Related Behaviors Research Articles

마스크 착용에 따른 흡연자의 주관적 구취 수준과 구강건강행태 현황

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the subjective changes in odor perception, oral health interest, and related behaviors among smokers before and after the widespread adoption of mask wearing. Methods: We analyzed a total of 207 responses from smokers aged 19 and older and conducted statistical analyses that included t-tests and chi-square tests. Results: The subjective perception of bad breath among smokers increased when the wearing of masks became a daily routine. In addition, smokers with an extended history of smoking reported higher subjective levels of bad breath and lower oral health compared to those with a shorter duration of smoking. Conclusions: Evidence-based educational and promotional materials should be developed to mitigate or prevent the levels of odor and oral dryness experienced by smokers before and after the regular use of masks.

Investigating 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone to combat maternal immune activation effects on offspring gene expression and behaviour

Infection during pregnancy is a substantial risk factor for the unborn child to develop autism or schizophrenia later in life, and is thought to be driven by maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA can be modelled by exposing pregnant mice to Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly-I:C), a viral mimetic that induces an immune response and recapitulates in the offspring many neurochemical features of ASD and schizophrenia, including altered BDNF-TrkB signalling and disruptions to excitatory/inhibitory balance. Therefore, we hypothesised that a BDNF mimetic, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), administered prophylactically to the dam may prevent the neurobehavioural sequelae of disruptions induced by MIA. Dams were treated with 7,8-DHF in the drinking water (0.08 mg/ML) from gestational day (GD) 9–20 and were exposed to Poly-I:C at GD17 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Foetal brains were collected 6 h post Poly-I:C exposure for RT-qPCR analysis of BDNF, cytokine, GABAergic and glutamatergic gene targets. A second adult cohort were tested in a battery of behavioural tests relevant to schizophrenia and the prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus dissected for RT-qPCR analysis. Foetal brains exposed to Poly-I:C showed increased IL-6, but reduced expression of Ntrk2 and multiple GABAergic and glutamatergic markers. Anxiety-like behaviour was observed in adult offspring prenatally exposed to poly-I:C, which was accompanied by altered expression of Gria2 in the prefrontal cortex and Gria4 in the ventral hippocampus. While 7–8 DHF normalised the expression of some glutamatergic (Grm5) and GABAergic (Gabra1) genes in Poly-I:C exposed offspring, it also led to substantial alterations in offspring not exposed to Poly-I:C. Furthermore, mice exposed to 7,8-DHF prenatally showed increased pre-pulse inhibition and reduced working memory in adulthood. These data advance understanding of how 7,8-DHF and MIA prenatal exposure impacts genes critical to excitatory/inhibitory pathways and related behaviour.

Age modulates the predictive value of self-reported sleepiness for all-cause mortality risk: insights from a comprehensive national database of veterans.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is prevalent and overwhelmingly stems from disturbed sleep. We hypothesized that age modulates the association between EDS and increased all-cause mortality. We utilized the Veterans' Health Administration data from 1999-2022. We enrolled participants with sleep related ICD9/10 codes or sleep services. A natural language processing (NLP) pipeline was developed and validated to extract the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) as a self-reported tool to measure EDS from physician progress notes. The NLP's accuracy was assessed through manual annotation of 470 notes. Participants were categorized into Normal-ESS, n-ESS, (ESS 0-10) and high-ESS, h-ESS, (ESS 11-24). We created three age groups: < 50 years; 50 to < 65 years; and ≥ 65 years. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of mortality was calculated for age, BMI, sex, race, ethnicity, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), using n-ESS as the reference. Subsequently, we conducted age stratified analysis. The first ESS records were extracted from 423,087 veterans with a mean age of 54.8 (±14.6), mean BMI of 32.6 (±6.2), and 90.5% male. The aOR across all ages was 17% higher (1.15,1.19) in the h-ESS category. The aORs only became statistically significant for individuals aged ≥ 50 years in the h-ESS compared to the n-ESS category (< 50 years: 1.02 [0.96,1.08], 50 to < 65 years 1.13[1.10,1.16]; ≥ 65 years: 1.25 [1.21-1.28]). High ESS, predicted increased mortality only in participants aged 50 and older. Further research is required to identify this differential behavior in relation to age.

