Behavioral Disorders In Children Research Articles

Sports preferences in children and adolescents in psychiatric care—evaluation of a new questionnaire

IntroductionAs part of an exploratory and hypothesis-generating study, we developed the Sports Preference Questionnaire (SPOQ) to survey the athletic behavior of mentally ill children and adolescents, subjectively assessed physical fitness and perceived psychological effects of physical activity.MethodsIn a department of child and adolescent psychiatry, we classified 313 patients (6–18 years) according to their primary psychiatric diagnosis. The patients or—in the parental version of the questionnaire—their parents reported their sport preferences on the SPOQ. As possibly influential factors, we also assessed the frequency of physical activity, the importance of a trainer, coping with everyday life through physical activity, and subjectively perceived physical fitness.ResultsOne in 3 patients (32.4%) stated that they were not physically active. Patients diagnosed with eating disorders reported, on average, a notably high frequency (median of 3 h/week) and degree of coping with daily life through physical activity (median of 5 on a 6-point Likert scale). Patients with anxiety disorders and depression had the lowest self-perception of physical fitness (mean value of 3.1 or 3.7 on an interval scala from 0 to 9). The presence of a trainer was generally considered not important, except for ADHD patients (median of 3 on a 6-point Likert scale).ConclusionThe SPOQ is sensitive for differential effects of core child and adolescent disorders as well as for main covariates influencing the complex association between physical activity and emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Based on this pilot study, we discussed the need for an efficacy study to measure the effects of sports therapy.

Examination of quality of life and psychiatric symptoms in childhood Graves' disease.

The aim of our study is to examine the emotional, behavioral problems, and psychiatric symptoms of children diagnosed with Graves' disease (GD), to assess their quality of life, and to compare with control group. The research was planned as a cross-sectional study and included 16 patients with GD (13 female and three male) and 29 healthy children for control group (19 female and 10 male). Sociodemographic form, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S), and Affective Reactivity Index scale were applied to the children and their families. Eighty one percent of GD group (GG) (n=13, mean age 15.1±2.2) and 66 % of control group (CG) (n=19, 14.6±2.2) were girls. No significant difference was found between GG and CG in terms of quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores. GG had higher scores in affective reactivity index, SDQ-P total score, and T-DSM-IV-S total scores (p values 0.039; 0.009; 0.023, respectively). While no significant difference was detected in the T-DSM-IV-S-inattention and hyperactivity scores, significantly higher scores were detected in oppositional defiance and conduct disorder scores (pvalues 0.172; 0.294; 0.019; 0.027, respectively). In children with GD, irritability, oppositional defiant, and conduct disorder symptoms have been detected. Children with these mental health symptoms experience behavioral and emotional difficulties in their daily lives. It is important to follow up children with GD for possible comorbid psychiatric disorders.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Behavioural Disorder in Children among Primary School Teachers in Selected School, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Silvassa

BACKGROUND: Behavioural disorders of children lead to abnormality in their Personality, emotions or behavior, which is dangerous and affect to him/her, family and society. Behavioural disorders are caused by multiple factors like faulty parental attitude, inadequate family environment (broken families, low socio-economic status, lack of love and affection), mentally and physically sick or handicapped, influence of social relationship, influence of mass media, and influence of social change. Some children show symptoms that are consistent with diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Attention-Deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Learning disability. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on behavioural disorders among primary school teachers at Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Silvassa. Methodology: A pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test research design was adopted, through non probability purposive sampling technique, 150 samples were selected from selected primary school of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Silvassa. Demographic Variables based on baseline Performa was used to collect demographic data and Self-administered knowledge questionnaire were used to assess the existing knowledge level of primary school teachers regarding behavioural disorder in school aged children. Planned teaching program on behavioral disorders in children was administered to primary school teachers to enhance the knowledge followed by post was conducted after 7 days. The data was analyzed and interpreted based on descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The result of the study shows that, the overall post-test knowledge mean percentage (71.26%) is greater than pretest knowledge mean percentage (39.57%). The calculated “t” value (27.174) of the knowledge score of the primary school teachers regarding behavioural disorders of school aged children is greater than the table value at 0.05 level of significance hence the planned teaching programme is effective to improve the knowledge of school teachers. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that Planned teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of primary school teacher regarding behavioural disorders in school aged children. Key words: Assess, Effectiveness, Knowledge of primary school teachers, Behavioural disorders, School aged children, planned teaching program.

