Belmont Forum Research Articles

Transdisciplinarity 101: Short-Term Training in Knowledge CoProduction to Face Global Environmental Change

The Belmont Forum and the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) organized an online training workshop on transdisciplinary (TD) approaches at the Sustainability, Research, and Innovation Congress (SRI) in 2022. The IAI is an intergovernmental organization that brings together 19 countries from the Americas to support adaptation to the world’s changing environment. The Belmont Forum is a consortium of major funders and international science councils to promote knowledge about sustainability science. The workshop aimed to create a safe environment for participants to share their impressions of and experiences about transdisciplinary research, using the Americas (IAI mandate) as a launching point for TD approaches globally. The workshop consisted of two online sessions: Transdisciplinary Approach 101 and Transdisciplinary Case Studies. The objectives of the current workshop report are: 1) to identify the key takeaways regarding common challenges and opportunities for transdisciplinary practice among workshop participants’ experiences, upon which to base recommendations for best practices, e.g., managing power imbalances, conflicting priorities and timeframes, enhancing communication and consolidating contextual awareness. 2) to offer insights to build better strategies for “train the trainers'' processes around transdisciplinarity, especially in congresses and short-term events, including using an experience-based approach, offering specific tools and increasing the participation of non-academic partners. This report encourages the implementation of other training processes by experienced transdisciplinary researchers, practitioners, and funders, in order to build capacities for collaborative approaches in diverse scientific communities.

Enhancing the resilience of low-income housing using emerging digital technologies

The research discussed is part of a Belmont Forum disaster risk reduction project aimed at enhancing the resilience of low-income housing. This paper examines feasibility and viability of using emerging digital technologies to enhance the resilience of low-income housing based on requirements of resource constrained, low-lying coastal areas in East Africa. The authors focus on the need to facilitate data and knowledge sharing across domains to: 1) reduce or avoid the potential property loss from flooding events through mapping the interdependencies and interconnectedness across natural and human systems; 2) coordinate the provision of temporary shelter for displaced victims, and 3) building (back) better during the recovery phase. The deployment of Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, BIM, Digital twin, VR/AR in disaster risk management is still an emerging area of research. In general, cutting-edge digital technologies are deployed as standalone solutions to address existing data and knowledge sharing needs that are unique to a sub-group of stakeholders. A more holistic and comprehensive solution will require an integrative framework that supports the seamless flow of information across the stakeholders. We propose to address this need through an artificial intelligence enhanced data, information and knowledge sharing platform that synthesizes content into actionable insights

The trajectory of international collaboration between FAPESP and Belmont Forum: a study based on themes of the sustainable development goals

This paper aims to explore the trajectory of the international scientific collaboration between the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP / Brazil) with the Belmont Forum, in view of the theme related to sustainable development. Methodologically, the study is based on bibliographic reviews, as well as through consultations with their databases and institutional websites. The results show that Fapesp's internationalization process is underway with several actors in the scientific community; such process has as one of its main characters the Belmont Forum; most of the agencies involved in the 13 calls made jointly are from countries in the Global North; the themes addressed in the calls, as well as the large areas of knowledge contemplated, incorporate interdisciplinary science and the challenges related to sustainable development as a central axis.

Climate and health adaptation: evidence needs for policy (Stakeholder mapping in Europe)

Abstract Introduction In recent years, both the EU Commission and the Belmont Forum have funded projects focusing on health and climate change with the aim of expanding research and evidence and improving intersectoral cooperation. The EU-funded ENBEL project is developing tools to streamline climate and health research to support policies and strategies and improve response and resilience. Methods Within ENBEL a stakeholder analysis is being carried out for Europe to identify key decision makers involved in climate change and health adaptation, understand interlinkages and identify areas for action to promote collaboration and uptake. Semi-structured interviews with key institutions and stakeholders at different levels (International, European, national and local) will help identify key evidence needs and research gaps and findings will be used to define knowledge tools and policy briefs to enhance adaptation. Furthermore, current policies on adaptation in Europe and how health issues are addressed, especially taking into account the Next Generation EU (NGEU) funding in support of COVID-19 recovery as well as Green Deal and Climate Action, will be reviewed to ensure ENBEL products fit the EU policy agenda. Conclusions ENBEL offers an opportunity to produce targeted research syntheses for decision makers as well an ensuring health becomes a key aspect in climate change policy decision making. The ENBEL project will engage with key decision makers involved in climate change and health adaptation across Europe, providing knowledge, understanding interlinkages and identifying areas for action to promote climate policies that enhance health benefits.

