Behavioral Assessment Tool Research Articles

Examples of animal behavior assessment tools developed through academic-industrial collaborations.

We, MUROMACHI KIKAI, established in October 1959, are a manufacturer and distributor of animal research apparatus. In addition to our own products, we also sell imported products.

Use of the Behavior Assessment Tool in 18 Pilot Residency Programs

Background:The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and evaluate the effectiveness of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Behavior Tool (ABOSBT) for measuring professionalism.Methods:Through collaboration between the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery and American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Residency Directors, 18 residency programs piloted the use of the ABOSBT. Residents requested assessments from faculty at the end of their clinical rotations, and a 360° request was performed near the end of the academic year. Program Directors (PDs) rated individual resident professionalism (based on historical observation) at the outset of the study, for comparison to the ABOSBT results.Results:Nine thousand eight hundred ninety-two evaluations were completed using the ABOSBT for 449 different residents by 1,012 evaluators. 97.6% of all evaluations were scored level 4 or 5 (high levels of professional behavior) across all of the 5 domains. In total, 2.4% of all evaluations scored level 3 or below reflecting poorer performance. Of 431 residents, the ABOSBT identified 26 of 32 residents who were low performers (2 or more < level 3 scores in a domain) and who also scored “below expectations” by the PD at the start of the pilot project (81% sensitivity and 57% specificity), including 13 of these residents scoring poorly in all 5 domains. Evaluators found the ABOSBT was easy to use (96%) and that it was an effective tool to assess resident professional behavior (81%).Conclusions:The ABOSBT was able to identify 2.4% low score evaluations (<level 3) for all residents. The tool was concordant with the PD for 81% of the residents considered low performers or “outliers” for professional behavior. The 5-domain construct makes it an effective actionable tool that can be used to help develop performance improvement plans for residents.Level of Evidence:Level II

The nature and impact of neurobehavioral symptoms in neuronopathic Hunter syndrome

In neuronopathic Hunter syndrome, neurobehavioral symptoms are known to be serious but have been incompletely described. While families face significant stress stemming from this complex and far-reaching array of symptoms, neither caregiver burden nor the neurobehavioral symptoms have been measured comprehensively. We delineated these neurobehavioral characteristics and their impact on the caregiver using multiple approaches. Methods: As part of the initial phase of developing a Hunter-specific behavioral assessment tool, we used multiple methods to obtain data on patient behaviors and caregiver burden, with the intention of drafting item sets for the tool. We utilized 1) caregiver descriptions from focus groups and individual interviews, 2) observations from video-recorded play of affected children, 3) descriptions from historic chart review, 4) consultation with patient advocacy groups and international experts, 5) reports from a caregiver advisory board, and 6) literature review. Results: Neurobehavioral symptoms were diverse and categorized as focus/attention, impulsivity/heightened activity, sensation seeking, emotional/behavioral function, social interaction, and sleep. A significant reported challenge was susceptibility to misinterpretation of some behaviors as defiant or aggressive, particularly if physical. Caregiver burden involved social isolation, exhaustion, stress, and financial and vocational strain. These new descriptions will aid in developing quantitative measures of change in neurobehavioral symptoms and family burden. These descriptions will be the foundation of a neurobehavioral rating scale, which is very much needed to aid in patient management and assess interventions for individuals with neuronopathic Hunter syndrome.

A Psychometric Analysis Update of Behavioral Pain Assessment Tools for Noncommunicative, Critically Ill Adults.

This is an updated, comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of behavioral pain assessment tools for use with noncommunicative, critically ill adults. Articles were searched in 5 health databases. A total of 106 articles were analyzed, including 54 recently published papers. Nine behavioral pain assessment tools developed for noncommunicative critically ill adults and 4 tools developed for other non-communicative populations were included. The scale development process, reliability, validity, feasibility, and clinical utility were analyzed using a 0 to 20 scoring system, and quality of evidence was also evaluated. The Behavioral Pain Scale, the Behavioral Pain Scale-Nonintubated, and the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool remain the tools with the strongest psychometric properties, with validation testing having been conducted in multiple countries and various languages. Other tools may be good alternatives, but additional research on them is necessary.