Neonatal Risk Factors for ASD and ADHD and Therapeutic Regimens for their Management in Children and AdolescentSD and ADHD?

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are both neurodevelopmental disorders that affect children early in life. Both conditions have a complicated origin. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the neonatal complications linked with ASD and ADHD and to outline the utilization of psychotropic medications in the management of children and adolescents with ASD. Methods: This study was conducted from January to April 2022 at the National Center for Autism/Medical City Complex in Baghdad. It involved 120 children with neurodevelopmental disorders and 120 control participants. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, which was then analyzed using SPSS 25. Results: Five perinatal factors have significant associations with child behavioral disorders, as indicated by a P-value of less than 0.05. These factors are Low birth weight (LBW), newborn complications, preterm birth, being the last child, and children delivered via a cesarean section. Additionally, the types of behavioral disorders have significant associations with the use of psychotropic medications. Around 50% of children with both ASD and ADHD, as well as children with ADHD alone, have used psychotropic medications. By comparison, only about 27% of children with ASD have used these medications. Conclusions: Neonatal risk factors may be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Medications are used to manage ASD and ADHD in children and youth.

Integrating Structural and Experiential Family Therapy in Neurodivergent Families: A Case Study

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is widely regarded as the most severe childhood behavioral disorder. However, society’s lack of awareness regarding neurodevelopmental disorders, like autism, has led to a limited understanding of their profound impact on children and their families. Challenges include unique sensory experiences, communication and social interactions, strain on familial relationships, emotional toll on parents, and educational hurdles, which can significantly impact the well-being of individuals and their families. This case study explores the integration of Structural and Experiential Family Therapy in a neurodivergent family coping with ASD and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Structural interventions focus on clarifying roles and redistributing caregiving responsibilities, addressing issues of communication, and power dynamics. Experiential interventions target emotion-focused techniques, empathy building, and cultural sensitivity training. This integration may promote lasting change in family dynamics and a call to empower parents within neurodivergent families through tailored interventions, contributing to a sustainable therapeutic approach.

Electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep (ESES) and clinical features of cognitive and behavioral disorders in children with idiopathic forms of epileptic syndromes

Electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep (ESES) and clinical features of cognitive and behavioral disorders in children with idiopathic forms of epileptic syndromes

Breaking ground on ADHD diagnosis in Pakistan.

Madam, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – better known as ADHD - is a prevalent childhood behavioural disorder, estimated to have a prevalence between 2-7% globally [1]. Despite this high prevalence and its rising number of annual cases, ADHD underdiagnosed, especially in adolescent females and older children [1]. Undiagnosed ADHD has adverse effects on many aspects of a person’s life, including, but not limited to, social skills, time perception, stress management, and mood disorders. Meta-analysis evidence shows that childhood ADHD confers an elevated risk for depression across clinic-referred and community-based samples (Meinzer, Pettit, & Viswesvaran, 2014) [2]. Consequently, these patients face academic underachievement, hindrance in employment, relationships troubles and in extreme cases, criminality. A study published in PLOS One established that despite early onset and greater prevalence of ADHD in young males, symptoms tend to diminish compared to that of females [3]. It is proposed that ADHD in adult males is characterised by a lesser recognised form that does not include hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and, therefore, has more chance of going undiagnosed and unrecorded. This explains why it seems as if ADHD symptoms tend to diminish in males [3]. Newer research also speculates that a subset of women might be presenting with an adult-onset form of ADHD [3], contradicting historical concepts that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that always emerges in childhood. That being said, a possibility remains that the increased number of cases in adult women might just be undiagnosed women 'catching up', supported by a review study that concluded increased ADHD identification in adult women compared to during childhood [2]. Pakistan has a severe lack of research and awareness regarding neurodivergence and ADHD. This explains why diagnosis and therapy for these patients using standardized behavioural rating scales and complete psychological evaluation is highly uncommon. The medical community of Pakistan needs to combat this by breaking the stigma surrounding neurodivergence and raising awareness about what ADHD is and what challenges it poses to undiagnosed patients. Early-on primary school screening of children can increase diagnosis and promote the provision of better opportunities to neurodivergent individuals to improve their standard of educational and work life.

