are carried out to reveal the dynamic response and failure modes of KR-SC slabs with varying connector bending angles, diameters, and layout spacing. The results show that the finite element model can well predict the dynamic response of the KR-SC slabs under impact. The KR-SC slab reaches the best energy dissipation capacity at a connector bending angle of 45°.

CFD—ANN study on axial dispersion in helical and serpentine millimetric coils

CFD simulations are reported to compare hydrodynamic/axial dispersion in a classical helical-shaped and planar serpentine-shaped tubular reactor at a millimetric scale (1-5 mm) for the first time. A two-step simulation approach is validated against experimental data on residence time distribution in serpentine coils. The method is then used for parametric analysis to explore the impact of geometric parameters on the coiling factor and axial dispersion coefficient. Dean vortices in the coiling region are visualized. The findings from the parametric analysis are utilized to develop empirical correlations and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for estimating coiling factors and axial dispersion coefficients in both serpentine and helical coils. The absolute average relative error (AERR) in predicting the coiling factor is 3.5% for helical coils and 4.6% for serpentine coils. The AERR of the ANN model for predicting the axial dispersion coefficient is 14% for helical coils and 10% for serpentine coils. The study reveals that both axial dispersion coefficient and pressure drop are higher in serpentine coils compared to helical coils. Axial dispersion is found to be relatively unaffected by pitch (helical) or bend diameter (serpentine) and tube diameter but shows significant reduction with a decrease in pitch circle diameter (helical) or gap between bends (serpentine). The developed correlations and ANN models can aid in the precise sizing of tubular reactors designed as helical or serpentine coils. This is exemplified through a case study involving the synthesis of an ionic liquid, where the helical configuration demonstrated a performance advantage of approximately 6% over the serpentine configuration.

Surface electric field enhanced biosensor based on symmetrical U-tapered HCF structure for gastric carcinoma biomarker trace detection

In this article, a novel U-tapered hollow-core fiber (HCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor coated with PtS2 for early-stage gastric carcinoma (GC) diagnosis was demonstrated. The article proposed the first investigation to detect Interleukin-10 (IL10) and Interleukin-1β (IL1β) which were associated with the risk of developing gastric carcinoma, using optical fiber SPR technology. Herein, the sensitivity of sensor was effectively improved through a combination of tapered and U-shaped structures. Additionally, to further enhance the detection capability, two-dimensional material PtS2 was utilized to increase the surface electric field intensity of the sensor. Simultaneously, optimization of structural parameters such as taper ratio, bending diameters, and Au film thickness was conducted. Ultimately, the designed sensor achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 13210 nm/RIU within the refractive index (RI) range of 1.33–1.37. The sensor demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving sensitivities of 3.64 nm/(ng/ml) and 7.46 nm/(ng/ml) for the detection of IL10 and IL1β biomarkers, respectively, along with limit of detection (LOD) of 2.74 pg/ml and 1.33 pg/ml, and successfully detecting the presence of these biomarkers in the serum of gastric cancer patients. Overall, the proposed sensor exhibits significant potential in early gastric cancer detection and advances the application of optical fiber SPR sensors in trace biodetection.

Optical fiber bending sensor based on speckle pattern imaging

In this paper, we propose a new fiber bending sensor based on speckle pattern imaging. The design and implementation of the sensor are demonstrated by simulated studies. The speckle pattern imaging technique by using a multimode fiber can offer high spatial resolution. In this study, we showed that the bending sensor responds very sensitively by using the correlation of the images. The fiber sensing part consists of a curve in a form similar to the S structure. We reached a sensitivity of 0.0295 μm-1 by bending the fiber only 60°. Sensitivity can be further increased by reducing the bending diameter or creating a full loop.