Autogenous shrinkage and sustainability assessment of alkali-activated slag incorporating steel slag

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the positive potential of steel slag (SS) to mitigate the autogenous shrinkage of alkali-activated slag (AAS) while maintaining a reasonably high strength. Changes of the physicochemical properties of AAS with the addition of SS were examined in terms of hydration heat, autogenous shrinkage, chemical shrinkage, internal relative humidity (RH) and mechanical behaviors. The microstructure of AAS-SS systems was characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and nitrogen adsorption techniques. The shrinkage mechanism and quantification approach of the AAS-SS systems were discussed, in addition to a sustainability assessment. The results indicate that the 7-day autogenous shrinkage of AAS paste was decreased by 16 %, 35 % and 42 % when SS was incorporated by 15 %, 30 % and 45 % respectively, owing to the obviously slower hydration and higher internal RH at the early age. Meanwhile, the inclusion of SS substantially mitigates the chemical shrinkage and reduces the pores below 50 nm, thereby significantly decreasing the capillary pressure associated with smaller water-filled pore sizes. Substitutions of blast furnace slag by up to 45 % SS enable to reduce CO2 emissions by 18.4 kg/m3 and decrease autogenous shrinkage by 42 % without obvious compromise in the loss of elastic modulus and compressive strength.

Thalamocortical mGlu8 Modulates Dorsal Thalamus Excitatory Transmission and Sensorimotor Activity.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGlu8) is a heterogeneously expressed and poorly understood glutamate receptor with potential pharmacological significance. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a critical inhibitory modulator of the thalamocortical-corticothalamic (TC-CT) network and plays a crucial role in information processing throughout the brain, is implicated in a variety of psychiatric conditions, and is also a site of significant mGlu8 expression. Using both male and female mice, we determined via fluorescent in situ hybridization that parvalbumin-expressing cells in the TRN core and shell matrices (identified by spp1+ and ecel1+ expression, respectively), as well as the cortical layers involved in CT signaling, express grm8 mRNA. We then assayed the physiological and behavioral impacts of perturbing grm8 signaling in the TC circuit through conditional (adeno-associated virus-CRE mediated) and cell-type-specific constitutive deletion strategies. We show that constitutive parvalbumin grm8 knock-out (PV grm8 knock-out) mice exhibited (1) increased spontaneous excitatory drive onto dorsal thalamus relay cells and (2) impaired sensorimotor gating, measured via paired-pulse inhibition, but observed no differences in locomotion and thigmotaxis in repeated bouts of open field test (OFT). Conversely, we observed hyperlocomotive phenotypes and anxiolytic effects of AAV-mediated conditional knockdown of grm8 in the TRN (TRN grm8 knockdown) in repeated OFT. Our findings underscore a role for mGlu8 in regulating excitatory neurotransmission as well as anxiety-related locomotor behavior and sensorimotor gating, revealing potential therapeutic applications for various neuropsychiatric disorders and guiding future research endeavors into mGlu8 signaling and TRN function.

Relationships between effective safety training, safety knowledge and personal protective equipment related behaviors among firefighters

Introduction: Firefighter injuries and fatalities have been attributed to improper or ineffective use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Although studies have examined predictors of PPE to include situational, leadership, stressors and other psychosocial factors, research has not thoroughly examined the relationships between effective safety training administration, knowledge creation, and the influence of those factors on PPE use among firefighters. Method: This study aimed to assess those relationships by using structural equation modeling analysis. Results: The model fit was good, and findings confirmed the hypothesized model and relationships, which included a positive, significant relationship between effective safety training and safety knowledge and positive, significant relationships between safety knowledge and PPE-related safety behavior outcomes, including the effective use of PASS devices, the correct use of SCBA and PPE during overhaul operations, and the correct use and inspection of PPE among firefighters in general. Practical Applications: Findings support the importance of safety training in the fire service to bolster knowledge and correct PPE use.