Trans Species RNA Activity: Sperm RNA of the Father of an Autistic Child Programs Glial Cells and Behavioral Disorders in Mice.

Recently, we described the alteration of six miRNAs in the serum of autistic children, their fathers, mothers, siblings, and in the sperm of autistic mouse models. Studies in model organisms suggest that noncoding RNAs participate in transcriptional modulation pathways. Using mice, approaches to alter the amount of RNA in fertilized eggs enable in vivo intervention at an early stage of development. Noncoding RNAs are very numerous in spermatozoa. Our study addresses a fundamental question: can the transfer of RNA content from sperm to eggs result in changes in phenotypic traits, such as autism? To explore this, we used sperm RNA from a normal father but with autistic children to create mouse models for autism. Here, we induced, in a single step by microinjecting sperm RNA into fertilized mouse eggs, a transcriptional alteration with the transformation in adults of glial cells into cells affected by astrogliosis and microgliosis developing deficiency disorders of the 'autism-like' type in mice born following these manipulations. Human sperm RNA alters gene expression in mice, and validates the possibility of non-Mendelian inheritance in autism.

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSING BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS USING THE DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY ALGORITHM

Behavioral disorders, especially in children, can have a significant impact on their development in various domains, such as social, emotional, and academic. The diagnostic process for this disorder can be complicated due to overlapping symptoms and the possibility of complex causal factors. Early identification and appropriate treatment of behavioral disorders is essential to prevent more serious impacts on an individual's psychological well-being. Lack of knowledge and difficulty in accessing psychiatrists to find out about behavioral disorders in children are factors that result in this problem requiring a solution. The aim of this research is to create an expert system that utilizes the Dempster-Shafer Theory algorithm to detect behavioral disorders, thus simplifying the diagnosis process and ensuring accurate results. The Dempster-Shafer theory, as an inference engine, can overcome uncertainty by combining several sources of evidence or data that may overlap or be incomplete, resulting in a stronger conclusion. The main feature of this expert system is its ability to carry out diagnoses based on symptoms and display diagnosis results, disease descriptions, and treatment options. Test accuracy produces a value of 90%, which shows that the Dempster-Shafer Theory approach can diagnose behavioral disorders effectively.

Screen Time and Child Behavioral Disorders During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.

The extensive use of various electronic games and communication devices, particularly among children and adolescents, has raised concerns, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the link between screen time and internalizing disorders, such as anxiety and depression, among individuals aged ≤18 during the global COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review aims to summarize scientific publications from 2019 to early 2022 by searching databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO, to identify suitable studies. In each paper, we searched the following keywords and their synonyms: screen, child, high school, middle school, and psychiatric disorders. The quality of the selected papers was evaluated using a checklist recommended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for observational cohort studies. Out of 986 reports identified, we included 12 papers with 14,483 participants. The study revealed a negative correlation between screen time (TV, computer, video games, and mobile phones) and behavioral outcomes. Smartphones were the most frequently used devices, with video games being more prevalent among older participants for education, communication, and entertainment purposes. The prevalence of depression ranged between 10% and 25%. Furthermore, anxiety and depression were identified as predictors of increased screen usage. Some results displayed variation based on the type of screen exposure, the questionnaires used, and the age of the participants. The findings imply an indirect association between increased screen time and depression and anxiety. It is crucial to consider limitations on screen time exposure and parental supervision as measures to prevent certain mental disorders.

Coding of Childhood Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Electronic Health Records of a Large Integrated Health Care System: Validation Study.

Mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders are chronic pediatric conditions, and their prevalence has been on the rise over recent decades. Affected children have long-term health sequelae and a decline in health-related quality of life. Due to the lack of a validated database for pharmacoepidemiological research on selected mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, there is uncertainty in their reported prevalence in the literature. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of coding related to pediatric mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in a large integrated health care system's electronic health records (EHRs) and compare the coding quality before and after the implementation of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) coding as well as before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical records of 1200 member children aged 2-17 years with at least 1 clinical visit before the COVID-19 pandemic (January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014, the ICD-9-CM coding period; and January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, the ICD-10-CM coding period) and after the COVID-19 pandemic (January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022) were selected with stratified random sampling from EHRs for chart review. Two trained research associates reviewed the EHRs for all potential cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depression disorder (MDD), anxiety disorder (AD), and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in children during the study period. Children were considered cases only if there was a mention of any one of the conditions (yes for diagnosis) in the electronic chart during the corresponding time period. The validity of diagnosis codes was evaluated by directly comparing them with the gold standard of chart abstraction using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, the summary statistics of the F-score, and Youden J statistic. κ statistic for interrater reliability among the 2 abstractors was calculated. The overall agreement between the identification of mental, behavioral, and emotional conditions using diagnosis codes compared to medical record abstraction was strong and similar across the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM coding periods as well as during the prepandemic and pandemic time periods. The performance of AD coding, while strong, was relatively lower compared to the other conditions. The weighted sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each of the 5 conditions were as follows: 100%, 100%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively, for ASD; 100%, 99.9%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively, for ADHD; 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively for DBD; 87.7%, 100%, 100%, and 99.2%, respectively, for AD; and 100%, 100%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively, for MDD. The F-score and Youden J statistic ranged between 87.7% and 100%. The overall agreement between abstractors was almost perfect (κ=95%). Diagnostic codes are quite reliable for identifying selected childhood mental, behavioral, and emotional conditions. The findings remained similar during the pandemic and after the implementation of the ICD-10-CM coding in the EHR system.

Validating the Social-Emotional Assessment Measure (36–66 Months) for Use Among Chinese Preschoolers

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Social-Emotional Assessment Measure (SEAM) (33–66 months), which is designed to assess social-emotional difficulties and behavior disorders in young children. In this case, the SEAM was translated and back-translated. The sample included 2477 preschoolers (1256 boys; M age = 57.57 months, SD = 10.93) residing in Shanghai, China. In summary, the results presented a 10-factor model that showed a good fit for the SEAM (33–66 months). Ultimately, the analyses demonstrated adequate internal consistency, reliability, and convergent validity. These findings indicate that the SEAM (33–36 months) is appropriate for use in Chinese preschool populations.

The Correlation Between ADHD and Intelligence

In China, 3% of preschool children suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with a male-to-female ratio of 5:1. ADHD is a prevalent behavioral disorder in children. Intelligence in these affected children is normal or normal; however, they exhibit deficiencies in learning, behavior, and emotional aspects. These children face challenges in interpersonal relationships both at home and in preschool settings, leaving parents and teachers feeling helpless. This paper navigates the complex relationship between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and intelligence, amidst a backdrop of varied scientific findings. Through a systematic review of a decade's peer-reviewed literature, the study scrutinizes empirical research involving diverse demographic samples and quantitative ADHD and IQ measures. Findings reveal a multifaceted relationship between ADHD and intelligence, influenced by various factors including potential comorbidities. The study underscores the importance of a holistic approach in ADHD intelligence assessments, considering both cognitive strengths and challenges. The implications of this research are twofold: it guides the development of personalized interventions for individuals with ADHD and highlights the necessity for further exploration into the ADHD-IQ relationship and its implications for cognitive functioning and long-term outcomes. Developing a more comprehensive understanding of ADHD, this paper moves beyond the limitations of traditional IQ metrics to encompass a wider range of cognitive skills and strengths. This paper aims to provide recommendations and implement effective measures for children exhibiting disruptive behaviors, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The focus is on assisting these children to facilitate their healthy development.

