Belt Wearing Research Articles

Quantitative evaluation of pyramid belt wear using light-reflection characteristic of agglomerate coating and image processing

As a new generation of coated abrasive products with a unique pyramid-shaped structure, pyramid belt offers finer and more uniform grinding effects, and has been increasingly applied in precision grinding. However, belt wear occurs inevitably, challenging the control of shape accuracy and surface quality of ground components. Current research on pyramid belt wear is relatively limited, still lacking a universal, rapid method for observing and evaluating belt wear. In response, this paper proposes a quantitative evaluation method for pyramid belt wear using light-reflection characteristic of agglomerate coating and image processing. Firstly, a detailed analysis of the wear types and characteristics of pyramid belt is conducted. Then, focusing on the agglomerate flat wear, a method utilizing the light-reflection characteristic of agglomerate coating for observing belt wear morphology is proposed, enabling clear image capture of belt wear contours. Based on this, a wear coefficient based on the geometric characteristics of agglomerate is defined, and a quantitative evaluation method for belt wear using image processing is further proposed. The wear experiment of the belt is conducted on a robotic belt grinding platform, and experimental results show that the evaluation deviation of the proposed method from the evaluation results based on optical profilometer is within 5% at a 95% confidence interval, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method. Additionally, this method has advantages such as high computational efficiency, low cost, and good usability. Finally, the temporal evolution processes and spatial distribution patterns of belt wear and material removal rate are investigated and analyzed.

唐宋史料筆記에 보이는 ⾼句麗 관련 기록 연구

Historical texts are classified into public and private sources. Public sources, represented by the Chinese canonical histories officially compiled by the respective dynasties, have played an important role in overcoming data limitations in the study of Korean ancient history. However, relatively little attention has been paid to private sources, including historical notes. Historical notes written by intellectuals contain a great deal of historical information. In recognition of their historical value, China has long categorized and published such materials under the name of “Historical Notes”. Among them, the “Historical Notes of the Tang and Song Dynasties” published by the China Book Bureau is highly authoritative. Focusing on this book, this study identified 42 articles related to Goguryeo from a total of 60 texts. The identified Goguryeo-related articles have some overlap with the existing materials of the public sources represented by the canonical histories. However, considering that many of them were compiled before the “Old Book of Tang” and the “New Book of Tang”, their historical value is not insignificant. Moreover, even if they are the same, most of them have slight differences in words and phrases. The historical notes contain a wide range of information, including data on the wars between Goguryeo and Tang, the lives of the Goguryeo people who migrated to Tang after the fall of Goguryeo, and the views of the Tang and Song dynasties on the Goguryeo people. In particular, this study has identified several new materials in “Chaoye Jinzai,” “Minghuangzalu,” and several others that have never been found in the canonical histories. Examples include Goguryeo’s espionage activities in China’s interior before the fall of Goguryeo and a belt worn by the king of Goguryeo that was taken from Goguryeo during the fall of Goguryeo. The materials found in the historical notes are expected to contribute to further research on the history of Goguryeo.

Prediction of Abrasive Belt Wear Height for Screw Rotor Belt Grinding Based on BP Neural Network with Improved Skyhawk Algorithm

Prediction of Abrasive Belt Wear Height for Screw Rotor Belt Grinding Based on BP Neural Network with Improved Skyhawk Algorithm

A comprehensive investigation into the mechanism of belt wear influencing heat partition ratio through force and temperature analysis during robotic belt grinding Inconel 718

Robotic belt grinding serves as a pivotal method for achieving precision machining in re-manufacturing of aeroengine components made of Inconel 718. During grinding, the heat partition ratio (Rw) significantly influences the quality of the machined workpiece, which is affected by many grinding parameters. Belt wear, which is an unavoidable phenomenon during grinding, can substantially impact Rw. However, previous research works have paid little attention to the effect of belt wear. In this study, the variation of Rw with belt wear is comprehensively investigated by observing heat generation and heat input. Firstly, the belt wear behaviors are qualitatively and quantitatively described. Then, the impact mechanism of belt wear on force-related characteristics is analyzed to clarify the change rule of heat generation. Following this, the variations of temperature-related characteristics during belt wear are examined. Meanwhile, the heat input is obtained by the combination of finite element analysis and the inverse heat method. Finally, a rapid growth followed by a gradual decrease pattern of Rw with belt wear is derived and analyzed. The findings in this paper lay a crucial foundation for controlling the grinding quality during robotic belt grinding Inconel 718.

