Beijing Chaoyang District Research Articles

Epidemic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and the lag effect of average daily temperature on the epidemic of HFMD in Beijing

Objective: To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Beijing and explore the short-term lag effect of daily average temperature on HFMD. Methods: The incidence data and meteorological data of HFMD were collected from Xicheng District, Chaoyang District, and Changping District of Beijing between January 2009 and December 2018. The dose-response relationship and short-term lag effect of temperature and HFMD incidence were explored by the distributed lag non-linear model (DNLM). Results: From 2009 to 2018, a total of 97 210 cases of HFMD were confirmed in Xicheng District, Chaoyang District, and Changping District of Beijing. The incidence rate of HFMD in Xicheng district was 71.83/100 000, which was the lowest in three districts. The total annual average incidence was 146.89/100 000 in the three districts. The cases were concentrated from May to July, with a small peak in October to November. The ratio of male to female was 1.49∶1, and the median age of the patients was 3.08 (1.89, 4.39) years old, which showed a decreasing trend in children under 6 years old (Z=-30.11, P<0.01). The DNLM showed that the cumulative relative risk (RR) curve had a bimodal distribution, with RR of 1.36 (95%CI: 1.05-1.76) and 1.35 (95%CI: 1.10-1.66), and the peak values appeared at 4 ℃ and 26 ℃, respectively. Conclusions: The incidence rate of HFMD in Xicheng was the lowest in three districts of Beijing. In addition, the incidence of HFMD is seasonal, and the incidence is higher in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter. Daily average temperature had a lag effect on HFMD, which was different between high temperature and low temperature.

Safety analysis of 12 241 infants inoculated in three sites of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b combined vaccine in Chaoyang District of Beijing

Objective: To observe the adverse reactions of Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Combined Vaccine conjugate vaccine at the anterolateral thigh muscle, upper arm deltoid muscle and upper gluteal region. Methods: A total of 12 241 infants who were voluntarily vaccinated DTaP-Hib from April 2015 to April 2019 in Beijing were selected for the study. DTaP-Hib vaccine is recommended for 3, 4, 5 months of age for basic immunization and 18 to 24 months of age to strengthen immunization. Subjects were divided into the groups of lateral thigh muscle, the upper arm deltoid and upper gluteal region according to the actual inoculation sites. Adverse reactions were collected within 30 minutes and 7 days after each does of vaccination at different sites and compared between three groups. The incidence of adverse reactions at the three different inoculation sites was compared by Chi-square test. Results: A total of 12 241 infants and toddlers received combined DTaP-Hib and 35 027 doses of DTaP-Hib were investigated. The number and of lateral thigh muscles, upper arm deltoids and gluteal muscles were 3 461 infants and 11 129 doses, 2 659 infants and 7 957 doses, 6 121 infants and 15 941 doses respectively. A total of 2 489 adverse reactions occurred. The incidence of adverse reactions was 7.11%. The incidence of adverse reactions in deltoid muscle of upper arm was 9.69%（771 doses）, which was higher than that in gluteal muscle (7.58%, 1 211 doses) and anterolateral muscle of thigh (4.56%, 507 doses). The incidence of mild, moderate and severe adverse reactions in the upper arm deltoid group were higher than those in the other two groups. The incidence rates were 4.85% (386 doses), 3.77% (300 doses) and 1.07% (85 doses) respectively. The differences between groups were statistically significant（P<0.001）. The total adverse reactions of the three doses of basic immunization and the fourth dose of enhanced immunization had the same trend in different parts. The incidence of adverse reactions was in the order of the upper arm deltoid injection, upper gluteal injection and lateral thigh muscle injection from high to low. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of adverse reactions of DTaP-Hib vaccination in three different sites was low, which confirmed that the DTaP-Hib vaccination got expected safety regardless of the sites of inoculation. The lateral femoral muscle group had the lowest incidence of adverse reactions, hence it should be preferred as the inoculation site of DTaP-Hib vaccination.

