Survey Of Beliefs Research Articles

International Survey of Pediatric Oncologists' Beliefs and Communication Practices Regarding Symptom Self-Monitoring by Childhood Cancer Survivors.

Childhood cancer survivors report self-monitoring for and worrying about symptoms of disease recurrence and secondary cancers, although symptom-related worry is associated with poorer health-related quality of life. This survey captured pediatric oncologists' beliefs and communication practices regarding symptom self-monitoring for childhood cancer survivors. Using a closed-loop snowball sampling technique, pediatric oncologists completed an online survey regarding the importance of symptom self-monitoring for off-therapy patients, the degree to which symptom self-monitoring was perceived to cause stress and worry, and communication practices. 196 pediatric oncologists (White [78%]; female [64%]; Mage = 47 years) from every continent except Antarctica participated. Oncologists believed it is important for off-therapy patients to self-monitor for symptoms of cancer recurrence (90%) and treatment late effects (94%), although some noted that recurrence (30%) and late effects (55%) are typically detected by routine surveillance before symptoms appear. Oncologists varied in their beliefs that off-therapy patients do (31%) or do not (31%) worry unnecessarily about symptoms of recurrence. Two thirds (62%) of oncologists reported often/always discussing with off-therapy patients which symptoms could indicate cancer recurrence, whereas fewer than half (43%) often/always discussed which symptoms were unlikely to indicate recurrence. Oncologists identified a need for education regarding how to communicate around symptom self-monitoring and the potential utility of a screening tool to identify those who worry excessively. Despite nearly universal belief that their off-therapy patients should self-monitor for symptoms of disease recurrence and late effects, a substantial proportion of pediatric oncologists do not counsel patients on symptom self-monitoring. Since nearly one-third believe that off-therapy patients worry unnecessarily about symptoms of recurrence, improving patient education regarding which symptoms are and are not medically concerning could decrease stress and improve health-related quality of life for pediatric cancer survivors.

The Feasibility of Screening for Sleep Problems in Early Childhood Education Programs

ABSTRACT Objectives Assess the feasibility and staff experience of screening for behavioral sleep problems (BSP) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in early childhood education (ECE) settings; examine BSP/SDB prevalence and caregivers’ knowledge/attitudes, perception of child sleep problems, and sleep health engagement in this sample. Method Eight staff representatives from four ECE sites involved with sleep problem screening procedures within a larger RCT on ECE sleep health, discussed their experiences in a focus group; transcript content reviewed. A random subset of caregiver-child dyads (n = 59) from the four ECE sites completed sleep problem measures (BSP: Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Short form [SF-CSHQ], Tayside Children’s Sleep Questionnaire [TCSQ-sleep disturbance and difficulty] and SDB: Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire [PSQ], in addition to RCT measures (Parent Knowledge/Attitude/Self-efficacy/Beliefs survey and sleep health goals). Caregiver sleep health engagement was measured by the sleep health goals set. Results ECE staff reported sleep problem screening as self-explanatory and doable but sometimes administratively burdensome. BSPs were identified in 44% (SF-CSHQ) to 63% (TCSQ-sleep disturbance) of children; SDBs in 13%. Only 11% of caregivers endorsed their child having a sleep “difficulty” (TCSQ). Sleep health goals were set by 85% of caregivers; 63% employed educational materials’ language. Conclusion Sleep problem screening in ECE is feasible, and problems are elicited. While caregivers readily engage in setting healthy sleep goals, few endorse sleep as difficult. ECE education could improve caregiver understanding/recognition of sleep problems.

Police Interviewing in Spain: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs

Over the past decades, the psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects’ confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces’ practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators’ practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects’ use of their right to remain silent, investigators’ self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators’ knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces.