Oral health practices related risk factors and prevalence of dental caries in Armed Forces: A multicentric study

BackgroundDental caries is a multifactorial disease known to be associated with the individual’s lifestyle and attitude to health. Prevalence of dental caries in military personnel is higher due to their rugged profession, where soldiers endure the toughest of hostilities. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in Indian Armed Forces and its association with oral health related behaviours, i.e., tooth brushing, flossing, smoking, use of fluoride toothpaste, and pattern of dental attendance. MethodsTotal of 22690 individuals with a mean age of of 35 ± 8 were examined. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on oral hygiene habits, following which oral inspection of the individuals was done. Once the data was compiled, the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index was used to determine caries experience and to compare with oral health behaviours. ResultsArmed Forces of India has a pan India presence, and as a result, study pertaining to soldiers becomes cumbersome. The study was conducted to assess the changing patterns of oral diseases, create oral awareness, and to initiate oral health bank data of soldiers. The prevalence of dental caries 58.4% and DMFT rate 4.67+/-1.94 of Indian soldiers remains lower than those of the rest of the Armed Forces of the world. ConclusionPrevalence of caries in Indian soldiers is lower than that of the rest of the Armies. The study depicts caries experience was lesser in soldiers practising positive oral health behaviours and a strong association between the rate of caries experience and oral health–related behaviours.

The Relationship between Religion and Economic Growth: A Study of Religiosity and Social Capital

This research will prove that: the better the religiosity, the higher the work ethic. This research also wants to show that there is a causal relationship between religion and economic growth. The similarity with academic communities such as Max Weber is that there is a clear causal relationship between religion and economics. Then Adam Smith's view that individual behavior in relation to religion combined together could explain how religion and economics work together. And religious beliefs especially beliefs in heaven, hell and life after death tend to increase economic growth. Meanwhile, Islam itself is closely related to economic growth, which makes it easier for muamalah activities, such as buying and selling and trading. More than that, there is a difference with other academic communities that religion is opium or poison for society. And third parties think that religion is an exogenous factor and that there is no causal relationship between religion and economic growth.

The role of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal dysfunction in nonsuicidal self-injury during dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD), with findings demonstrating improvements in various BPD features and related behaviours, such as nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Theory and research suggest that reductions in emotion dysregulation and interpersonal dysfunction could account for at least some of the reduction in NSSI observed during the course of DBT. The current research investigated: 1) the trajectory of changes in emotion dysregulation, interpersonal dysfunction, and NSSI over the course of DBT, and 2) whether changes in emotion dysregulation mediate the relationship between changes in interpersonal dysfunction and changes in NSSI over treatment. One hundred and twenty individuals with BPD enrolled in a multi-site randomized-clinical trial were assessed at five timepoints over 12 months of standard DBT. Results indicated that interpersonal dysfunction and NSSI decreased over the course of DBT. Emotion dysregulation decreased in a quadratic manner such that most of the gains in emotion dysregulation occurred in earlier phases of DBT. Although changes in interpersonal dysfunction predicted changes in emotion dysregulation, changes in emotion dysregulation did not mediate the relationship between changes in interpersonal dysfunction and changes in NSSI.