Laser-assisted Belt Grinding with Creep Feed for Enhanced Surface Integrity and Abrasive wear Reduction

Creep feed belt grinding (CFBG) is a vital machining technique used for intricate curved parts like aero-engine blades and flaps. CFBG effectively removes material by using larger depths of cut and lower feed rates, but high loads can lead to severe belt wear and thermal damage defects in the process. Laser-assisted processing technology can mitigate tool wear and enhance machining quality. This research compared and analyzed belt wear behavior and its impact on the surface integrity of titanium alloys in laser-assisted creep feed belt grinding (LCFBG) and CFBG processes. The following conclusions were drawn: The local thermal effect of the laser softened the material, reduced the grinding force. The wear pattern of the abrasive grains changed from abrasive fracture and stripping to steady abrasive wear. The effective life of the belt increased by about 33 %. In addition, due to reduction in grinding force, the thermo-mechanical coupling effect caused by material removal is reduced, and the grinding temperature is lowered. As a result of the reduction in grinding force and temperature, the mechanical and thermal stresses are reduced, the oxidation reaction on the surface of the titanium alloy is weakened, and the residual stress is lowered, leading to an improvement in surface quality.

Multiple risk-taking behaviors in Korean adolescents and associated factors: 2020 and 2021 Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey

ObjectiveDespite the negative health impact of multiple risk-taking behaviors (RTBs), there is a lack of understanding of adolescents who are more prone to multiple RTBs. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, mental, and physical health variables associated with increased susceptibility to multiple RTBs in each sex. MethodsCross-sectional data from the 2020 and 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey was used. A total of 106,979 Korean adolescents (55,460 men and 51,519 women) were assessed on five RTBs (alcohol use, smoking, sexual intercourse, illicit substance use, no seat belt wearing). In comparison to no RTB group, odds ratios of the relevant covariate factors were calculated in one RTB or multiple RTBs groups. ResultsMale and female adolescents engaging in multiple RTBs were 6.4% and 3.8%, respectively. Increasing age, low subjective socioeconomic status, and living in rural areas were associated with multiple RTBs regardless of sex. All mental health variables except anxiety were associated with multiple RTBs in both sexes. Physical inactivity and obesity were associated with decreased odds of multiple RTBs in both sexes. ConclusionThis study identifies diverse factors associated with multiple RTBs of Korean adolescents and demonstrates existing sex differences. Age and mental health status are the most critical factors that distinguish multiple risk-taking groups from those involved in one or no RTB.

Predictive Modeling of Conveyor Belt Deterioration in Coal Mines Using AI Techniques

Conveyor belts are vital for material transportation in coal mines due to their cost-effectiveness and versatility. These belts endure significant wear from harsh operating conditions, risking substantial financial losses if they fail. This study develops five artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict conveyor belt damage using 11 parameters from the Belchatow brown coal mine in Poland. The models target five outputs: number of repairs and cable cuts, cumulative number of repairs and cable cuts, and their ages. Various optimizers (Adam, Nadam, RMSprop, Adamax, and stochastic gradient descent or SGD) and activation functions (ReLU, Swish, sigmoid, tanh, Leaky ReLU, and softmax) were tested to find the optimal configurations. The predictive performance was evaluated using three error indicators against actual mine data. Superior models can forecast belt behavior under specific conditions, aiding proactive maintenance. The study also advocates for the Diagbelt+ system over human inspections for failure detection. This modeling approach enhances proactive maintenance, preventing total system breakdowns due to belt wear.

Analysis of abrasive belt wear effect on residual stress distribution in robotic belt grinding of GH4169

Analysis of abrasive belt wear effect on residual stress distribution in robotic belt grinding of GH4169

Разработка системы управления натяжным устройством ленточных конвейеров

Belt conveyors are one of the most common conveying machines with high productivity, economy, ease of maintenance and reliability. The range of their application is very wide and therefore the improvement of their operational characteristics is an urgent task. The tensioning device of the belt conveyor is accepted as an object of modernization. The essence lies in the development of adaptive automation of the tension process by installing a hydraulic drive. In the article, based on the analysis of known designs of tensioning devices, a variant of a hydraulic tensioning station is proposed that provides an adaptive change in the tension of the belt. The practical value of the material is to reduce the wear of the conveyor belt

Sex-related disparities in vehicle crash injury and hemodynamics.