The Combination of Mind and Brain Alteration in A Resource-Limited Country: Autism Spectrum Disorders and Epilepsy in A Child Psychiatry Unit in Dakar

Purpose of the study: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy can coexist in the same person, constituting poor bilateral prognosis factors. This study describes the sociodemographic elements of patients with ASD and studies the clinico-paraclinical aspects of their epilepsy and its evolution in 2003. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study in Child psychiatry at CHNU Fann, with analysis of the files of all patients followed between January 2004 and September 2018 for ASD with/without epilepsy. We used a standardized survey with several items. Results: Forty -five patients with ASD collected, with an epileptic frequency of 37.8%. The main history was fetal suffering (24.4%) and parental inbreeding (22.2%). Most of the symptoms of ASD were seen before 3 years old (66.6%) and epilepsy started before 5 years (94%). Seizures were generalized (58.8%), mainly tonic-clonic (80%) or focal (35.3%), with a frequency of 2 seizures / day at 1 seizure / week. The EEG showed abnormalities in frontal areas in 60%, and Centro-parietal in 26.6%. Brain imaging and evoked auditory potential were normal respectively in 93.9%, and 87.2%. Management was multimodal for ASD (neuropsychological, psychomotor, speech therapy) and medicated for epilepsy, mainly by monotherapy (82.4%) with Valproate (58.8%), Phenobarbital (17.6). Forty percent of patients were out of school and 55.6% in primary school. Twenty-five patients were self-reliant to moderately independent, mainly the epileptics (60%). The 2023 evaluation of this cohort concerns 60% of patients with epilepsy in complete remission and behavioral and language stability under continuous management. Conclusion: We find a statistic difference by age between epilepsy and ASD with a genetic predisposition related to parental inbreeding and a family history of ASD and epilepsy and to a lesser extent the existence of acute fetal suffering. The contribution of EEG was significant with a predilection of frontal abnormalities whose epileptic treatment appears to improve the impact in children's behavioral disorders.

Furniture Design as a Sensory Product Approach in Autism Therapy for Children

Autism Spectrum Problem (ASD) is a childhood communication and behavioral disorder. Even though ASD is a lifelong condition, medications and therapies can help autistic children with their symptoms and abilities to function. The research uncovers the viability of furniture design solution as an alternative sensory product that considers autistic children's outbursts as it relates to their surrounding and environment. The purpose of the study is to discover how sensory products can assist autistic children by analyzing the Three Levels of Design prescribed by Don Norman, focusing on the Visceral, Behavioral and Reflective elements that apply to the furniture design domain.

Pre-Operative Management and Its Influence on Maladaptive Behavioural Disorders in Children

Anaesthetics and their influence on children’s brains have become one of the most discussed problems in paediatric anaesthesiology. The experimental studies on animal models have shown that the anaesthetics used in general anaesthesia should have an influence on neurodegenerative processes, neuroapoptosis and the unregulated death of the neuronal cells in the developing brain. Due to this reality, scientists are trying to discover how to minimize the adverse effects of anaesthesia and revise other alternatives of prevention anaesthesia-induced maladaptive behavioural disorders, especially in children.
 The paper will present the procedures of preoperative management at a children’s faculty hospital in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, our working place, and reveal how to minimize the adverse effects of anesthesia presenting in maladaptive behavioural disorders.

Umbrella Review of the Global Prevalence of Conduct Disorder in Children and Adolescents.