Breast cancer screening in urban Beijing, 2014-2019

Objective: To analyze the current status of breast cancer screening among females in Urban Beijing Cancer Screening Program, 2014-2019. Methods: Based on an on-going cancer screening program launched by the National Urban Cancer Screening Program, women residences aged 40 to 69 were recruited from 80 streets in six districts of Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai and Shijingshan District) using cluster sampling method. General demographic information and potential risk factors, results of clinical examination and follow-up outcomes of the target population (diagnosed breast cancer or not) were collected using epidemiological questionnaire, risk evaluation, clinical examination using ultrasound and (or) joint screening with mammography and follow-up, respectively. Proportion of high-risk cases evaluated by the questionnaire, recall rate, proportion of cases with BI-RADS grade 3 and BI-RADS grade 4/5, proportion of the cases with stage 0 or I, incidence rate and cumulative incidence rate were calculated. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) among females who experienced different screening scenario. Results: A total of 53 916 women with the age of (57.2±7.3) completed high-risk assessment were included into analysis. The proportion of overweigh and obesity were 40.90% (22 053 cases) and 15.34% (8 270 cases), respectively. A total of 17 535 cases (32.52%) were evaluated as positive case detected by the questionnaire. The clinical recall rate was 47.64% (8 353 cases) among the high-risk females. The positive rate detected by ultrasound or mammography alone was 1.84% and 4.00%, while the suspicious positive detection rates were 14.50% and 17.83%, respectively. The positive rate and suspicious positive rate detected by joint screening using ultrasound and mammography were 5.44% and 27.74% respectively. In total, 252 cases were diagnosed with breast cancer after an average of 2.68 years follow-up. The incidence rate and cumulative incidence rate of breast cancer were 174.34/100 000 person years and 470/100 000, respectively. The early detection rate was 68.6% among the residences who received clinical examination. Compared with the negative residence evaluated by the questionnaire, the positive cases has a 55% higher risk of diagnosed with breast cancer (HR=1.55, 95%CI:1.20-2.00); Cases that recognized by baseline ultrasound and mammography joint screening as BI-RADS 4/5 and BI-RADS 3 have higher risk of diagnosed with breast cancer than that of with the results of BI-RADS 1-2, with the HR of 12.60 (95%CI:6.49-24.47) and 1.89 (0.93-3.83), respectively. Conclusion: Females with high risk of breast cancer in Beijing have a better recall rate of receiving the clinical screening examination. Joint using ultrasonography and mammography in breast cancer screening can improve the positive detection rate among high risk females.

중국 징진지 지역의 도시화 정책과 계획특징 연구 - 수도권 주변 농촌 지역의 신도시 개발계획안을 중심으로 -

The new urbanization is one of prestige growth engines to lead the next generation of China economy, it promotes new sustainable urban development models guided by various planning polices to improve urban livability and sustainability in accommodation with economy, social, and environmental consideration. The expanding urban periphery to rural area should leverages existing assets, infrastructure, local context and plans as a showcase of environmental and economic balance in a responsibly high-density, green community designed to human development and ecological settlement. The Beijing Chaoyang District and Tianjin Binhai area are a strategic advancement in the policy of building one of the most powerful economic regions, the Bohai Rim. Recently released ‘Jingjinji development plan’ supports various urbanization policies and encourages sustainable developments including 2 significant city center projects which are under way in global attention. The study compared on the characters of development policies and the cutting-edge smart design strategies by which they are applied, the master plan of the Beijing Chaoyang District expansion plan and Tianjin Yujiapu CBD project embrace innovative sustainable technologies.