Potential best practices for assessment of interprofessional team-ready behaviors on APPEs

IntroductionTo determine potential best practices for assessment of team-ready behaviors of pharmacy students participating in interprofessional advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). MethodsPreceptors received training on two interprofessional behavioral assessment tools, the modified interprofessional collaborator assessment rubric (mICAR) and individual teamwork observation and feedback tool (iTOFT). Preceptors evaluated students at midpoint and end of APPE using each tool. Preceptors completed a utility survey on each tool to determine a preference. Focus groups were conducted with a subset of preceptors to elicit further perspectives. Experts in interprofessional education (IPE) and accrediting board members were interviewed to determine a national perspective of best practices. ResultsNineteen preceptors participated in the study. Of these, 12 completed all components of the study. No significant difference was found comparing utility of mICAR to iTOFT, although mICAR trended toward being easier to use/understand (p = 0.29). Focus group participants (n = 8) felt using a tool led to enhanced feedback and interprofessional experiences and all preferred mICAR. IPE experts and accrediting board members perceived best practices to include using a tool that aligns with IPE collaborative competencies, embedding the tool into existing APPE evaluation processes, and that is applicable to all health professional learners/evaluators. ConclusionsPreceptors preferred mICAR to iTOFT, though no significant difference was observed. Additional research is needed to confirm these results and for best practices to emerge. Future steps include evaluating interprofessional teamwork using a tool in a 360-evaluation of the individual learner by preceptors outside of the learner's own profession.

Development of a behavioural assessment tool for use in forensic mental health services

This article presents the Forensic Functional Assessment Measure (FFAM): a tool to assess the triggers and functions of behaviours that challenge in a medium-secure mental health setting. The measure was designed by a group of practitioners in the field who were implementing positive behaviour support (PBS). The aim was to replace other widely used tools that were designed for use with a learning disability population.The FFAM is a semi-structured interview tool and informant-based assessment. Preliminary testing of the tool was carried out by four staff members with seven service users. Findings indicate that the FFAM successfully identified triggers and functions of behaviours that challenge and that it could be used to develop PBS plans. This was a pilot study focusing on a small sample; additional research is required to determine the reliability and validity of the FFAM.

The role of costing in the introduction and scale-up of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: evidence from integrating PrEP into routine maternal and child health and family planning clinics in western Kenya.

IntroductionUnderstanding the cost of strategies to reach and deliver pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to priority populations is essential to assess the cost‐effectiveness and budget impact of HIV prevention programmes. Providing PrEP through maternal and child health and family planning clinics offers a promising strategy to reach women in high HIV burden settings. We estimated incremental costs and explored the cost drivers of integrating PrEP delivery into routine maternal and child health and family planning services in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a costing study from the provider perspective within the PrEP Implementation for Young Women and Adolescents programme in western Kenya. We identified all within‐ and above‐facility activities supporting PrEP delivery and measured clinical service time using time‐and‐motion studies. We obtained input costs from programme budgets, expenditure records and staff interviews. We estimated changes in costs if creatinine testing were postponed from initiation to first follow‐up visit and if PrEP were prioritized to clients at high HIV risk using a behavioural risk assessment tool. We also projected costs under Ministry of Health (MOH) implementation assuming MOH salaries and programme supervision. We estimated annual numbers of PrEP visits from programme data abstracted from 16 facilities between November 2017 and June 2018. We report the cost per client‐month of PrEP dispensed in 2017 USD.ResultsFor an annual programme output of 24,005 screenings, 4198 PrEP initiations and 4427 follow‐up visits, the average cost per client‐month of PrEP dispensed in the study was $26.52. Personnel, drugs and laboratory tests comprised 43%, 25% and 14% of programme costs respectively. Postponing creatinine testing and prioritizing PrEP delivery to clients at high HIV risk reduced total programme costs by 8% and 14% respectively. In the MOH scenario assuming no changes in outputs, the projected cost per client‐month of PrEP dispensed decreased to $16.54 and total programme costs decreased by 38%.ConclusionsIncremental PrEP costs are sensitive to the service delivery strategy used to engage priority populations. Postponing creatinine testing and prioritizing PrEP delivery to clients at high HIV risk may reduce costs. Context‐specific cost data are crucial to assess the cost‐effectiveness and affordability of PrEP delivery models.