Online survey of knowledge, beliefs and practices of health professionals in Kuwait regarding dietary fibre and constipation in people over 60 years

Online survey of knowledge, beliefs and practices of health professionals in Kuwait regarding dietary fibre and constipation in people over 60 years

An Investigation of Undergraduate L2 Writers’ Motivational Writing Regulation Strategies in Relation to Collaborative Learning Beliefs

The concept of motivational regulation has always been on the agenda of researchers; however, the role of motivational regulation has received relatively little attention in terms of writing skills. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the potential correlations between motivational writing regulation strategies concerning collaborative writing beliefs of undergraduate L2 writers. To this end, a total of 102 undergraduate L2 writers were surveyed. To collect the data, two research tools were used. The first one is the Writing Strategies for Self-regulated Learning Questionnaire (WSSRLQ) (Teng and Zhang 2016a). This questionnaire conceptualizes motivational writing regulation strategies in terms of cognitive, metacognitive, and social-behavioral factors. The second data collection tool employed in the present study was the Collaborative Learning Beliefs Survey, which was prepared based on Roskams (1999). According to the findings of the study, there is a correlation between self-regulated writing strategies and collaborative learning beliefs. Hence, it is suggested that EFL writing instructions focus on motivational regulation strategies and other aspects of self-regulated strategies to ensure effective L2 writing instruction.

Towards Understanding Teacher Mentoring, Learner WCF Beliefs, and Learner Revision Practices Through Peer Review Feedback: A Sociocultural Perspective

Background. The existing literature has focused on learner perceptions or beliefs about peer review tasks over the recent decade. However, little has been known about the relationships among learner beliefs about written corrective feedback (WCF), related teacher mentoring process, and learner revision practices.
 Purpose. We thus aimed at addressing the gap by exploring how teacher mentoring and learner WCF beliefs may inform learner revision practices in the peer-reviewed process.
 Methods. In this mixed-method study, we included four Chinese EFL students majoring in English as the participants and collected their WCF belief survey data. We also collected their actual practice data through PeerCeptiv, an online writing and rewriting platform. In addition, we traced the teacher mentoring practices and interviewed the participants about their beliefs and practices in the peer review and back-evaluation process.
 Results. Through the mixed-methods design, we reported our major findings: the student participants believed empathy and resonance was the primary advantage of peer feedback, and teacher mentoring facilitated them in understanding and performing the peer review and revision tasks; we also found the student review process consisted of evaluating, resonating, learning, and reflecting practices and the student revision process included crediting, arguing, correcting, and polishing practices.
 Implications. From a sociocultural perspective, we centered our discussion on these research findings by claiming that scaffolding in different forms work together enhance learner performance and student beliefs appear in a complex manner with student actual revision practices. We also offered insights for future studies and practical implications for language teachers.

Knowing, Thinking, and Learning

We examined the relationship between the levels of sophistication (high-sophisticated and low-sophisticated) of students’ domain general epistemic beliefs and an important component of students’ critical thinking skills—their ability to evaluate arguments. Participants evaluated arguments and took an epistemic belief survey before recalling arguments in a Surprise Recall task. Our findings suggest that students’ general beliefs about the speed of knowledge acquisition predicted how well they evaluated arguments and their memory for critical argument elements (i.e., claim-predicates). Implications of this connection between argument analysis and epistemic beliefs in the context of improving students’ critical thinking skills are discussed.

Linking a Survey of Clinician Benzodiazepine-Related Beliefs to Risk of Benzodiazepine Prescription Fills Among Patients in Medicare.

In this pilot study, we used a Medicare sample to identify primary care clinicians who prescribed a benzodiazepine (BZD) in 2017 and surveyed a random sample (n = 100) about BZD prescribing. Among 61 respondents, 11.5% (SD 5.9) of their patient panels filled a BZD prescription. Patients of primary care clinicians who agreed that potential harms to long-term BZD users were low had a greater BZD fill risk relative to patients of disagreeing primary care clinicians (adjusted risk ratio 1.31; 95% CI, 1.01-1.7). We highlight the potential of using Medicare claims to sample clinicians. Using claims-based objective measures presents a new method to inform the development of behavior-change interventions.

Investigation of the Effects of Pre-Service Teachers' Socio-Economic Statuses and Personality Traits on Their Motivations