Positive temperature coefficient material based on silicone rubber/ paraffin/ graphite/ carbon nanotubes for wearable thermal management devices

PTC materials provide substantial advantages such as adaptive temperature control performance and excellent safety. However, their use in wearable devices has been limited due to the essential requirements for flexibility and stability. This study prepared a new type of flexible PTC material, with a PTC intensity of 6.3 and a resistivity of only 400 Ω·cm in the low-temperature region. The flexibility of the material is evidenced by its 2 mm bending diameter and its ability to maintain structural integrity even after 100 bends. Furthermore, experimental evidence proves that PTC material has excellent thermal stability and can withstand extreme temperatures ranging from −20 °C to 120 °C. In the thermal control experiment, the PTC material maintains a temperature of approximately 25 °C to accommodate the requirements of the human body in a cold environment. When compared to the conventional PI heating sheet, the newly prepared PTC material exhibits advantages such as rapid response, adaptive temperature control performance, and safety. Consequently, it presents a broad application prospect in the field of wearable heating devices.

Mechanically-flexible wafer-scale integrated-photonics fabrication platform

The field of integrated photonics has advanced rapidly due to wafer-scale fabrication, with integrated-photonics platforms and fabrication processes being demonstrated at both infrared and visible wavelengths. However, these demonstrations have primarily focused on fabrication processes on silicon substrates that result in rigid photonic wafers and chips, which limit the potential application spaces. There are many application areas that would benefit from mechanically-flexible integrated-photonics wafers, such as wearable healthcare monitors and pliable displays. Although there have been demonstrations of mechanically-flexible photonics fabrication, they have been limited to fabrication processes on the individual device or chip scale, which limits scalability. In this paper, we propose, develop, and experimentally characterize the first 300-mm wafer-scale platform and fabrication process that results in mechanically-flexible photonic wafers and chips. First, we develop and describe the 300-mm wafer-scale CMOS-compatible flexible platform and fabrication process. Next, we experimentally demonstrate key optical functionality at visible wavelengths, including chip coupling, waveguide routing, and passive devices. Then, we perform a bend-durability study to characterize the mechanical flexibility of the photonic chips, demonstrating bending a single chip 2000 times down to a bend diameter of 0.5 inch with no degradation in the optical performance. Finally, we experimentally characterize polarization-rotation effects induced by bending the flexible photonic chips. This work will enable the field of integrated photonics to advance into new application areas that require flexible photonic chips.

RESEARCH ON THE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL BENDS OF DILUTE-PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING BASED ON CFD-DEM METHOD

To solve the problem that thin phase pneumatic conveying elbow is easy to wear, the particle mass flow rate, gas velocity, bending diameter ratio and particle size are selected as the influencing factors. The orthogonal test of four factors and four levels is carried out by using CFD-DEM coupled numerical simulation. The results of bending pipe wear, particle velocity and system pressure drop under different conditions are obtained. The results show that the particle mass flow and gas velocity have significant effects on the above three evaluation indexes, while the bending diameter ratio and particle size have no significant effects on the particle velocity and bending wear. Under the discussed conditions, the factors corresponding to the minimum wear are: mass flow rate of 0.5kg/s, gas velocity of 30 m/s, bending diameter ratio of 4.5D, particle size of 2.5mm.

Heat transfer performance of supercritical CO2 in a vertical U-tube

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) is taken as an excellent working medium for efficient and compact energy conversion devices. However, heat transfer performance (HTP) of sCO2 in a vertical U-tube is intricate owing to dramatic variation of its temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. In this study, flow and heat transfer performance (FHTP) of sCO2 in a vertical U-tube is studied with an improved shear stress transfer model. Additionally, the impacts of operational parameters (heat flux q, mass flux G and pressure P), flow directions and bending diameters (dbend) of U-tube on FHTP are investigated. In both directions, the differences in local pressure drop caused by buoyancy effect and thermal expansion are analyzed deeply. The results demonstrate that the bend section can disturb flow and vortexes persist in downstream, thus improve the HTP. However, an apparent heat transfer deterioration zone can be observed in the ascending section. Under both directions, the average heat transfer coefficient (havg) raises with the growing G and P and decreasing q and dbend, while the total pressure drop (ΔPtotal) rises with the raising G and q as well as decreasing P. Moreover, the U-tube with down-up direction obtains higher havg and lower ΔPtotal than up-down.