Effect of Training Program on the Nurses’ Attitude and Perception of Caring Behavior toward Substance Use Disorder Patients

Nurses are responsible for the holistic care of substance use disorder patients, which encompasses the psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and spiritual needs of the individual, and helped to manage physical needs, prevent illness, and treat health conditions, they consider the vital caregiver for SUD patients. To do this important role, they need to have good knowledge, positive attitude and caring behavior skills toward these patients. Aim of the study: This study was aimed to determine the effect of training program on the nurses’ attitude and perception of caring behavior toward substance use disorder patients. Subjects of study: Sample consisted of 50 nurses who were chosen by convenient sampling. A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Tools of the study: Two tools were used for data collection; Substance Abuse Attitudes Survey (SAAS) designed to measure nurses' attitudes towards substance use disorder and Caring Behavior Assessment Tool (CBA) aims to assess nurse' perception regarding caring behavior toward substance use disorder patients. Result of the study: The results revealed that there was statistically significant improvement in nurses’ attitude and perception of caring behavior skill regarding substance use disorder patients before and after implementing of the training program. Conclusion , recommendation: The study concluded that training program about substance use disorder enhancing the nurses’ attitude and perception of caring behavior skills toward substance use disorder patients .According to these results, the study recommended that hospital policies must encourage nurses to attend in-service training program about attitude and caring behavior skills toward substance use disorder patients.

A Medical Student Inquiry Behavior Assessment Tool: Development and Validity Evidence.

The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine's Bridges curriculum is designed to teach inquiry: the process of approaching problems with curiosity, challenging current concepts, and creating new knowledge. The authors aimed to develop and gather validity evidence for a tool to guide development of medical student inquiry behaviors in small groups. The authors reviewed the literature to identify inquiry behaviors, verified findings with an expert focus group, and synthesized the results into 40 behaviors. In a modified two-round Delphi survey in 2016, faculty and students rated the behaviors for inclusion in the tool. Feedback from cognitive interviews and a pilot helped refine the tool. In 2016-2017, the authors implemented the final tool for 152 first-year UCSF medical students in inquiry small groups as a faculty assessment and a student self-assessment each quarter. The two-round response rate was 77% (36/47). Five behaviors were selected for inclusion in the tool: select relevant questions to pursue; justify explanations with evidence; critically evaluate his/her explanation in light of alternative possibilities; allow for the possibility that his/her own knowledge may not be completely correct; and collaborate well with peers. During implementation, faculty and student scores increased on most items, indicating skills development over time. Content, response process, internal structure, and consequential validity evidence is presented. The tool's five items are observable, measurable core inquiry behaviors. The tool is ready for use by small-group facilitators within inquiry-based curricula to promote student self-assessment and guide feedback to students.

(171) Evaluating the Pain and Discomfort Scale to Assess Spasticity-Related Pain in Cerebral Palsy

Assessing pain among individuals with communicative impairments and developmental disabilities is a clinical challenge. In this preliminary study, we addressed, in part, the issue of the association between chronic pain and spasticity in cerebral palsy (CP). Specifically, we evaluated the measurement performance of a proxy-reported spasticity rating scale (Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale–MSSS) and the feasibility of a range of motion examination procedure (Pain Examination Procedure–PEP) using direct-observation to code behavioral reactivity during the exam (Pain and Discomfort Scale – PADS). Fifteen individuals with CP (mean age=10.9 years, range=6.2-17.2 years; GMFCS=3-5; male=46%) were evaluated pre- (T1) and post- (T2) intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) surgical implant to treat spasticity. The PEP protocol was successfully completed for all participants in the clinical setting. Cronbach's alpha for the MSSS was 0.96. PADS change scores (T1 to T2) were significantly correlated with MSSS change scores (r=0.80, p=0.006). The strong positive correlation suggests the PADS/PEP protocol may be measuring spasticity-related pain and discomfort, providing initial construct validity evidence between an objective/direct and subjective/indirect assessment method for pain and spasticity in CP. T1 PADS scores were also highly positively correlated with both PADS change and MSSS change scores (r=-0.72, p=0.006; r=-0.85, p=0.002), providing preliminary evidence of the predictive utility of a pre-ITB surgery PADS/PEP protocol. This was not a random sample, therefore the results are specific to the sample and may not hold for the population of individuals living with CP. Given the absence of self-report, we cannot be certain and do not claim to have measured the pain experience of the individuals in the sample. Future work should continue to examine the PADS as a potential pain behavior assessment tool to provide a direct assessment option for the study of pain among individuals with CP and related developmental disabilities. Supported by NICHD Grant No. 73126

IN VIVO STAFF EDUCATION TO USE AN OBJECTIVE MEDICATION GUIDELINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BPSD BY THE CONSULTING PSYCHIATRIST IN THE LONG TERM SETTING TO REDUCE UNNECESSARY ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS.