Multiple studies evaluate relative risk of female vs. male crash injury; clinical data may offer a more direct injury-specific evaluation of sex disparity in vehicle safety. This study sought to evaluate trauma injury patterns in a large trauma database to identify sex-related differences in crash injury victims. Data on lap and shoulder belt wearing patients age 16 and up with abdominal and pelvic injuries from 2018 to 2021 were extracted from the National Trauma Data Bank for descriptive analysis using injuries, vital signs, International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding, age, and injury severity using AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) and ISS (Injury Severity Score). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship of shock index (SI) and ISS, sex, age, and sex*age interaction. Regression analysis was performed on multiple injury regions to assess patient characteristics related to increased shock index. Sex, age, and ISS are strongly related to shock index for most injury regions. Women had greater overall SI than men, even in less severe injuries; women had greater numbers of pelvis and liver injuries across severity categories; men had greater numbers of injury in other abdominal/pelvis injury regions. Female crash injury victims' tendency for higher (AIS) severity of pelvis and liver injuries may relate to how their bodies interact with safety equipment. Females are entering shock states (SI > 1.0) with lesser injury severity (ISS) than male crash injury victims, which may suggest that female crash patients are somehow more susceptible to compromised hemodynamics than males. These findings indicate an urgent need to conduct vehicle crash injury research within a sex-equity framework; evaluating sex-related clinical data may hold the key to reducing disparities in vehicle crash injury.

The Effects of a New Wireless Non-Adhesive Cardiorespiratory Monitoring Device on the Skin Conditions of Preterm Infants.

The aim of our study was to investigate skin conditions when wearing and removing a novel wireless non-adhesive cardiorespiratory monitoring device for neonates (Bambi-Belt) compared to standard adhesive electrodes. This was a prospective study including preterm neonates requiring cardiorespiratory monitoring. Besides standard electrodes, the infants wore a Bambi Belt for 10 consecutive days. Their skin conditions were assessed using Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS) after daily belt and standard electrode removal. The ∆TEWL was calculated as the difference between the TEWL at the device's location (Bambi-Belt/standard electrode) and the adjacent control skin location, with a higher ∆TEWL indicating skin damage. A total of 15 infants (gestational age (GA): 24.1-35.6 wk) were analyzed. The ΔTEWL significantly increased directly after electrode removal (10.95 ± 9.98 g/m2/h) compared to belt removal (5.18 ± 6.71 g/m2/h; F: 8.73, p = 0.004) and after the washout period (3.72 ± 5.46 g/m2/h vs. 1.86 ± 3.35 g/m2/h; F: 2.84, p = 0.09), although the latter did not reach statistical significance. The TEWL was not influenced by prolonged belt wearing. No significant differences in the NSCS score were found between the belt and electrode (OR: 0.69, 95% CI [0.17, 2.88], p = 0.6). A new wireless non-adhesive device for neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring was well tolerated in preterm infants and may be less damaging during prolonged wearing.

Research on abrasive belt wear monitoring for the rail grinding

Research on abrasive belt wear monitoring for the rail grinding

Occurrence of catastrophic tool wear patterns through systematic thermomechanical modeling

To achieve optimal tool performance, it is essential to not only comprehend the wear patterns during the steady wear stage but also the final one where catastrophic wear patterns are usually involved. However, previous focus has been put individually into them, thereby the mechanism connections in between have not yet been completely demonstrated. This study aims to bridge this gap by developing an analytical model based on the slip-line theory and imaginary heat source formulations for worn tools with cutting edge geometry extracted from the steady wear stage. The model computes the thermomechanical loads on the tool surface, which are then incorporated into a mechanism-based wear rate model that has been carefully calibrated. Finally, a nodal-displacement algorithm is used to iteratively determine the further tool edge profiles until the final wear stage. The sequential edge profiles demonstrate that the most significant wear increments occur at the rear of the tool flank wear land, resulting in a gradually deepening and widening notched region. These predictions are consistent with experimental findings where a notch belt wear is observed to grow along the tool main cutting edge during the steady wear stage, which ultimately decreases the edge toughness and leads to catastrophic wear patterns.