Although self-regulated learning (SRL) in education is more often associated with student learning, recently it has been emphasized that teachers should be self-regulated individuals, as well. In this study focusing on motivation, one of the sub-dimensions of SRL, predictive power of socio-economic statuses and personality traits of pre-service teachers on their motivations was determined with hierarchical regression analysis. This study was conducted with survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The study enrolled 712 pre-service teachers studying at various departments of the Faculty of Education in a state university in Ankara, Türkiye. The Big Five Inventory, was used to determine the personality traits of pre-service teachers, while the Socio-economic Status Form was used to determine their socio-economic status. The General Self-Efficacy Scale, 2x2 Achievement Goal Orientations Scale, Success/Failure Attributions Scale, and Scientific Epistemological Beliefs Survey were used to determine the motivation of pre-service teachers. The results of hierarchical regression analysis, which was conducted with the data obtained in the study, showed low-level significant effects of socio-economic status on some sub-dimensions of motivation. However, when personality traits were included in the analysis, it was found out that they have higher level significant effects on all sub-dimensions of motivation. In particular, the findings showed that motivation had a significant effect on self-efficacy and goal orientation sub-dimensions. The findings of the study are likely to provide useful information about the effect of upbringing environments of pre-service teachers, which shape their personality traits and personalities, on their motivations.

Association of Patient Belief About Success of Antibiotics for Appendicitis and Outcomes

A patient's belief in the likely success of a treatment may influence outcomes, but this has been understudied in surgical trials. To examine the association between patients' baseline beliefs about the likelihood of treatment success with outcomes of antibiotics for appendicitis in the Comparison of Outcomes of Antibiotic Drugs and Appendectomy (CODA) trial. This was a secondary analysis of the CODA randomized clinical trial. Participants from 25 US medical centers were enrolled between May 3, 2016, and February 5, 2020. Included in the analysis were participants with appendicitis who were randomly assigned to receive antibiotics in the CODA trial. After informed consent but before randomization, participants who were assigned to receive antibiotics responded to a baseline survey including a question about how successful they believed antibiotics could be in treating their appendicitis. Participants were categorized based on baseline survey responses into 1 of 3 belief groups: unsuccessful/unsure, intermediate, and completely successful. Three outcomes were assigned at 30 days: (1) appendectomy, (2) high decisional regret or dissatisfaction with treatment, and (3) persistent signs and symptoms (abdominal pain, tenderness, fever, or chills). Outcomes were compared across groups using adjusted risk differences (aRDs), with propensity score adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Of the 776 study participants who were assigned antibiotic treatment in CODA, a total of 425 (mean [SD] age, 38.5 [13.6] years; 277 male [65%]) completed the baseline belief survey before knowing their treatment assignment. Baseline beliefs were as follows: 22% of participants (92 of 415) had an unsuccessful/unsure response, 51% (212 of 415) had an intermediate response, and 27% (111 of 415) had a completely successful response. Compared with the unsuccessful/unsure group, those who believed antibiotics could be completely successful had a 13-percentage point lower risk of appendectomy (aRD, -13.49; 95% CI, -24.57 to -2.40). The aRD between those with intermediate vs unsuccessful/unsure beliefs was -5.68 (95% CI, -16.57 to 5.20). Compared with the unsuccessful/unsure group, those with intermediate beliefs had a lower risk of persistent signs and symptoms (aRD, -15.72; 95% CI, -29.71 to -1.72), with directionally similar results for the completely successful group (aRD, -15.14; 95% CI, -30.56 to 0.28). Positive patient beliefs about the likely success of antibiotics for appendicitis were associated with a lower risk of appendectomy and with resolution of signs and symptoms by 30 days. Pathways relating beliefs to outcomes and the potential modifiability of beliefs to improve outcomes merit further investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02800785.

Dietary beliefs and information resources of ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission: A cross-sectional survey in Taiwan.

Despite the lack of evidence for the benefits of dietary restrictions for ulcerative colitis (UC), the majority of patients with UC restrict their diets to avoid relapses. Few studies have examined information resources that affect patients' dietary beliefs or practices, but none have investigated UC patients in clinical remission from Asia. This survey investigated the dietary beliefs, practices, and information resources of Taiwanese UC patients in clinical remission. A self-reported questionnaire was administered. Fifty UC patients in clinical remission (defined based on having a 2-item patient-reported outcome score of ≤1 with no rectal bleeding for ≥90 days) were recruited from National Taiwan University Hospital between September 2017 and March 2018. In total, 22 patients (45.8%) believed diet to be the initiating factor for UC, and 48.0% of patients believed diet has ever triggered relapses. Forty-two patients (85.7%) avoided specific foods to prevent a relapse. Spicy foods were the most avoided foods (75.5%), following by alcohol (69.4%), carbonated beverages (63.3%), milk or milk products (59.2%), and fatty foods (59.2%). The patients' information resources for dietary beliefs and practices consisted mainly of their own experience. Approximately one-third of the patients have avoided the same menu with their family or avoided outdoor dining to prevent UC relapses. This is the first dietary belief survey focusing on clinical remission UC patients from Asia. Most clinical remission UC patients spontaneously avoided specific foods based on their own experiences. Dietary restrictions may negatively affect patients' social lives. Further dietary counseling is necessary to minimize the possible negative impacts on UC patients in clinical remission.