Introduction Antipsychotics have had a history of being prescribed at a high rate in nursing homes(NH). 30% of all newly-admitted NH residents received antipsychotic medications in 2006. In 2012, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) launched the Partnership to Improve Dementia Care in Nursing Homes to promote comprehensive dementia care and therapeutic interventions for NH residents with dementia-related behaviors in partnership with various national organizations. The appropriate use of the medication is still an uneven practice and clinicians often are unclear when to start, continue or stop the medication. We endeavor to present the outcomes following the implementation of the guidelines at our facility. Methods In an 800 bed facility, the psychiatrists implemented a user-friendly objective medication guideline in the management of BPSD, while concurrently providing staff education to the frontline staff beginning 2011.The elements of the guideline include - a) non-medication interventions, b) when to start, continuation and discontinuation criteria. We reviewed changes in antipsychotic medication rate over the past 7 years at the facility while comparing the commensurate national data available in CMS archives from quarter 1 of 2011 (2011Q1) to quarter 1 of 2018 (2018Q1). Results Point prevalence of antipsychotics at the facility in Q1 of each year were 38%(2011), 25%(2012), 12.9%(2013), 13.6%(2014), 14.1%(2015), 14.55%(2016), 11.67%(2017) and 9.14%(2018). The national point prevalence during the same duration were 23.6%(2011), 23.8%(2012), 21.64%(2013), 19.79%(2014), 18.68%(2015), 16.6%(2016), 15.7%(2017) and 14.8%(2018). The point prevalence for the facility went down from 38% in Q1 of 2011 to 9.14% in Q1 of 2018, a decrease of 76%. The national point prevalence during the same duration of 7 years decreased from 23.6% to 14.8%, a decline of 37%. The prevalence for the facility has registered a faster decline than the national average (76% vs 37%). The prevalence of antipsychotics was higher for the facility in 2011 (38% vs 23.6%) and 2012 (25% vs 23.8%) compared to the national average. We are collecting data for the rate of use of psychotropics other than antipsychotics in the management of BPSD at the facility. Conclusions Psychiatry can play a significant role in implementing appropriate medication use guidelines while providing in-vivo education to the primary care team. The guidelines help provide an objective standardized manner of right-sizing the dose or appropriate usage of the medication. It helps involve all stakeholders, including, the psychiatrist, primary care provider, nursing and family, in providing adequate care to the NH residents. Using an objective behavior assessment tool (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire - NPI) may further improve medication prescribing practices. The pattern of prescription of other classes of psychotropics will also help rationalize appropriate behavioral management. This research was funded by None.

Adaptive Behavior Assessment and Intervention Tool (ABAIT)

Adaptive Behavior Assessment and Intervention Tool (ABAIT)

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU CARING PERAWAT DENGAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN PADA PASIEN PRE OPERASI KATARAK DI RUANG KENANGA RSUD dr. H. SOEWONDO KENDAL

Nurse caring behavior is an act of caring for nurses for patients to fulfill their basic needs. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nurses' caring behavior and the level of anxiety in pre-cataract surgery patients in the Kenanga room at the RSUD Dr. H. Soewondo Kendal. This research method is analytic with Cross Sectional approach. The sample in this study were 60 respondents, namely patients with cataract surgery with a age range of 50- 60 years old. The sampling technique in this study was accidental sampling. Data collection used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and Caring Behavior Assessment Tool questionnaire. The results of univariate analysis showed that 66.7% of nurses 'caring behaviors were still in the low category and 55% of patients' anxiety levels were preoperative in the normal category. Bivariate analysis shows that the p-value is 0.001 (p &lt;0.05). So that it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between nurses' caring behavior and the level of anxiety in pre-cataract surgery patients in the Kenanga room at the RSUD dr. H. Soewondo Kendal. Based on the results of the study, it was suggested that the Hospital improve caring nurses so that patients who would be able to surgery were able to reduce their anxiety, through the provision of caring regulations, time discipline, and sanctions for nurses who had low caring behavior.