On Energy Assessment of Titanium Alloys Belt Grinding Involving Abrasive Wear Effects

Improved energy utilisation, precision, and quality are critical in the current trend of low-carbon green manufacturing. In this study, three abrasive belts were prepared at various wear stages and characterised quantitatively. The effects of abrasive belt wear on the specific grinding energy partition were investigated by evaluating robotic belt grinding of titanium plates. A specific grinding energy model based on subdivided tangential forces of cutting and sliding was developed for investigating specific energy and energy utilisation coefficient EUC. The surface morphology and Abbott–Firestone curves of the belts were introduced to analyse the experimental findings from the perspective of the micro cutting behaviour. The specific grinding energy increased with abrasive belt wear, especially when the belt was near the end of its life. Moreover, the belt wear could lead to a predominance change of sliding and chip formation energy. The highest EUC was observed in the middle of the belt life because of its retained sharp cutting edge and uniform distribution of the grit protrusion height. This study provides guidance for balancing the energy consumption and energy utilization efficiency of belt grinding.

Effects of feed direction on material removal behavior in belt grinding of titanium alloys

For abrasive belt grinding, although machine processing selection has been well studied to achieve good machinability, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the influence of feed direction and its mechanism, even though it is a common matter. This paper investigates the differences between up- and down-grinding in belt grinding of TC4, where the grinding forces, material removal performance, surface quality, and chip morphology are captured for the grinding process evaluation and mechanistic analysis In up grinding, it was observed that approximately 21.1 % more material removal can be achieved due to the larger penetration depth of scratching grains when maintaining a constant normal grinding force. Furthermore, the higher tangential grinding force resulting from increased cutting behavior and an additional sliding phase leads to more severe abrasive belt wear, as evidenced by a 22.7 % higher grinding ratio. Comparatively, down grinding mode generates a machined surface with lower roughness in the transverse and longitudinal direction, which can be explained by the minimum chip thickness effect and undeformed chip thickness model. The microscopic characteristics of chips and ground surface provide more evidence on the different chip formation mechanisms between two grinding modes.

Intelligent understanding algorithm of aerial visual inspection image based on deep learning technology

At present, there is a problem that the efficiency and accuracy of the safety belt wearing detection method for aerial patrol workers are not ideal. In order to solve this problem, based on the deep learning technology, a safety belt specification wearing detection model is constructed. First, in view of the low quality of image data, wavelet transform and Gaussian curvature filter are used to preprocess the image. Aiming at the defect of poor performance of convolutional neural network (CNN), Gabor local features and Momentum algorithm are used to improve it. Finally, combined with the above content, a safety belt specification wearing detection model based on improved CNN is constructed. The results show that the loss value of the model is 0.51, the accuracy rate is 98.14%, the Recall value is 95.04%, and the AUC value is 0.971. Therefore, the model built in the study can detect the wearing of safety belt with high efficiency and accuracy, and ensure the safety of staff.

Enabling Guardian Angels: Designing and Constructing a Wireless Nurse CallSystem with IMU-Based Fall Detection for Enhanced Patient Safety

Falling poses a significant health concern across all age groups, with particular severityamong the elderly. Hospitalized patients, in particular, are vulnerable to injuries andevendeath due to falls. While patient supervision is essential for fall prevention, constant proximitybetween patients and healthcare staff is not always feasible. To tackle this challenge, thisstudy aimed to develop a solution that enables immediate assistance for patients who aredistant from the nurse call button when a fall occurs.The study employed the IMU sensor,which combines an accelerometer and a gyroscope. This sensor served as a transmitter todetect gravity acceleration and magnitude when afall event takes place. Thedata obtainedfrom the IMU sensor were further processed using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. Thesensor was integrated into a belt worn around the waist of the participants, who performedvarious movements such as falling facing down, falling up, falling to the right, falling to theleft, standing then sitting, and sitting then standing.The experimental tests yielded compellingresults, with all trials achieving an accuracy rate of 81.7%. The accuracy was determined byanalyzing the confusion matrix, which enabled accurate calculations.The utilization of thisinnovative tool significantly reduces the risk of patients experiencing detrimental outcomesfollowing falls by promptly notifying medical personnel, even when they aredistant from thenurse call button. Moreover, the implementation of this tool enhances overall safety forhospitalized patients, especially those at a high risk of falling. Future research can explore theintegration of additional sensors or the development of more sophisticated algorithms tofurther enhancethe accuracy and efficacy of this tool.