A National Survey of Neonatal Nurses' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of Antibiotic Stewardship.

In the neonatal intensive care unit, implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs has been challenging, especially for staff nurses. To identify neonatal nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic stewardship programs in neonatal intensive care units. This was a descriptive survey study to assess knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of neonatal nurses related to antibiotic stewardship. The survey consisted of 23 questions, 6 of which were open-ended. The questions evaluated perceptions of general understanding of antibiotic stewardship, administration of antibiotics, information and perspective about antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, and availability and usage of resources and education related to antibiotics. The survey was posted online for about 3 months on the Web site of a professional organization of neonatal nurses. Of the 78 neonatal nurses who responded to the survey, 39% were very familiar with the term antibiotic stewardship . The majority of participants did not question the treating provider about the choice, route, or dose of antibiotics. The majority also agreed that more education is needed to achieve the goal of incorporating principles of antibiotic stewardship more fully into practice in the neonatal intensive care unit. Results suggest that although most nurses are familiar with the term antibiotic stewardship , they would like to have more education on the appropriate use of antibiotics. Further studies are needed to identify nurse involvement in applying the principles of antibiotic stewardship programs while working with the vulnerable population of preterm infants.

Hybrid Work from Home Clinical Academic Environment: A One-Year Follow-Up Survey of Attitudes and Beliefs of Members of a Department of Palliative Care, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine.

Context: Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine (PRIM) department members anonymously reported a positive experience with work from home (WFH) two months after its rapid pandemic transition in March 2020. Data are limited on the stability of such preferences and experiences over time. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to survey the attitudes and beliefs of PRIM employees toward remote work 16 months after the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since vaccines and to determine changes in perceptions of WFH. Methods: All 138 PRIM employees were invited to participate in an anonymous survey from mid-July to mid-August 2021. The 30-question survey included demographics, perceptions toward WFH, and the pandemic. Results: One hundred fifteen (83%) employees completed the survey: 29 (74%) research, 62 (83%) clinicians, and 24 (100%) administrative personnel. Most were female (76%), 30-59 years old (88%), PRIM employees before May 2020 (89%), shared office space (52%), and had received either first or second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (88%). Overall experience (86%) and emotional response (74%) with WFH were positive and not significantly different from 2020 (p = 0.128 and 0.782, respectively). Positive experience was associated with having adequate equipment (p = 0.002), perception of productivity (p = 0.002), financial advantage (p = 0.002), and time demands caring for dependents (p = 0.038). Clinicians reported less positive response (78%, p = 0.002) and less productivity (49%, p = 0.002) with WFH and higher level of stress (54%, p = 0.026) since COVID-19. Employees continued to support WFH permanently (79%) for two or more days/week (82%). There was continued increased emotional exhaustion (71%) similar to 2020 (p = 0.868), and being asked to work partially or completely from home permanently was favored by 64% versus 97% and 96% of clinicians, research, and administrative, respectively (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Support for WFH was sustained a year later and after three pandemic waves. These findings serve as a model for future rapid work transitions and can help elucidate factors associated with stress and emotional exhaustion in a new post-COVID-19 work environment.

A Profile of Gamesmanship Attitudes Among Youth Sport Coaches

Youth in sport programs are not only gaining skills in sport techniques but also observing and learning ethical attitudes such as how to treat others in competition or whether to play in accordance with sport rules. Youth sport coaches influence youth directly through the provision of guidance and feedback and indirectly through the behaviors they model and attitudes they reflect. In the sport context, gamesmanship is any in-game misconducts that stay within the boundaries of the rules but still are ethically controversial and may lead to a competitive advantage. In this study, the gamesmanship beliefs of youth sport coaches across multiple sport disciplines were analyzed. The participants of this study were 109 youth sport coaches of a variety of sports. A 20-question gamesmanship beliefs survey was used in data collection for this study in which youth sport coaches were asked to determine their opinion of the identified conduct and respond with a rating on a 4-point Likert scale. Responses of youth sport coaches in this study suggest that only a small portion of them are inclined to instruct players to act in a way that utilizes gamesmanship practices. This study’s examination of whether formal coaching training or years of coaching experience influence attitudes toward gamesmanship found that there appeared to be little effect on coaches’ attitudes. As gamesmanship situations are typically present in the youth sport context, this study provides value in understanding how youth sport coaches think about gamesmanship and their awareness of ethical concerns.