Conceptualising the correlates of adolescent suicidal behaviour in Benin: evidence from a national survey

BackgroundDespite efforts to increase awareness about suicide, related behaviours among adolescents in Benin persist as a significant health challenge globally. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of empirical evidence that conceptualises suicidal behaviour and its correlates to provide a better picture for preventive interventions. We analysed a national survey dataset of school-going Benin adolescents, with an analytical sample of 2,536.ResultsThe prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt were 14.8%, 16.3%, and 15.3%, respectively. The likelihood of ideating suicide increased among adolescents who engaged in marijuana usage, encountered bullying, felt lonely, and experienced anxiety. Additionally, the likelihood of planning suicide was high among individuals who skipped school, used marijuana, encountered bullying, felt lonely, experienced anxiety, and engaged in multiple sexual relationships. Similarly, the likelihood of attempting suicide was increased among adolescents in grades 3-6 who skipped school, used marijuana, encountered bullying, and felt lonely. Nonetheless, being a male was protective against suicidal ideation and suicidal plans, while younger age was protective against suicidal attempts. Also, having parents who respected adolescents’ autonomy and privacy (never inspected their things without their knowledge) had lower odds of suicidal ideation.ConclusionSuicide prevention programmes must consider multidimensional protective and risk factors concerning adolescents’ personal, parental, family, and community settings in Benin.

Influence of anxious attachment on the relationship between primary emotions and substance-related addictive behaviors.

To date there is no universally accepted model that describes the development of substance related addictive behavior. In order to address this gap, the study sought to examine whether the association between primary emotions and the inclination toward addictive behavior is mediated by an anxious attachment style. The total sample consisted of 900 German speaking non-clinical adults (age: M = 27; SD = 9.60; 71.6% female). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the connection between the primary emotions (SADNESS and ANGER), and the latent variables attachment anxiety and symptoms of addictive behavior. Substance use symptomatology was correlated with higher attachment anxiety (r = 0.15), SADNESS (r = 0.15), and ANGER (r = 0.11). The effect of SADNESS on addictive behavior is mediated by attachment anxiety (p < 0.01) whereas ANGER had a direct effect on addictive behavior (p < 0.01). The final SEM explains 4% of the variance of addictive behaviors and 22% of attachment anxiety. Our findings suggest that both SADNESS and ANGER, along with attachment anxiety, are dispositions that contribute to the risk of engaging in addictive behavior. However, while ANGER directly influences addictive behavior, SADNESS acts through its impact on attachment anxiety.

Implementation of the Village Sustainable Development Goals Policy (Study in Sri Mulya Village, Sinar Peninjauan District, Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="s37"&gt;The aim of this village sustainable development research is to describe the implementation of village sustainable development goals in Sri Mulya Village, Sinar Peninjauan District, OKU Regency, South Sumatra Province. Apart from that, this research also aims to identify factors that can support or hinder the implementation of village sustainable development goals in Sri Mulya Village, Sinar Peninjauan District, OKU Regency, South Sumatra Province. The theory in this research uses the theory put forward by Soren C. Winter (2006). According to Winter, the success of implementing a policy can be seen based on 3 variables, namely the behavior of inter-organizational relations with the dimensions of organizational commitment and inter-organizational coordination, the behavior of implementers (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s37"&gt;lower level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s37"&gt; bureaucracy) with the discretionary dimensions and the behavior of the target group with the dimensions of positive and negative responses. The type of research used is qualitative descriptive research. The research results show that the implementation of village sustainable development goals in Sri Mulya Village as seen from the 3 variables of Soren C. Winter (2006) has not been implemented optimally with problems including: Commitment is only verbal because there is no concrete action which causes there is no sense of awareness to be involved, Coordination between organizations is limited to reporting without any feedback as an effort to provide guidance on the implementation of village sustainable development goals in Sri Mulya Village. The village government takes the decision as a form of discretion. The decision taken was to continue updating the data with existing human resources, because there were elements implementing data updates who should have been involved but did not help. The community gave a positive response in the form of cooperation during village data collection. The negative response is that there are still doubts from the community about the Village Sustainable Development Goals &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s37"&gt;program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="s34"&gt;&lt;span class="s23"&gt;Keywords:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="s35"&gt;&lt;span class="s29"&gt;Village Sustainable Development Goals, Implementation, Community Welfare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="s37"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Quality of life of children with cerebral palsy: Evidence from Assam, India