Investigation and analysis of reproductive health status of female street cleaners in a district

Objective: To explore the reproductive health status of the female street cleaners in Chaoyang district of Beijing and its influencing factors. Methods: In July 2018, a total of 647 questionnaires were sent out to female road cleaning and sanitation workers in the whole district, 613 of which were valid, with an effective rate of 94.7%. Frequency or percentage (%) is used for statistical description of counting data, and mean standard deviation is used for measurement data. The influencing factors were analyzed by 2 test. Results: The average age of 613 female road sweepers in Chaoyang District of Beijing was 42.01 (SD=6.69) years old, including 535 married female workers (87.28%) , 356 middle school and below educated (58.08%) , 292 non Beijing registered (47.63%) , accounting for (/613) , (/613) female workers working hours >8 hours per day 110 (17.94%) , weekly rest <2 days 341 (55.63%) . 144 (23.49%) women workers did not have regular gynecological examination, 119 (19.41%) had reproductive tract infections, 177 (28.87%) had abnormal menstruation in recent 6 months. Drinking, sexual behavior outside marriage, night shift and job satisfaction were all the influencing factors (P<0.05) . The increasing age, working years, drinking, household registration in other places and the decreasing satisfaction of women workers＇ rights and interests protection were all the influencing factors (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The reproductive health status of female road sweepers in Chaoyang District of Beijing is not optimistic.

Changes to cardiovascular risk factors over 7 years: a prospective cohort study of in situ urbanised residents in the Chaoyang District of Beijing

ObjectivesTo examine changes in cardiovascular risk factors of in situ urbanised residents between 2010 and 2017.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingThe Chaoyang District of Beijing, China.ParticipantsA total of 942 in situ urbanised rural...

Application of ultrasound monitoring for evaluation of neonatal peripherally inserted central catheter tip localization in newborns

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasound in the localization of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in neonates. Methods A retrospective analysis of the PICC catheterization was conducted at Department of Neonatology, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital from June 2017 to December 2018.The ultrasound monitoring was performed immediately after PICC catheterization.The probe was placed into the midline position of the lower xiphoid or the subclavian parasternal line for scanning, and it would be the PICC if a high-echo equal sign was observed by ultrasound.It was believed that the PICC was successfully placed when ultrasound detected that the PICC tip was located in the junction of inferior vena cava or superior vena cava in the right atrium. Results (1)Among 112 infants with PICC catheterization, 103 cases (92.0%) were accurately placed, 9 cases (8.0%) were not placed in the ideal site, among them, 2 cases were too deep, 4 cases were too shallow and 3 cases were catheter heterotopia.The tip position was accurate after the readjustment under ultrasound monitoring in those patients whose the first ultrasound showed the tip position was not ideal.(2)The PICC indwelling time was as short as 2 days (removed due to severe arrhythmia) and as long as 56 days with an average of (15.1±10.7) days.(3)The catheter-related complications occurred in 3 cases with an incidence of 2.7%. Conclusions Using ultrasound to determine the PICC tips position is accurate and reliable, which is worthy of extensive application in the neonatal wards. Key words: Ultrasound; Peripherally inserted central catheter; Infant, newborn

Sustainable Development Education- practice research for Respect Education -Beijing Chaoyang District Baijiazhuang Primary School as example

Further to eighteen years’ practice of Education for Sustainable Development, the school has defined and perfected the concept of ‘Respect’ education, using this concept as a pathway to educating students, as expressed in the National Education policy. This educational concept is encompassed in the school’s curriculum and classroom culture with ‘Respect’ education becoming a distinctive brand. With effective leadership at high level, delivering this high-quality teaching and balanced development of education to the school’s 13 campuses.