The Relationship between Belief in a Just World and Embitterment: The Mediating Effects of Self -Compassion for Adults in Their 20s and 30s-

본 연구는 2030세대의 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음이 울분에 미치는 관계에서 자기자비의 매개효과를 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 수도권(서울, 경기도, 인천)에 거주하는 만 20-39세 남녀(303명)를 대상으로하였다. 연구대상에게 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음, 울분, 자기자비에 관한 질문지를 실시하였고, 분석 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 통하여 빈도분석, 일원변량분석, Pearson의 상관관계, 단순회귀분석, 중다회귀분석, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였고, SPSS Macro 3.5를 통해 매개효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2030세대가 ‘지속적인 울분 상태(1.6≤PTEDS)’임을 확인하였다. 둘째, 2030세대의 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음, 울분, 자기자비의 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 2030세대의 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음과 울분의 관계에서 자기자비의 부분매개 역할을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 결과적으로, 본 연구에서는 2030세대의 울분이 개인적, 사회적 측면에서 다루어져야 할 필요가 있는 수준임을 보여주었으며, 2030세대의 울분에 자기자비의 매개효과를 검증하여 심리사회적 개입의 근거를 제시하였다는 의의를 갖는다.In this study, we investigated the mediating effect of the self-compassion parameter on the relationship between the belief in a just world and embitterment among adults in their 20s and 30s. This study targeted men and women aged 20-39 (n=303) living in metropolitan areas of South Korea. We conducted a survey of belief in a just world, embitterment, and self-compassion on the subjects of our research. Frequency analysis, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, simple regression analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and stepwise regression analysis were carried out via SPSS 21.0. According to the results, mediation effect was verified via SPSS Macro 3.5. The main results of this study are as follows. First, we confirmed that adults in their 20s and 30s were in the “continuous state of embitterment.” Second, it showed a meaningful correlation between belief in a just world, embitterment, and self-compassion for the adults in their 20s and 30s. Third, it was confirmed that self-compassion acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between belief in a just world and embitterment among adults in their 20s and 30s.

Attitudes and Beliefs of Nursing Students Towards Sexual Health Care

Introduction: Sexual health care refers to assessing sexual health, identifying the risks, and providing appropriate counselling related to sexuality. It is essential to have competency related to this care to prevent under-treated patient and further complications. This study aims to explore attitudes and beliefs among undergraduate nursing students at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan, Pahang toward sexual health care and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling was conducted among 239 students from March to May 2021. Data were gathered by using Google Forms questionnaires and distributed to all undergraduate nursing students through WhatsApp. The questionnaires were available in three parts: socio-demographic, students’ characteristics, and Sexual Attitude and Belief Survey (SABS). Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The majority of nursing students have moderate attitudes and beliefs in delivering sexual health care and Age group was significantly associated with SABS score (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although most nursing students have sufficient knowledge related to sexual health, they still feel uncomfortable and unable to diagnose patients with sexual problems.

The role of students’ epistemic beliefs for their argumentation performance in higher education

ABSTRACT Students’ argumentation performance can be influenced by their epistemic beliefs, however, in the context of argumentative essay writing and argumentative peer feedback in online setting this has not been clearly investigated. This study explores relationship between students’ epistemic beliefs and argumentation performance regarding essay writing and peer feedback. In total, 101 undergraduate students filled out the epistemic beliefs survey and wrote an argumentative essay. Then, they provided two sets of feedback on the essays of their peers and finally submitted their revised essays. Students’ beliefs about the Internet-specific justification of knowledge did not play a significant role in their argumentation performance in essay writing, while it was related to their constructive peer feedback performance. Students’ beliefs about the nature of scientific knowledge were significantly related to their argumentative essay writing and peer feedback performance. In terms of uptake of peer feedback, no significant role was found for epistemic beliefs.