Belmont Forum Climate, Environment and Health Collaborative Research Action: current projects and future perspectives

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The Belmont Forum, a partnership of over 30 funding organizations, international science councils and regional consortia across five continents, is committed to advancing international transdisciplinary research and providing knowledge for understanding, mitigating and adapting to global environmental change. Since its establishment in 2009, the Forum has supported 134 research projects and represented scientists from over 90 countries. METHODS: In 2019, the Belmont Forum launched a Collaborative Research Action (CRA) to strengthen and expand the current scientific understanding of links between climate variability and change, the environment and health impacts. The geographical scope was global and welcomed proposals that considered challenges in low- and middle-income countries. RESULTS:The ‘Climate, Environment and Health’ CRA supports nine transdisciplinary projects that address one of more of the following topics: 1) heat and health, 2) climate-sensitive infectious disease and 3) food systems and nutrition, with the aim to improve the understanding of the complex pathways between climate variability, the environment and health, and to protect and promote human health and well-being in the face of climate challenges. An important research output is to foster the use of scientific information and climate-related decision support tools to better inform planning and enhance resilience. CONCLUSIONS:This talk will introduce the research projects and outline future research perspectives, considering the current gaps in knowledge and research priorities. KEYWORDS: Climate, Environmental epidemiology, Exposures, Policy and practice, Natural disasters, Socio-economic factors

The ENBEL project: From research findings to policy

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The Horizon 2020 ENBEL project (Enhancing Belmont Research Action to support EU policy making on climate change and health) brings together climate change and health research projects from Belmont Forum, EU’s Horizon2020 and other international and national funding schemes. The aim is to achieve convergence between climate change and health research and policy making, to optimise research outputs across the projects, standardise epidemiological measures and research approaches, where possible, and contribute to policy advice. ENBEL focuses on three major climate change related health hazards: environmental and occupational heat, air pollution (particularly from wildfires) and climate-sensitive infectious diseases, with specific attention to high-risk groups. METHODS: The overall concept of ENBEL is a bottom-up approach to networking and cooperation across often separate worlds of climate and health research communities. We aim to mainstream climate change into health conferences and vice versa to increase understanding, knowledge exchange and collaboration and enable integrated and evidence-based policy advice for mitigating impacts of climate change on human health. The network is synthesizing research evidence on climate change and health links and engaging with policymakers to translate science into policies. We will undertake evidence gap analysis of adaptation policies, strategies and measures to identify evidence gaps in Europe and Africa and produce tailor-made knowledge products. RESULTS:The network is bringing together researchers and experts on climate change and health and contribute to bridge gaps in approaches and methods that can make collaboration difficult, and thereby laying the ground for establishing actionable knowledge on climate change-related health risks. CONCLUSIONS:ENBEL will formalise a strong network of projects and researchers at the forefront of the climate change and health nexus. The synthesis of knowledge from a broad range of scientific institutions will enable decision-makers to make evidence-based decision to alleviate climate change impacts on health. KEYWORDS: Climate, Wildfires, Infectious diseases, International collaboration, Research translation to affect policy and practice

Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming.

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so‐called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm‐dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold‐dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization‐extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization‐extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm‐dwelling species or extirpation of cold‐dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTISD). Using linear mixed‐effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTISD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTISD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization‐extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.

Data Curation Profiling to Assess Data Management Training Needs and Practices to Inform a Toolkit

The purpose of this paper is to explore current data management training needs and practices for Belmont Forum member agencies and researchers to inform a Toolkit. Fourteen Belmont Forum affiliated individuals were interviewed following a predetermined set of questions to create data curation profiles of their funded work. The data curation profile questionnaire includes questions related to data management, storage, stakeholders, costs, training, and credentials. The interview findings highlight gaps in existing knowledge of data management theory and practice that could impact data re-use. Results of these interviews were used to populate a Toolkit of data management training and effective practice resources specifically developed to train Belmont Forum grant awardees. The results also highlight some attitudes and behaviours of current scientists, researchers, and agency representatives, and the impact of the implementation of data management plans on the open science movement.