Survey on consultation length and waiting time of community general practice clinics

Objective To survey the consultation length and waiting time of general practice clinics in community health service centers(CHSC). Methods Three CHSCs were selected from urban areas,urban-rural junction and rural areas Beijing Chaoyang District. The length of consultation,waiting time and the satisfaction of patients were surveyed by self-designed questionnaires among 373 patients visiting these three CHSCs between July to August 2018. Results In 364 patients who completed the questionnaire 69.0%(251/364) had a consultation length between 5 to 10 min, and the proportion of consultation length 30 min. The proportion of patients with waiting<5 min was the lowest (20.7%) in urban area. The distribution of consultion length was different among groups of the reason of consultion, frequently seen doctor and the familarity with the doctor(P<0.05). Most patients were satisfied with the length of consultation (85.4%) and waiting time (74.5%). The satisfaction of patients in urban areas with the consultation length (75.2%) and waiting time (49.6%) was lower than that in urban-rural junction and rural areas. Conclusion The consultation length in general practice clinics of CHSC is relatively short, but patients are basically satisfied with the current status of consultation length and waiting time.However, consultation length and wating time should be regularly monitared,to promote the quality of care in general practice clinics. Key words: Community health service; General practice; Consultation length; Waiting time

Research and Application on Location Model of Community Exits and Entrances

To further study the location problem of the entrances and exits of the community, based on the shortest path algorithm to obtain the shortest distance between any two points. According to the actual situation of the community location, the proportion of parking spaces in different parking areas in a theme park is weighted analyzed by the method of proportion coefficient, which is used as the weight coefficients of each corresponding shortest path in the traffic network diagram. Finally, taking the minimum path weighted value of the vehicle into and out of the community as the goal, the location model of theme park gateway is constructed, and the location scheme of the community entrance and exit is determined. At the same time, the research on the location of the entrance and exit of the Dong daqiao community in Chaoyang district of Beijing is used as an application case of this algorithm, the result shows that using weighted shortest path algorithm to determine the community entrance and exit can minimize the distance cost of the vehicles, which can effectively save travel time, and improve the travel efficiency of the travelers.

Analysis of antimicrobial resistance and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) in 99 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from early pregnancy cervical swabs and external environment

Objective To analyze the antimicrobial resistance, distribution of resistance genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) in 99 strains of mecA gene-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from early pregnancy cervical swabs and external environment in Beijing Chaoyang District from 2015 to 2016. Methods Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was performed to detect the susceptibility of the 99 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains to cefoxitin. Microbroth dilution method was used to test their susceptibility to vancomycin, daptomycin, penicillin, erythromycin, compound sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. PCR was used to detect drug resistance genes of ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, norA1, norA2, sul1, sul2, sul3, aac(6′)/aph(2″), ant(4′, 4″), ant(6) and tetM and to analyze the SCCmec types ofⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳa, Ⅳb, Ⅳc, Ⅳd and Ⅴ. The results were compared with those of capillary electrophoresis. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results All of the 99 mecA-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were sensitive to vancomycin and 93.94% of them were sensitive to datomycin. The resistance rates to penicillin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, compound sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol were 97.98%, 85.86%, 79.80%, 52.54%, 27.27%, 43.43%, 36.36%, 23.23% and 11.11%. The strains that carried the genes of norA1, norA2, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, sul1, sul2, sul3, aac(6′)/aph(2″), ant(4′, 4″), ant(6) and tetM accounted for 100%, 93.94%, 0.00%, 3.03%, 17.17%, 57.58%, 50.51%, 12.12%, 4.04%, 30.30%, 8.08%, 4.04% and 25.26%, respectively. Among the 99 strains, 5.05%, 0%, 43.43%, 10.10%, 0.00%, 3.03%, 3.03% and 19.19% belonged to SCCmecⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳa, Ⅳb, Ⅳc, Ⅳd and Ⅴ, respectively, and 4.04% (4/99) were positive to two SCCmec types. The types of 12.12% (12/99) of the strains were unidentified. Conclusions All of the 99 strains of mecA-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to vancomycin. Among them, the strains carrying multidrug resistance genes accounted for 89.90%. The main mechanisms of resistance to macrolides, sulfonamides and aminoglycosides in local strains were related to the resistance genes of msrA, sul1 and aac(6′)/aph(2″). SCCmec Ⅲ was the prevalent type. There were 88.37% of SCCmec Ⅲ type strains and 75% of unknown type strains carrying multiple resistance genes. Apart from that, the isolated strains of other SCCmec Ⅲ types all carried multiple resistance genes. Key words: Staphylococcus epidermidis; mecA; MSSE; MRSE; Drug-resistance gene; SCCmec