Parent and teacher reporting of executive function and behavioral difficulties in preterm and term children at kindergarten

The aim of the study was to compare parent and teacher ratings of executive function and behavioral difficulties of kindergarten-age preterm and term children. Parents of 82 and kindergarten teachers of 105 preterm (<33 weeks’ gestation) children and parents of 49 and kindergarten teachers of 46 term four- to five-year-old children completed executive function (EF) and behavior questionnaires. The preterm children were rated to have more EF difficulties than the term children by parents and teachers. On the behavior scales, the preterm children were reported as having more attention control difficulties than the term group, but no other behavioral problems. The parents reported higher levels of EF and behavioral difficulties than the teachers when both child groups were combined. The overall interrater reliability between parents and teachers in terms of children being in the clinical vs. non-clinical range for EF and behavioral problems was low for the preterm and term groups. Conclusion: Based on this study, some young preterm children need EF supports when commencing kindergarten, and preterm children should be screened for EF difficulties. Noncongruent parent and teacher reporting nevertheless make it challenging to identify the preterm children most at need of such supports. Further studies are needed to determine the factors impacting on reporting patterns, and also the best combination of EF and behavior assessment tools.

Development of a behavioural welfare assessment tool for routine use with captive elephants.

There has been much concern in recent years about the welfare of elephants in zoos across North America and Europe. While some previous studies have assessed captive elephant welfare at a particular point in time, there has been little work to develop methods which could be used for regular, routine welfare assessment. Such assessment is important in order to track changes in welfare over time. A welfare assessment tool should be rapid, reliable, and simple to complete, without requiring specialist training and facilities; welfare assessments based on behavioural observations are well suited to this purpose. This report describes the development of a new elephant behavioural welfare assessment tool designed for routine use by elephant keepers. Tool development involved: (i) identification of behavioural indicators of welfare from the literature and from focus groups with relevant stakeholders; (ii) development of a prototype tool; (iii) testing of the tool at five UK zoological institutions, involving 29 elephants (representing 46% of the total UK captive elephant population of 63 animals); (iv) assessment of feasibility and reliability of aspects of the prototype tool; (v) assessment of the validity of each element of the tool to reflect the relevant behaviour by comparing detailed behavioural observations with data from the prototype tool; (vi) assessment of known-groups criterion validity by comparing prototype tool scores in individuals with demographics associated with better or worse welfare; (vii) development of a finalised tool which incorporated all elements of the tool which met the criteria set for validity and reliability. Elements of the tool requiring further consideration are discussed, as are considerations for appropriate application and interpretation of scores. This novel behavioural welfare assessment tool can be used by elephant-holding facilities for routine behavioural welfare monitoring, which can inform adjustments to individual welfare plans for each elephant in their collection, to help facilities further assess and improve captive elephant welfare. This study provides an example of how an evidence-based behavioural welfare assessment tool for use by animal caretakers can be developed within the constraints of zoo-based research, which could be applied to a range of captive species.

Evaluation of Observational and Behavioural Pain Assessment Tools in Nonverbal Intubated Critically Adult Patients after Open - Heart Surgery: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND:Over 70% of patients hospitalised in an intensive care unit (ICU) often experience moderate to severe pain due to pre-existing diseases, trauma, surgery, aggressive procedures, and routine ICU care. Many patients hospitalised in ICU are not able to speak and express their pain due to various causes, including mechanical ventilation, reduced consciousness, and administration of sedative drugs. Therefore, the use of observational and behavioural pain tools is recommended in this group of patients given their inability to express pain.AIM:To examine the existing observational and behavioural tools for assessment of in Nonverbal Intubated Critically Adult Patients after Open-Heart Surgery.METHODS:A systematic review of available observational and behavioural tools for assessment of pain was undertaken using the COSMIN checklist. A literature search was conducted using the following databases: Ovid, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and CINHAL databases, Google Scholar search engine as well as Persian resources Sid, Magiran, Iran doc, and IranMedex up to the end of 2017 were reviewed.RESULTS:A total of 47 studies that had examined five tools used in intensive care units after cardiac surgery in patients under mechanical ventilation were reviewed. Each of the five tools included behavioural and observational items, and only one tool had physiological items. All the tools had been evaluated regarding validity and reliability. In the three tools, sensitivity, specificity, responsiveness, and satisfaction were considered.CONCLUSION:Based on available evidence and investigations, CPOT and BPS tools have good validity and reliability to be used in pain assessment in Nonverbal Intubated Critically Adult Patients after Open-Heart Surgery. The NVPS tool requires more studies to be further confirmed before the assessment of pain in this group of patients.