With the ever-increasing prevalence of mental health issues worldwide, a robust synthesis of existing epidemiological data on the prevalence of Conduct disorder (CD) in children and adolescents is needed to strengthen the knowledge base. This quantitative umbrella review aims to provide a robust synthesis of evidence on the prevalence of CD children and adolescents from meta-analytic systematic reviews. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, PsychINFO, and Scopus to identify relevant articles. The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023447620). The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated by using a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). Invariance variance weighted random-effect meta-analysis was performed to pool prevalence estimates from the included articles. Seven meta-analyses, encompassing 138 primary studies and slightly over 48 million CD cases were included in this umbrella review. The quantitative analysis of these studies found a pooled prevalence of CD 3.0% (95%CI 2.0-5%) in children and adolescents, based on random effect meta-analyses. In a stratified analysis, the prevalence estimate of CD was 2.6 times higher in boys compared to girls. Evidence from our quantitative umbrella review showed that the prevalence of CD is relatively high in children and adolescents with boys 2.6 times more likely to experience the disorders when compared to girls. Our findings underlie that attention should be given to preventing, identifying, and treating CD in children and adolescents.

Awareness and perceptions regarding autism among school teachers in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) especially at early stages is highly important to improve the quality of life and help to decrease the disease burden. This study was performed to assess the school teachers' level of knowledge and perception regarding Autism. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in the Jazan region among a random sample of school teachers (males and females) who are working at the governmental primary Schools, throughout the scholastic year 2019-2020. A structured validated self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. It includes three sections: sociodemographic information of the participants, the Autism Knowledge Questionnaire (AKQ), and statements exploring the teachers' attitudes toward children with autism. The study included 403 primary school teachers. The age of 47.1% of them ranged between 35 and 44 years. Slightly more than half (50.9%) were males. Overall, the total autism knowledge score ranged between 2 and 26, out of a possible 30 with a median (interquartile range "IQR") of 15 (12-18). Teachers who ever encountered a child with autism had higher significant knowledge scores about autism compared to their counterparts (mean ranks were 263.95 and 179.32, respectively), P < 0.001. Female compared to male teachers more significantly agreed that teachers not trained in special education should not be expected to deal with a child with autism, P = 0.018. Teachers aged between 35 and 44 years are more willing to have an autistic child in their class in compare to those ages ≥55 years that they would not want children with autism in their class, P = 0.036 and more interested in attending training in the area of childhood developmental and behavioral disorders, P = 0.010. Postgraduate teachers were more agreed than Bachelor holders that teachers not trained in special education should not be expected to deal with a child with autism, P = 0.001. Diploma-holder teachers were more agreed than postgraduates that children with autism are too impaired to benefit from activities of a general school, P = 0.019 and students with Autism should be given every opportunity to function in the regular education classroom whenever possible, P = 0.028. The knowledge about autism among primary school teachers is average in general, however, they expressed mostly positive attitudes towards autistic children.

The psychopathological evolution of “Behavior and Conduct Disorder in Childhood”: Deviant and criminal traits in preadolescence and adolescence. A review

Starting from the general concept of “Behavior and Conduct Disorder in Childhood”, the present review seeks to highlight the main predictive elements that, in preadolescent and adolescent age, can correlate with the symptomatological picture of distinctive disorders in deviant and criminal conduct. Early educational intervention, prevention in all its forms and the use of therapeutic corrective tools can encourage expected and expected behavioural improvement, especially in subjects who are still not adults and with a family and social environment that responds to corrective stimuli. Understanding such passages is functional from a strategic point of view, to prevent, educate, plan, intervene, and/or correct certain psychopathological inclinations, also from a socio-environmental, family, and personal perspective.

Paternal postpartum depression scale

Postpartum depression in fathers has an impact on the harmony of household relationships, children's emotional development disorders, children's behavior disorders, even children can also be 2-4 times at risk of depression before adulthood. This study aims to review several instruments used to assess fathers' PPD (Postpartum Depression). The database used in this literature review is PubMed. Based on 10 studied, there are 9 different father PPD instruments, including EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), GMDS (Gotland Male Depression Scale), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), BDI-II, GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire- 12), PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire - Depression Module) CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression), Zung SAS (Zung's Self-rated Anxiety Scale), and HAD-A (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. EPDS is an instrument most frequently used in detecting paternal PPD, appeared in 10 out of 10 studies. This study concludes that there are 9 different instruments for detecting PPD in the father, and the EPDS is the most frequently used instrument in detecting PPD in the father, which consists of 10 questions with a score limit of 10/11.