Driving Force of Grassroots Self-governance in Beijing’s Neighborhoods: Social Capital, Community Network and Community Service Motivation

Placed at the bottom of China’s urban governance system, residents’ committees led by street offices are not only responsible for welfare provision but also imposing sociopolitical control on residents at grassroots society. With a large number of floating population flooding into Beijing in recent years, the demographic structure of its neighborhoods becomes increasingly diversified, which is likely to cause some latent social instabilities. Consequently, more and more residents’ committees are authorized to establish community work stations to underpin the function of grassroots governance and shift administrative responsibilities from superior governments. Since urban neighborhoods in China are actually an acquaintance society in the “differential mode of association (差序格局)”, the self-enforcement and self-governance of community work station depends on acquaintanceship and interaction between local residents, residents’ committees and community work stations. This article intends to explore the operation of grassroots self-governance by a case of Panjiayuan Neighborhood in Chaoyang District of Beijing. The empirical study based on mixed methods of qualitative interview and quantitative survey has revealed that community work stations led by resident’s committees is an arena of self-governance and its operational mechanism is driven by social capital under the mediator of community network, within which social capital will be accumulated and proliferated in the neighborhood, and resident’s motivation for voluntary cooperation will be intensified as well.

Demand of urban green space cool islands based on heat island pattern: A case study of Chaoyang District of Beijing

Demand of urban green space cool islands based on heat island pattern: A case study of Chaoyang District of Beijing

Influence of Community Comprehensive Intervention on Cognition and Inoculation Behaviors of Diabetic Patients Immunized with Influenza Vaccine

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive community intervention on cognition and inoculation behaviors of diabetic patients immunized with influenza vaccine. Methods: A total of 1538 diabetic patients aged 35 years and above for outpatient visits and follow-up treatments were selected from six community health service centers (three for the experimental group, and the other three for the control group) in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Comprehensive interventions applied to the experimental group include patient intervention and community climate interventions. We compared the total awareness of influenza vaccine knowledge and influenza vaccination rates between the two groups before and after the intervention. Results: Before the intervention, the total awareness rate of influenza vaccine in the experimental group and the control group was similar (50・6% and 50・2%, respectively. P=0・171). After the intervention, the awareness rate of influenza vaccine in the experimental group and the control group increased. The amplitude of the increase was similar (70・3% and 70・1%, respectively. P=0・822,). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the influenza vaccination rate between the experimental group and the control group (29・0% and 26・8%, respectively. P=0・334). After the intervention, the vaccination rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (The vaccination rate 45・8% and 27・4% for the experimental group and the control group, respectively. P < 0・001). Conclusion: Comprehensive community interventions had a positive effect on vaccination in diabetic patients. Funding Statement: This study was supported by Pilot project on chronic diseases and immune prevention policy of China Preventive Medicine Association (20170101). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical approval was given by the medical ethics committee of Ethics Committee of Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention with the following reference number CYCDPCIRB-YJ-20181015-1.

A multi-objective optimization based method for evaluating earthquake shelter location–allocation

ABSTRACTConstructing shelters is an important part of earthquake disaster management which involves selecting the location of them and assigning the evacuees to them. For this work, selecting suitable objectives and solution is important. Thus, in this paper, a multi-objective mathematical model with four groups of the objectives, allied with a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm, has been developed to solve the location–allocation problem for earthquake shelter. The four objective groups are: total shelter number (TSN) and total evacuation distance (TED), TSN and total weighted evaluation time (TWET), total shelter area (TSA) and TED, and TSA and TWET. The solutions of the model include the determination of the shelters from the candidates and how to allocate population to them. Then the solutions of the model with four objective groups are given and compared using safety, capacity and investment evaluation index with the case of Chaoyang district of Beijing, China. Related to government's preferences and future city planning, the most suitable model solutions can be chosen to help decide where it is suitable to construct shelters and how to allocate the population.