Transparent and mechanically durable silicone/ZrO2 sol hybrid coating with enhanced antifouling properties

Achieving a delicate equilibrium between the mechanical and antifouling attributes of silicone-based coatings remains a formidable task. This research unveiled a novel approach to crafting a hybrid antifouling coating through the amalgamation of an amphiphilic telomer, Zirconia (ZrO2) sol, triethoxyoctylsilane (KH832) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) using an uncomplicated sol–gel technique. The amphiphilic telomer, derived from a synthesized antibacterial acrylamide-benzothiazole small molecule, hydrophobic silanes/fluorosilanes, and hydrophilic monomers, was intricately tethered with the ZrO2 sol, synthesized through the hydrolysis of n-propyl zirconate. The resultant coating achieved exceptional transparency (>98 % transmittance), attributed to the covalent linkage between the robust zirconia structure and the pliable, long-chain telomer. This unique bonding imparted the coating with remarkable characteristics, including high hardness (4–6H), flexibility (∼5 mm bending diameter), wear resistance, and strong adhesion (∼2.89 MPa) to the substrate. Furthermore, the self-enrichment property of the non-leaching amphiphilic telomer within the hybrid matrix contributed to the coating’s outstanding self-cleaning capabilities, as well as its remarkable ability to resist fouling, including bacterial adhesion, protein attachment, diatom deposition, and biofilm formation. Overall, our research systematically explored the influence of composition and structure on both mechanical properties and antifouling performance. Ultimately, we sought to advance the development of a high-performance organic–inorganic hybrid antifouling coating poised to address the diverse requirements of applications spanning optical instruments, foldable displays, marine facilities, and various other fields.

Adjustable optical fiber displacement-curvature sensor based on macro-bending losses with a coding of optical signal intensity

In this work, a simple design and cost-effective displacement-curvature sensor based on macro-bend single-mode fiber (SMF) is planned and demonstrated. The optical fiber sensor encompasses a bending configuration and the macro-bending losses were exploited as the sensing process for the capturing of angular displacement motion in an angle span between 0° and 90° (that corresponds to curvature displacement between 0 and 49.5 cm). A straight SMF shape and other four bent sensor structures (U-like, drop-like, Knot-like, and eight-like) have been fabricated from sections of 90 cm length SMF. These five sensor configurations will provide high maneuvering for versatile applications. In these adjustable sensing schemes, the fiber sensors were described by monitoring the power loss corresponding to the diverse angular displacement at various bending structures in terms of the shape of the bend, the bending diameter, and the number of wrapping turns. Then, these measurement schemes based on the macro-bending losses were employed to detect the human motion elbow joint, and a proper sensing scheme was adopted to examine the flexion/extension joint motion in detail. The proposed sensors showed enhanced sensitivity to flexion/extension joint motion range between −0.25 and −0.477 dB/° and good sensitivity to curvature ranging between −0.552 and −1.052 dB/cm. The demonstrated and planned sensing techniques are adjustable and accessible for different types of human and mechanical movements.

Failure Modes of Flexible LiCoO2 Cathodes Incorporating Polyvinylidene Fluoride Binders with Different Molecular Weights.

Understanding the mechanical failure modes of lithium-ion battery [Li-ion batteries (LIBs)] electrodes is exceptionally important for enabling high specific energy and flexible LIB technologies. In this work, the failure modes of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathodes under repeated bending and the role of the polymer binder in improving the mechanical durability of the LCO electrodes for use in flexible LIBs are investigated. Mechanical and electrochemical evaluations of LCO electrodes (areal capacity of ≥2.5 mA h cm-2) employing poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binder were carried out, followed by extensive optical and electron microscopies. We find that the molecular weight (MW) of the PVDF significantly influenced the surface and bulk microstructure of the LCO electrodes, particularly the distribution of carbon additive and binder, which plays a crucial role in affecting the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the electrodes. Multiple mechanical failure modes (e.g., surface scratches and microcracks) observed in the LCO electrodes subjected to repeated bending originated from the use of low MW PVDF; these failure modes were successfully mitigated by using a high MW PVDF. Remarkably, the optimized flexible LCO electrode incorporating high MW PVDF showed comparable discharge capacity retention during galvanostatic cycling after repeated bending (7000 cycles at 50 mm bending diameter) to electrodes not subjected to the repeated bending. This study highlights the importance of carrying out a comprehensive investigation of the failure mechanisms in flexible electrodes, which identified the pivotal role of the PVDF MW in the electrode microstructure and its effects on the electrode resilience to failure during repeated bending.