BackgroundCerebral palsy (CP) is a common childhood physical disability, which often leads to secondary conditions and affects the quality of life (QOL) of the children suffering from it. This study measures the QOL of children with CP using Children with Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire (CP-QOL) and the factors affecting it. MethodsThis cross-sectional study covering 140 purposively chosen caregivers of children with CP aged 4–12 years was conducted in Assam, India, 2023. Subscale scores of CP-QOL were computed to determine the overall QOL score. Cronbach's α assessed the subscales' reliability and interval consistency. Bivariate analysis was conducted to present the socio-demographic variation in QOL, and logistic regression revealed the determinants. Regression model diagnostics were performed, which included the Omnibus test, the Hosmer–Lemeshow test, a classification table showing the model's sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy, and a ROC curve displaying the model's overall accuracy in predicting the outcome variable. ResultsThe overall QOL score was 44.94 ± 16.28. QOL scores varied significantly with children's age, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels, special school enrolment, mother's education, family structure, and the behaviour of relatives and neighbours. Nearly three-fourths of the caregivers perceived a poor QOL of their children with CP. Children's CP type, GMFCS level, associated conditions, and religion were significantly associated with their QOL. ConclusionThe QOL of children with CP are significantly lower, the primary factor being the GMFCS level. Efforts to educate caregivers and customized policies and programs will help improve CP children's QOL.

Spanish academic libraries’ perceptions of Open Science. Drivers and barriers, level of knowledge and training

This paper reports on the perceptions of Spanish academic libraries regarding Open Science (OS). OS is irrupting into academia and academic librarians need to support researchers. On the other side, researchers need to be ready to change their scientific behaviour in relation to publications and research data. We conducted a focus group with 8 academic librarians. We also sent a survey to (N= 67) academic libraries, obtaining a response rate of 71.6%. In the survey, we asked for drivers and constraints for OS services as well as for any training taking place. Our results show that facilitators are the system relationships (SD = 4.74) and internal promotion of systems relationships (SD = 4.54). In relation to the level of knowledge of OS, both researchers (SD = 3.27) and librarians have a high level in terms of the OA area (SD = 4.15) but little development of the rest of the components of OS. On the other hand, in relation to training librarians, results indicated that OA (SD = 4.79), Open Data (SD = 4.79) and new evaluation models (SD = 4.79) should be part of the training for researchers. The results of the focus group reinforce some of the indicators mentioned. We conclude that academic libraries may train researchers in OS through the acquisition of new skills and trainers-training and with the strategic support of the university. We argue that academic incentives and a change in research accreditation are also needed to shift researchers’ perceptions in relation to OS.

How violation of consumers’ expectations causes perceived betrayal and related behaviors: Theoretical perspectives from expectancy violation theory

Expectancy violation theory was used as a theoretical foundation to predict the influence of brands' norms violation, expectation violation, and moral violation in developing luxury brands' consumers' betrayals. We examined the perceived influence of betrayal on consumers' behaviors, such as vindictive complaining and retaliatory behavior. The present framework also checked the boundary effects of post-purchase regret on the impact of perceived betrayal on vindictive complaining and retaliatory behavior. Data was collected from 378 luxury brand consumers using a web-administered questionnaire. We applied PLS-SEM using SmartPLS 4.0. To analyze the data. Our results revealed that predictors, i.e., norm violation, expectation violation, and moral violation, positively develop consumers' perceived betrayal. Perceived betrayal significantly triggers vindictive complaining and retaliatory behavior. This research found that moderating effects of post-purchase regret strengthen the association between consumers’ betrayal and behavioral outcomes. We enrich our understanding of betrayal and consumer psychology, identifying how positive outcomes cause negative emotions in consumer behavioral responses and offering strategies for managers of luxury brands. We also acknowledge shortcomings and highlight future avenues for research.