Adaptive functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: relationship to cognition, behavior, and magnetic resonance imaging.

To characterize the adaptive behavior profile of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and determine its relationship to neuropsychological functioning and non-neoplastic T2-weighted hyperintense brain lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively reviewed neuropsychological reports from 104 children with NF1 (56 males, 48 females; mean age 10y 4mo; standard deviation [SD] 3y 4mo; range 3y 5mo-17y 6mo), and extracted data from a range of cognitive and behavioral measures, including the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS). Brain MRI was retrospectively reviewed in 42 individuals. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System scores were continuously distributed and pathologically shifted by 0.79 to 1.26SD across Conceptual, Social, and Practical domains, and 46.5% of individuals had a composite score in the borderline or impaired range. Impairment in adaptive functioning was correlated with deficits in executive function (r=-9.543, p<0.001), externalizing problems (r=-0.366, p<0.001), and attention (r=-9.467, p=0.001). Cluster analysis revealed three distinct phenotypic subgroups, one of which exhibited normal cognitive ability, but impaired adaptive functioning, with persistent deficits in executive function, behavioral problems, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. There was no relationship between ABAS scores and the number or location of unidentified bright objects. Adaptive functioning deficits are common among children with NF1 and are associated with impairment in other cognitive/behavioral domains, independent of general cognitive ability. Deficits in adaptive behavior are common in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Poor adaptive functioning is associated with impairments in executive function, externalizing behaviors, and attention, regardless of cognitive ability. The presence or location of unidentified bright objects do not predict adaptive behavior skills in children with NF1.

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos.

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

The State of Assessment in Human-Animal Interaction Research

Abstract There is a growing body of research in human-animal interaction (HAI), but the field is often criticized for its lack of methodological rigor and heterogeneous outcome assessment. In addition, there is a scarcity of valid and reliable assessment tools specific to measuring constructs directly related to HAI. As the field continues to develop, there is a critical need for the consistent use of standardized, well-validated, and appropriate assessment tools. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the state of assessment in HAI while identifying current needs for method standardization, development, or refinement. Specifically, we review in detail the use of (1) questionnaires, (2) physiological measures, and (3) behavior assessment tools in the field of HAI while offering examples of successful application, describing methodological limitations, and providing recommendations for use in HAI research.

Abstract 175: Evaluation of Team Performance in Video Review of Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Background: Team dynamics have been a learning objective of AHA courses since 2005. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in a hospital setting involves a multidisciplinary team with multiple specific roles occurring simultaneously. Though evaluation of team performance in simulated resuscitation events has been studied, little information exists on the performance of teams in real CPR events. The development of a video-based resuscitation quality improvement (QI) program has allowed a route for the analysis of team performance during actual patient care. Objective: Demonstrate feasibility of team performance rating of real pediatric CPR events using video review. Methods: All pediatric resuscitations requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the emergency department of a tertiary children’s hospital are video-recorded for QI purposes. Following video review, team performance was rated by study personnel using the validated Behavioral Assessment Tool (BAT). The BAT scores 10 domains of team performance, each on a 0-4 Likert Scale (score range 0 – 40). Univariate comparison of BAT scores was done between patient age categories, event duration, location of arrest (in- vs. out-of-hospital), and chest compression fraction (CCF) below or above 80% using nonparametric methods. Results: 13 events requiring CPR occurred during the study period. Mean BAT scores were 32 (+/- 6) points. Lowest rated domains were Attention allocation , Distribution of workload, and Utilization of information. Highest rated domains across all events were Recognition of Limitations and Professional behavior. BAT scores were significantly higher in infant CPR events than older children (39 vs. 28, p=0.005) and out-of-hospital events compared with in-hospital (37 vs 27, p=0.04). There were no significant differences in BAT scores based on event duration or CCF. Conclusions: Video-based review of pediatric CPR events is a feasible method for efficient evaluation of team performance using validated tools. Quantitative assessment of team performance allows for needs assessments to determine areas in which intervention should be focused for maximum impact on CPR quality. Future work should focus on interventions to address areas of suboptimal performance.