Optimized Design of Pipe Elbows for Erosion Wear

Multiphase flows are widely used to transport solid–liquid mixtures in oil and gas fields. The pipeline structures used can suffer damage from the high-pressure sand-carrying fracturing fluid, causing erosion and wear failures in the engineering field. In this work, an erosion model that considers particle turbulent kinetic energy and the effect of the design’s structural parameters on the erosion wear of spatial pipe structures is established using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Structural parameters such as the bending diameter ratio, bending angle and spatial angle are discussed, and the location and degree of each parameter with regard to the erosion rate are obtained. The results show that the included angle of the pipe elbow has the greatest influence on erosion wear among the structural parameters. Several typical anti-erosion optimization models are compared and analysed, and a corrugated anti-erosion structure based on a bionic structure is further proposed. It is found that the anti-erosion performance of the T-type blind long header pipe is better in terms of the numerical value of the erosion rate, while for the erosion cloud diagram, the anti-erosion performance of the corrugated structure is superior. Finally, some suggestions for the application of the anti-erosion structure in the engineering field are given, and technical support is provided for the anti-erosion structure design and practical application of space pipeline systems in the future.

Experimental study of initial damage to steel bars due to bending process and the resulting performance deterioration

Brittle fracture of stirrups, due to effects such as diseased concrete expansion, is frequently reported and poses a potential threat to the load-bearing performance of structures. The brittle fracture was speculated to be directly related to the initial damage formed to bent steel bar during the bending process. However, few researches have been carried out on the formation of initial damage and its effect on mechanical performance. In this study, bending processes were conducted based on commonly used crescent-shaped steel bars; the effects of bending parameters and rib morphologies on the degree of initial damage were investigated in combination with data on bamboo-shaped steel bars, which often undergo brittle fracture. At the same time, tensile tests were carried out using V-shaped bent steel bars. The results show that as the bar diameter increases and the bending diameter decreases, the degree of initial damage in the bent steel bar increases. For example, for a crescent-shaped steel bar with a diameter φ of 16 mm, the initial damage when bending with a diameter 2.0φ was 430 µm, which exceeded the extent of the bamboo-shaped steel bar. At the same time, the ultimate tensile strength of bent steel bars was reduced by 20% compared to straight steel bars, and can be reduced by approximately 90% in severe cases; the deformation capacity of bent steel bars after yielding was also reduced by a maximum 90%. SEM analyses showed that the fracture surfaces of bent steel bars exhibit typical brittle fracture morphologies with the cleavage and quasi-cleavage fracture, indicating influences of initial damage and its propagation. Finally, based on the study results, some recommendations are made regarding the improvement of the transverse rib morphology, construction measures and the design of mechanical performance for bent steel bars, to prevent, for example, the premature failure of stirrups and the concrete components in which they are located.

Research on wear characteristics of U-shaped elbows based on CFD-DEM coupling

The C++ programming language is employed to improve the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)- Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupling interface in this paper, the accuracy of solid-liquid two-phase flow numerical model are validated through experiments. Subsequently, the wear characteristics of the U-shaped elbows under different elbows spacing, bending diameter ratio, particle volume concentration, and particle size are investigated. The research results indicate that as the spacing between bends is increased, the phenomenon of particle sedimentation is intensified, and the maximum collision angle in elbow 2 is increased. The location of the maximum collision angle is closer to the outlet of elbow 2. However, both the collision frequency and wear rate are reduced due to the decrease in the number of particles. Smoother particle flow and a reduction in the collision angle and wear rate of particles on both bends are achieved by increasing the bend ratio. During the variation of the particle volume fraction from 0.5% to 7%, the increase in collision frequency and wear rate of both bends is slowed down. A greater decrease is observed in elbow 2, but the “shielding effect” is not observed. Furthermore, at low volume fractions, kinetic energy is lost by particles as they flow through elbow 1, resulting in a lower average wear rate in elbow 2 compared to elbow 1. Conversely, at high volume fractions, the opposite effect occurs. Finally, when keeping the particle volume fraction constant, an increase in the particle size leads to a smaller wear area in both bends. The wear rate in elbow 1 increases at a slower rate, while the wear rate in elbow 2 exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease trend.