Relação entre stress, índice de massa corporal e risco de transtornos alimentares

Introduction: Eating disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance in eating or related behaviors, involving insufficient or excessive food intake, which is considered abnormal eating habits, with harmful effects on physical health and psychosocial function, divided into three main types, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating. The development of eating disorders is multifactorial and may be related to stress and BMI. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between stress and BMI with the risk of eating disorders in adult individuals. Methodology: Quantitative, observational, analytical and cross-sectional study. Sample of 302 individuals, adults over 18 years of age. A questionnaire was used to obtain data, using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) instruments. Data processing was performed using SPSS, version 29. Results: Most individuals were at normal weight (62,6%), at a moderate stress level (64%) and with a low risk of eating disorders (79%). A statistically significant relationship was found between stress and eating disorders and between BMI and eating disorders. Conclusion: Both stress and BMI influence eating attitudes and after obtaining statistically significant evidence that proves the correlation between the variables, we can conclude that the existing relationship cannot be neglected.

Barriers and facilitators to adopting safe farm-machine related behaviors: A focus group study exploring older farmers’ perspectives

Background: Tractors and quad bikes pose a significant risk of fatal injuries among farmers, particularly affecting older farmers. This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to the adoption of machine related safety behaviors among older farmers in Irish farm settings. Method: Four focus groups were conducted via Zoom in February 2021. Nineteen Irish farmers from four farm types participated. The discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using an inductive, reflexive thematic analysis approach. The themes identified were then mapped to the COM-B (Capability-Opportunity-Motivation) model, providing a systematic theoretical basis for designing a future intervention to reduce machine-related accidents. Results: The analysis identified five inductive themes that encompassed both barriers and facilitators in farm safety practices: (1) Capability to manage competing responsibilities; (2) Characteristics of the farm and its work environment; (3) Availability and affordability of resources; (4) Prevailing sociocultural opportunities; and (5) Perceived likelihood and cost-benefit analysis in safety decision-making. These themes captured the complex interplay of capability, opportunity, and motivation in farmers’ decision-making processes. The study also revealed limitations in existing interventions, such as voluntary guidelines and educational methods, in effectively addressing these barriers. Conclusions: Farmers’ abilities (capability), prevailing sociocultural factors, resource availability (opportunity), and their perceived consequences and benefits (motivation) affect how safely they work with machines. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive, theory-driven approaches that consider the interplay of capability, opportunity, and motivational factors that may support or impede machine safety. Understanding the challenges faced by Irish farmers highlights potential strategies for safety intervention, and these strategies should be co-designed with farmers and attentive to the local context. Practical applications: The study provides a template for understanding farmers’ perspectives using the COM-B model. The findings can inform the development of theoretically informed intervention strategies based on the Behavior Change Wheel framework.

Coach competencies to facilitate transformative learning: a multiple case study involving public-sector executives in South Africa

ABSTRACT A significant amount of research has been conducted to understand what makes workplace coaching effective. Several factors, including coach competencies, have been found to contribute to coaching success. Extant literature, however, shows that there is still a knowledge gap in terms of which coach competencies lead to specific coaching outcomes. Some scholars have identified transformative learning (TL) as an outcome of coaching. However, few empirical studies have explored which coach competencies facilitate TL. We adopted a multiple case-study design, with a sample of five coaches and nine senior public-sector executives in South Africa. We conducted a longitudinal study over a period of six months, to observe and assess coach behaviours including how these might lead to TL outcomes. The findings isolate five core coach competencies, their related coach behaviours and the role played by each one in the TL process. These are: creating a safe environment for managing disorienting dilemmas, facilitating self-awareness, motivating and challenging the client, engaging with emotions and holding the client accountable. We propose a framework that can guide practicing coaches who work with leaders and managers, coach trainers and education institutions and HRD practitioners who engage coach services on how to facilitate transformative learning.

Maternal concern and perception about child overweight risk, maternal feeding practices, and child eating behaviors: A cross-sectional study.