İngilizce yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin yansıtma seviyeleri ve epistemolojik inanışları

The most important change in the recent years is the adopting of “learner-centred education” philosophy in teaching programmes. When the roots of this method are examined, it is seen that there are certain areas of study affecting the constructivism approach. One of the most effective ones among these interdisciplinary areas is the area of epistemology studies. The epistemological beliefs play an important role in the individual’s psychological, sociological, philosophical and behavioural development. The aim of the present paper is to measure pre-service EFL teachers’ epistemological beliefs in relation to their reflection levels. Epistemological beliefs are important aspects of teachers’ thinking processes as they indicate beliefs about sources of information. In order to measure pre-service EFL teachers’ epistemological beliefs, the epistemological beliefs survey, developed by Chan and Eliott (2004), was used. This survey conceptualizes epistemological beliefs under four dimensions; namely innate/fixed ability, learning effort/process, authority/expert knowledge and certainty knowledge. For measuring pre-service EFL teachers’ reflection levels, Reflection Levels Questionnaire, developed by Larrivee (2008), was used. This tool has four sub-dimensions, which are pre-reflection, surface reflection, pedagogic reflection, and critical reflection. The participants are 133 pre-service EFL teachers enrolled in an English Language and Literature department. The results of the study indicate that pre-service EFL teachers have moderate levels of epistemological beliefs and reflections levels. In addition, there are significant differences in epistemological beliefs and reflection levels in terms of grade level of the participants.

Management of people with low back pain: a survey of opinions and beliefs of Dutch and Belgian chiropractors

BackgroundChiropractors commonly provide care to people with low-back pain (LBP). The aim of this survey was to determine the opinions and beliefs of chiropractors regarding the support and management of LBP. We also investigated whether their management is in accordance with the three most commonly recommended approaches to LBP based upon international guidelines (i.e. advice regarding return-to-work, limit bedrest, and stay active).MethodsA web-based survey was sent out in 2013 to collect data from registered Dutch and Belgian chiropractors. In addition to providing a description of their sociodemographic and practice characteristics, chiropractors were asked to complete six patient vignettes representing people with LBP who typically present to a chiropractor. The respondents indicated which intervention(s) they would recommend or undertake. Based upon these vignettes, we were able to determine whether their management approach adhered to clinical guidelines. Generalized mixed models were used to explore guidelines adherence and their relationship to chiropractors’ characteristics.ResultsIn total, 60% (n = 203/340) of the chiropractors who were invited, chose to participate. Chiropractors reported applying a chiropractic adjustment in 90% of all vignettes, while the advice to exercise varied from one-third in the chronic cases to approximately half of those with acute LBP. More than 75% of the chiropractors would initially treat LBP 1–2 times a week. More than 90% of the chiropractors advised against bedrest. Overall, self-reported adherence to clinical guidelines for all six vignettes was [64.5% (CI 58.7–70.0)]. Adherence in the chronic vignettes [73.4% (CI 66.7–79.2)] was better than in the acute vignettes [55.9% (CI 50.5–61.1)]. Importantly, regarding recommended approaches to LBP, chiropractors more consistently followed guidelines regarding advice to limit bedrest [98.5% (CI 97.3–99.1)] than advice to stay active [77.5% (CI 72.3–81.9)] or return-to-work [59.4% (CI 55.2–63.4)]. Finally, Dutch chiropractors were more likely to adhere to the guidelines than Belgian chiropractors.ConclusionsChiropractic adjustments were the most common self-reported treatment modalities supplemented by exercise in the management of LBP patients. Two-thirds of the chiropractors reported adhering to the guidelines regarding management and advice for LBP patients. Practitioners should improve guideline adherence, particularly for acute LBP cases, and when advising on return-to-work.

Social justice development among emerging adult students: The influence of families, peers, and religious congregations

ABSTRACT Social justice development is likely influenced by a range of contextual experiences. We examined the ways in which emerging adult students’ experiences with families, peers, and religious congregations were associated with their own social justice outcomes. Participants (N = 288; 65.4% = women) completed a survey of social justice attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of their families’, peers,’ and congregations’ engagement with social justice issues. Findings indicated that family, peer, and congregational factors explained significant amounts of variance in students’ social justice outcomes and provided unique insight into aspects of students’ experiences that may be particularly relevant to social justice development during this period.