Surgical Treatment for Branched Endograft Thrombosis of the Abdominal Aorta

Introduction. Endovascular intervention was firstly introduced for repairing aortic aneurysms in the early 1990s. The greatest advantage of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is its minimally-invasive character, thus implying shorter post-operative period. The operative mortality rate comprises 3.3 % (95 % CI 2.9–3.6); however, according to recent studies, the rate has declined to 1.4 % due to a rapid improvement in outcomes. According to the DREAM-trial, the incidence of a branched endograft thrombosis accounts for 6.4% within the first 30 days. The EVAR trial reports an incidence of 2.6% after the first year of follow-up. Stent bending and small distal aortic diameters (less than 20 mm) are believed to be the most common causes of endograft thrombosis.Aim. To identify the causes of complications following the abdominal aortic stent-graft repair and to determine the optimal treatment strategy.Materials and methods. The paper presents a case of 71-year-old patient with late complication after endovascular abdominal aortic repair of an infrarenal aortic aneurysm. The patient was admitted to the hospital on January 05, 2020 as an emergency due to the pain in the left lower limb. On December 03, 2019 the patient underwent endovascular abdominal aortic repair. Angiography of January 06, 2020 revealed thrombosis of the left branch of the stent graft. Thrombectomy of the brunched left stent graft, left iliac artery and balloon dilatation of the brunched left stent-graft were performed.Results and discussion. Endovascular abdominal aortic repair stands as the first choice for patients with appropriate aortic anatomy and those with significant comorbidity. Despite the significant progress in endovascular abdominal aortic repairing, the EVAR procedure is followed by a nearly fivefold increase in the 30-day reintervention rate as compared to open surgery which comprises 9.8 % according to the EVAR-I, and 18 %, according to the EVAR-II trials.Conclusion. Our multidisciplinary team consisted of vascular and endovascular surgeons managed to perform hybrid surgery, thus eliminating the EVAR-associated complication together with its cause.

Flexible Ultrasound Transducer With Embedded Optical Shape Sensing Fiber for Biomedical Imaging Applications.

Flexible ultrasound transducers (FUTs), capable of conforming to irregular surfaces, have become a research hotspot in the field of medical imaging. With these transducers, high-quality ultrasound images can be obtained only if strict design criteria are fulfilled. Moreover, the relative positions of array elements must be determined, which are important for ultrasound beamforming and image reconstruction. These two major characteristics present great challenges to the design and fabrication of FUTs compared to that for traditional rigid probes. In this study, an optical shape-sensing fiber was embedded into a 128-element flexible linear array transducer to acquire the real-time relative positions of array elements to produce high-quality ultrasound images. Minimum concave and convex bend diameters of approximately 20 and 25 mm, respectively, were achieved. The transducer was flexed 2000 times, and yet no obvious damage was observed. Stable electrical and acoustic responses confirmed its mechanical integrity. The developed FUT exhibited an average center frequency of 6.35 MHz, and average -6-dB bandwidth of 69.2%. The array profile and element positions measured by the optic shape-sensing system were instantly transferred to the imaging system. Phantom experiments for both spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio proved that FUTs can maintain satisfactory imaging capability despite bending to sophisticated geometries. Finally, color Doppler images and Doppler spectra of the peripheral arteries of healthy volunteers were obtained in real time.

Modeling pressure drop in curvature and reacceleration zones in bends during pneumatic conveying of fine powders

This paper presents the results of ongoing research aimed at modeling the pressure drop in bends during pneumatic conveying of fine powders. Based on the test results of conveying fly ash and two grades of cement through three different radii of curvature of the bends, two different bend diameters, and two different locations of the test bend, a semi-empirical relationship was developed for bend loss with various pressure drop components modeled separately. The newly developed model was used to predict the bend loss for a solid loading ratio in the range of 51–170 (very dense phase). The proposed model exhibited a satisfactory level of prediction accuracy, with relative error percentages of less than 12.2% and 19.6% for the high and low solids loading ratios, respectively.