Planetary health: from concept to decisive action

Planetary health: from concept to decisive action

Scenarios of Vegetable Demand vs. Production in Brazil: The Links between Nutritional Security and Small Farming

Dietary guidelines urge Brazilians to increase their consumption of raw vegetables. Yet key issues must be tackled by the government and civil society, not only to foster consumers’ appetite for healthier food, but more importantly to diminish the gaps between local demand and production, determined by food and land accessibility. We examine whether vegetable production in Brazil meets the demand to provide Brazilians the daily amount of fresh food recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). We developed demand scenarios in Brazil for 2008 and 2030, based on demand density maps built at the district level using production census surveys, household acquisition data, and population growth estimates. Results reveal an inherent inequality in vegetable consumption between the southern and central northern regions of Brazil that follows food insecurity regional indicators. Even in more urbanized regions and metropolitan areas, where the best balance between vegetable production and acquisition is found, simulated demand is far from WHO recommendations. A complementary discussion regarding land distribution and fresh food production supports our outlook on the weaknesses of existing rural policies for land reform and sustainable local fresh food production that directly affect demand and nutritional security. This work was the foundation to the Delivering Food Security on Limited Land (DEVIL) project in Brazil supported by Belmont Forum consortium.

Education for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

Education for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

Farming and the geography of nutrient production for human use: a transdisciplinary analysis

SummaryBackgroundInformation about the global structure of agriculture and nutrient production and its diversity is essential to improve present understanding of national food production patterns, agricultural livelihoods, and food chains, and their linkages to land use and their associated ecosystems services. Here we provide a plausible breakdown of global agricultural and nutrient production by farm size, and also study the associations between farm size, agricultural diversity, and nutrient production. This analysis is crucial to design interventions that might be appropriately targeted to promote healthy diets and ecosystems in the face of population growth, urbanisation, and climate change.MethodsWe used existing spatially-explicit global datasets to estimate the production levels of 41 major crops, seven livestock, and 14 aquaculture and fish products. From overall production estimates, we estimated the production of vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, iron, zinc, calcium, calories, and protein. We also estimated the relative contribution of farms of different sizes to the production of different agricultural commodities and associated nutrients, as well as how the diversity of food production based on the number of different products grown per geographic pixel and distribution of products within this pixel (Shannon diversity index [H]) changes with different farm sizes.FindingsGlobally, small and medium farms (≤50 ha) produce 51–77% of nearly all commodities and nutrients examined here. However, important regional differences exist. Large farms (>50 ha) dominate production in North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand. In these regions, large farms contribute between 75% and 100% of all cereal, livestock, and fruit production, and the pattern is similar for other commodity groups. By contrast, small farms (≤20 ha) produce more than 75% of most food commodities in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, south Asia, and China. In Europe, west Asia and north Africa, and central America, medium-size farms (20–50 ha) also contribute substantially to the production of most food commodities. Very small farms (≤2 ha) are important and have local significance in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and south Asia, where they contribute to about 30% of most food commodities. The majority of vegetables (81%), roots and tubers (72%), pulses (67%), fruits (66%), fish and livestock products (60%), and cereals (56%) are produced in diverse landscapes (H>1·5). Similarly, the majority of global micronutrients (53–81%) and protein (57%) are also produced in more diverse agricultural landscapes (H>1·5). By contrast, the majority of sugar (73%) and oil crops (57%) are produced in less diverse ones (H≤1·5), which also account for the majority of global calorie production (56%). The diversity of agricultural and nutrient production diminishes as farm size increases. However, areas of the world with higher agricultural diversity produce more nutrients, irrespective of farm size.InterpretationOur results show that farm size and diversity of agricultural production vary substantially across regions and are key structural determinants of food and nutrient production that need to be considered in plans to meet social, economic, and environmental targets. At the global level, both small and large farms have key roles in food and nutrition security. Efforts to maintain production diversity as farm sizes increase seem to be necessary to maintain the production of diverse nutrients and viable, multifunctional, sustainable landscapes.FundingCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CGIAR Research Programs on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health funded by the CGIAR Fund Council, Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation, European Union, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Australian Research Council, National Science Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change—Belmont Forum.