Review Paper on Smart Guidance Belt For Blinds

Abstract: This project seeks to create a simplified version of a smart wearable belt that can assist blind people with navigation, using a sensible and compact design for the electronic equipment. The design includes an embedded system, and could potentially incorporate machine learning algorithms to detect potholes and other irregularities on the road. The goal is to develop a smart belt that can help blind people travel independently without the use of a cane. The Electronic Blind Mobility Aid is a technology that uses sensors put on a belt worn around the waist to allow blind persons to travel independently. This advanced technology can help many people with visual impairments to travel independently. Blind people often face obstacles that can make it difficult for them to travel alone, but a blind belt can extend their range of perception by serving as an obstacle detector. Visually impaired people often use their hearing to compensate for their reduced eyesight, and can recognize sound sources. This technology enables blind persons to travel independently and receive obstacle alerts via headphones and speakers using sensors installed on a belt that is worn around the waist. Blind people can utilise this approach every day to find potential hazards, roadblocks, and pathways. In the end, this technology will serve to increase the independence of blind individuals and give them more confidence when they travel. To notify users of potential dangers, the device has a buzzer that produces vibration signals and emits a warning sound. Both the sound frequency and the vibration frequency rise as the space between the elastic gloves and the barriers gets smaller. The design incorporates a buzzer and motor in addition to the capability to notify the proper person in case of an emergency.. The goal of this study is to provide a low-cost, effective means of helping blind individuals travel more easily, quickly, and confidently. This design provides a quick-response, cost-effective, and portable solution. This device can let blind persons traverse their environment more safely and confidently by employing sound and vibration cues to notify the user of impediments.

A novel regional force control strategy based on seven-axis linkage grinding system to improve blade machining accuracy

The aero-engine blade has the characteristics of large curvature and uneven allowance distribution, which makes it difficult to ensure its machining accuracy during processing. The existing research mainly realizes the removal of blade allowance through constant contact force control strategy, which is difficult to achieve accurate removal of uneven allowance. This paper proposes a novel regional force control strategy based on seven-axis linkage grinding system. The ideal contact force is obtained according to the curvature and allowance distribution at each cutter-contact (CC) point, and the coefficient kp is calibrated by orthogonal grinding tests considering the initial rapid wear of the hollow ball abrasive belt. The ideal contact force is controlled by the regional force control strategy, which is composed of the regional division and the seventh axis controller. Considering the system response time and the distribution of the ideal contact force, the ideal contact force is divided into several regions through regional division algorithm, and then the actual contact force is controlled in real time during processing by the designed seventh axis controller to ensure the stability of the seventh axis. The force control accuracy with the seventh axis controller has increased by 63.7 % on the whole profile of the blade than that without the controller. The comparative robotic grinding experiment results show that the surface profile accuracy values at the four profile areas are improved by 57.6 %, 59.2 %, 70 % and 61.7 % than that with the passive compliance control (PCC) method, respectively.

Modeling of material removal depth in robot abrasive belt grinding based on energy conversion

Accurate material removal is of great significance to ensure the machining accuracy of robot abrasive belt grinding (RABG). In this paper, a material removal depth (MRD) model for RABG of superalloy is proposed based on the energy conversion in grinding. Based on the characteristics of the shape and protrusion height distribution of grits, the energy conversion equation is established through the force analysis of the interference between grits and workpiece, and then the expression of material removal depth is derived by combining the Hertz elastic contact theory. In addition, in view of the change of belt coverage ratio caused by the structured belt wear, the expression of grit distribution density considering belt wear is obtained through the Archard wear model and applied to the MRD model. The MRD model is evaluated by the experiment, and the results show that the proposed model has good prediction ability. Furthermore, the effects of grinding parameters on MRD are analyzed, and the grinding parameters that take into account both the MRD and surface quality are discussed. This research provides a theoretical reference for material removal research in RABG.