Abundant efforts have been directed to understand the global obesity epidemic and related obesogenic behaviors. However, the relationships of maternal concern and perception about child weight with child eating behaviors in Saudi Arabia have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations of maternal concern and perception about child overweight risk with maternal feeding practices and child eating behaviors among mothers and their children in Saudi Arabia. Mothers of 115 children aged 3-5 years old were recruited from eight preschools. Child eating behaviors (enjoyment of food, responsiveness to foods, food fussiness, satiety responsiveness, and slowness in eating) and maternal feeding practices (restriction, monitoring, and using food as a reward), maternal concern about child weight, and maternal perception about child overweight risk were assessed using validated questionnaires. Multiple linear regression models, adjusted for maternal body mass index (BMI) and child's BMI-z score and sex, were tested to examine the independent associations of maternal concern and perception about child overweight risk with child eating behaviors and maternal feeding practices. Maternal concern about child weight was positively associated with food enjoyment in children (B = 0.14 [95% confidence intervals = 0.02,0.27]) and responsiveness to food (B = 0.16 [0.03,0.29]), whereas a negative association with child food fussiness was observed (B = -0.19 [-0.33, -0.04]). Maternal perception about child overweight risk and child slowness in eating were negatively associated (B = -0.72 [-0.16 to -0.28]). Maternal concern and perception about child overweight risk were not associated with maternal feeding practices. In conclusion, maternal concern and perception about child overweight risk were found to be associated with food approach eating behavior traits but not with maternal feeding practices. Mothers who are concerned about child weight or perceive their children as overweight may need guidance and support to promote healthy eating behaviors among their children. Future cross-cultural studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms for the influence of maternal concern and perception about child overweight risk on maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and weight status of children.

Leveraging Ecological Momentary Assessment Data to Characterize Individual Mobility: Exploratory Pilot Study in Rural Uganda.

The geographical environments within which individuals conduct their daily activities may influence health behaviors, yet little is known about individual-level geographic mobility and specific, linked behaviors in rural low- and middle-income settings. Nested in a 3-month ecological momentary assessment intervention pilot trial, this study aims to leverage mobile health app user GPS data to examine activity space through individual spatial mobility and locations of reported health behaviors in relation to their homes. Pilot trial participants were recruited from the Rakai Community Cohort Study-an ongoing population-based cohort study in rural south-central Uganda. Participants used a smartphone app that logged their GPS coordinates every 1-2 hours for approximately 90 days. They also reported specific health behaviors (alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and having condomless sex with a non-long-term partner) via the app that were both location and time stamped. In this substudy, we characterized participant mobility using 3 measures: average distance (kilometers) traveled per week, number of unique locations visited (deduplicated points within 25 m of one another), and the percentage of GPS points recorded away from home. The latter measure was calculated using home buffer regions of 100 m, 400 m, and 800 m. We also evaluated the number of unique locations visited for each specific health behavior, and whether those locations were within or outside the home buffer regions. Sociodemographic information, mobility measures, and locations of health behaviors were summarized across the sample using descriptive statistics. Of the 46 participants with complete GPS data, 24 (52%) participants were men, 30 (65%) participants were younger than 35 years, and 33 (72%) participants were in the top 2 socioeconomic status quartiles. On median, participants traveled 303 (IQR 152-585) km per week. Over the study period, participants on median recorded 1292 (IQR 963-2137) GPS points-76% (IQR 58%-86%) of which were outside their 400-m home buffer regions. Of the participants reporting drinking alcohol, cigarette smoking, and engaging in condomless sex, respectively, 19 (83%), 8 (89%), and 12 (86%) reported that behavior at least once outside their 400-m home neighborhood and across a median of 3.0 (IQR 1.5-5.5), 3.0 (IQR 1.0-3.0), and 3.5 (IQR 1.0-7.0) unique locations, respectively. Among residents in rural Uganda, an ecological momentary assessment app successfully captured high mobility and health-related behaviors across multiple locations. Our findings suggest that future mobile health interventions in similar settings can benefit from integrating spatial data collection using the GPS technology in mobile phones. Leveraging such individual-level GPS data can inform place-based strategies within these interventions for promoting healthy behavior change.