Relationships Between Evacuation Population Size, Earthquake Emergency Shelter Capacity, and Evacuation Time

Determining the location of earthquake emergency shelters and the allocation of affected population to them are key issues that face shelter planning and emergency management. To solve this emergency shelter location–allocation problem, evacuation time and the construction cost of shelters—both influenced by the evacuation population size and its spatial distribution—are two important considerations. In this article, a mathematical model with two objectives—to minimize total weighted evacuation time (TWET) and total shelter area (TSA)—is allied with a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm to address the problem. The relationships between evacuation population size, evacuation time, and total shelter area are examined using Jinzhan Town in Chaoyang District of Beijing, China, as a case study. The results show that TWET has a power function relationship with TSA under different population size scenarios, and a linear function applies between evacuation population and TWET under different TSAs. The joint relationships of TSA, TWET, and population size show that TWET increases with population increase and TSA decrease, and compared with TSA, population influences TWET more strongly. Given a reliable projection of population change and spatial planning of a study area, this method can be useful for government decision making on the location of earthquake emergency shelters and on the allocation of evacuees to those shelters.

Point-of-care examinations of lung ultrasonography in neonatal intensive care unit

Objective To study the features of ultrasonography (LUS) of lung diseases in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods Total 1 413 neonates admitted in NICU of Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Bayi Children′s Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Shenzhen Bao′an Maternal and Child Health Hospital from December 2014 to February 2015 were included in this study. All the newborns underwent LUS examination, the ultrasonographic features of neonatal lung diseases were analyzed. Results There were 1 059 cases (74.9%) with lung diseases among 1 413 neonates. Among 354 neonates without lung diseases, the B-lines were observed in 351 cases (99.2%) within 3 day after birth, in 113 cases (31.9%) in 3 day to 1 week after birth, and in 23 cases in 1 to 2 weeks after birth. Among 491 neonates with lung diseases undergoing LUS examination within 48 h after admission, the A-lines disappeared in all patients; the other features included pleural lines abnormalities(n=440, 89.6%), interstitial syndrome (n=353, 71.9%), lung consolidation(n=423, 86.25%), pulmonary edema(n=135, 27.5%) and lung pulse(n=96, 19.6%). The reduction or elimination of above abnormal signs represented the alleviation of lung diseases. Fifty four neonates, in whom the lung diseases were not detected by X-ray, were diagnosed as transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)and pneumonia by LUS. Fifty five patients, who were misdiagnosed with RDS by X-ray, were confirmed as TTN by LUS. Seventy one neonatal patients with long-term oxygen dependence, in whom no abnormal signs were detected by X-ray, underwent LUS examination and lung atelectasis, pulmonary consolidation and/or interstitial syndrome were diagnosed in 46 cases. Conclusion The LUS is practical and effective in diagnosis of neonatal pulmonary diseases, it is a non-irradiative diagnostic procedure and can be applied on bed side; therefore, it should be routinely used in NICU. Key words: Infant, newborn; Lung diseases; Ultrasonography

Spatio-temporal Evolution of Groundwater Vulnerability Based on Spatial Autocorrelation