Vulnerability, Resilience and Transformation of Urban Areas in the Coastal Megacity Lagos: Findings of Local Assessments and a Household Survey in Highly Exposed Areas

Coastal urban regions in low-lying areas in developing countries are often hotspots of climate change related risks and therefore the analysis of different characteristics of vulnerability, resilience and transformation is an important prerequisite for planning and decision making. Even though the concepts of resilience and transformation have been discussed for some time, they often remain still very abstract. Against this background the following paper aims to illustrate how different characteristics of vulnerability: susceptibility, exposure and adaptation from resilience to transformative change can be assessed in practice at the level of individual households and different city districts. The household survey was conducted in four low-income, at risk areas in the coastal megacity of Lagos. It reveals important differences between the case study locations in terms of perceived capacities and actual responses of households to extreme events and creeping hazards. The analysis of behavioral changes undertaken after extreme events underscores that experience of loss and damage is an important stimulus for people to change their behavior. Moreover perception of actual and future risk management capacities and the performance of government institutions influences risk management regimes at the household level. It was found that at risk populations experienced both, inaction from government and individual households. This is a corrective to the majority literature that focuses on proactive local or government action. In fact, these examples of success may be quite rare and were not found in the four settlements studied in this research. The survey is part of a larger international project regarding the Transformation and Resilience of Urban Coasts (TRUC (2016). Transformation fo urban coasts Available at www.bel_truc.org ) funded by the Belmont Forum and the DFG in particular in terms of the research in Lagos.

Impacts of Climate Extremes in Brazil: The Development of a Web Platform for Understanding Long-Term Sustainability of Ecosystems and Human Health in Amazonia (PULSE-Brazil)

This work was funded by the joint FAPESP 2011/51843-2 and NERC NE/J016276/1 International Opportunities Fund. PULSE-Brazil development is also funded by the FAPESP grant (2012/51876-0) under the Belmont Forum Cooperation Agreement. Marengo and Aragao thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) for their Research Productivity Fellowship.

Open Data in Global Environmental Research: The Belmont Forum's Open Data Survey.

This paper presents the findings of the Belmont Forum’s survey on Open Data which targeted the global environmental research and data infrastructure community. It highlights users’ perceptions of the term “open data”, expectations of infrastructure functionalities, and barriers and enablers for the sharing of data. A wide range of good practice examples was pointed out by the respondents which demonstrates a substantial uptake of data sharing through e-infrastructures and a further need for enhancement and consolidation. Among all policy responses, funder policies seem to be the most important motivator. This supports the conclusion that stronger mandates will strengthen the case for data sharing.

Indirect impacts of coastal climate change and sea-level rise: the UK example

Owing to globalization, the potential impacts of climate change/sea-level rise in one country/region are likely to affect and be felt elsewhere. Such indirect impacts could be significant but have received a limited analysis. This deficiency is addressed here using the indirect impacts on coastal infrastructure for the UK as an example. National opportunities and threats are identified. Potential indirect national threats include disruption of supply chains, security threats due to forced migration, a decline in national prestige, and impacts on the finance and insurance industries. Potential opportunities include export of world-leading coastal hazard and management expertise, and benefits to national prestige conferred by a strong response to climate change. Such opportunities and threats depend on several distinct dimensions of change, especially the magnitude of climate and socio-economic change, and the success/failure of appropriate responses. Promoting adaptation and climate mitigation is important to exploit the opportunities and address the threats. Adaptation should deal with more than the effects of climate change and link to the wider development agenda. These lessons are transferable to other developed countries and, indeed, many of the actions will be strengthened by collective action. Policy relevance National-level measures to address these indirect impacts will make a positive contribution to the global effort in addressing climate change (e.g. supporting emissions reductions). Countries should include the indirect effects of climate change in national assessments so that the national context and useful responses can be identified. Cooperation between nations is also important; countries must act together to more effectively address the direct and indirect effects of climate change (e.g. promoting a widespread adaptation response). International initiatives (such as the Belmont Forum initiative on Coastal Vulnerability) should be promoted and global environmental change research shared (e.g. within multilateral institutions).

The International Opportunities Fund for global change research

Earthquakes, floods, and weather extremes are among a range of societal hazards that are increasingly studied by national and international researchers, but the absence of international collaboration and coordination is increasingly leading to inefficiencies and lost opportunities. The world's major funders of global change research are considering how best to align financial and human capital toward delivering the relevant knowledge that society will need in the 21st century. The Belmont Forum (named after the group's first meeting venue in Maryland in 2009) meets twice a year and is composed of funding executives from Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Norway, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Commission, together with the executive directors of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and International Social Sciences Council (ISSC); a full list of members is on the Belmont Forum Web site, http://igfagcr.org/index.php/belmont‐forum.