The distribution patterns of human activities affecting groundwater vulnerability vary with time. Studying the temporal and spatial changes in groundwater vulnerability, exploring the distribution characteristics of each period, and predicting the trends of development are important to formulate an effective development plan and reduce the risk of groundwater pollution at the same time. Based on the hydrogeological data as well as humanities and social data for 2004, 2010, and 2016 for the Chaoyang District of Beijing, a comprehensive evaluation model considering the human factors such as the land use types was established using the DRASTIC model. The spatiotemporal pattern of groundwater vulnerability was quantitatively characterized by calculating the Global Moran's Ⅰ and Getis-Ord Gi* index, and the distribution characteristics and variations in groundwater vulnerability were analyzed by the centroid of the G index and the standard deviation ellipse of the study area. The results indicate that in 2004, 2010, and 2016, the areas of high vulnerability have gradually reduced. The groundwater vulnerability in the study area shows a strong spatial aggregation; high concentration areas are mainly distributed in the northeast and southwest regions. The vulnerability of the northeast region has been decreasing each year, while the vulnerability of the northwest region has not changed much. The main reasons are the land use changes and the reductions in fertilizer use.

Effectiveness of rapid hepatitis B vaccination with different vaccine dosages and types in adults

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of rapid hepatitis B vaccination with different vaccine dosages and types in adults. Methods: Adults who were aged ≥20 years, negative in the detections of 5 HBV serum markers or only anti-HBc positive were selected from Chaoyang district of Beijing. They were divided into 4 community-based specific groups and given three doses of 10 μg HepB-SCY vaccine, 20 μg HepB-SCY vaccine, 20 μg HepB-CHO vaccine and 10 μg HepB-HPY vaccine respectively at month 0, 1, and 2. Their blood samples were collected within 1-2 months after completing the three dose vaccination to test anti-HBs level by using chemiluminesent microparticle immunoassay. A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted, and χ(2) test, Mantel- Haensel χ(2) test, Kruskal-Wallis rank test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: A total of 1 772 participants completed vaccination and observation. Their average age was 48.5 years, and 62.75% of them were females. The anti-HBs positive rates in the groups of 10 μg HepB-SCY, 20 μg HepB-SCY, 20 μg HepB-CHO and 10 μg HepB-HPY vaccines were 79.49%, 84.34%, 82.50% and 74.15%, respectively (P=0.005), and the geometric mean titers (GMT) were39.53 mIU/ml, 62.37 mIU/ml, 48.18 mIU/ml and 33.64 mIU/ml respectively (P=0.025). The overall anti-HBs positive rate and GMT were 79.01% and 41.18 mIU/ml. The anti-HBs GMT of 4 groups declined with age. The differences in anti-HBs GMT among 4 groups minimized with age. The result of logistic modeling indicated that vaccine type and dosage, age and smoking were associated with anti-HBs statistically after controlling the variables of"only anti-HBc positive or not"and"history of hepatitis B vaccination". Conclusion: Hepatitis B vaccination at dosage of 20 μg based on 0-1-2 month rapid schedule could achieved anti-HBs positive rates>80% in middle aged and old people, which can be used as supplement of 0-1-6 month routine schedule.

Integrated optimization for shelter service area demarcation and evacuation route planning by a ripple-spreading algorithm

Shelter is one type of emergency facilities and plays a critical role in disaster response. In operation level, a shelter is the destination of post-disaster evacuation route, whose scientific service area demarcation can have a great positive influence on evacuation route planning. Effective evacuation route planning can also validate and support the service area demarcation of shelter. This study aims to optimize shelter service area demarcation and post-disaster evacuation route planning simultaneously in order to improve the efficiency of current shelter operation and further reduce disaster risk, which is seldom addressed before. We proposed an integrated optimization model for jointly solving shelter service area demarcation and evacuation route planning problems, which keeps contiguity of service areas, ensures an evacuation route within the same service district, shortens the evacuation route, satisfies capacity constraints and maintains integrity. To solve the problem, a ripple-spreading algorithm is adopted with combining contiguity and capacity operators. A real-world case study was conducted in the Chaoyang district of Beijing, China. A locally optimal scheme for service area demarcation and evacuation route planning was obtained with satisfying constraints as much as possible, which confirm the validity of ripple-spreading algorithm application in the joint problem.