Past Behavior Research Articles

Past behaviour intentions, present normative beliefs, and future customer loyalty

AbstractTourists are often motivated by a desire to reduce their impact on the environment and support local communities. By understanding the motivations and preferences of different types of tourists, destinations can tailor their offerings to attract and retain a diverse range of visitors. This study aims to determine if tourists who are attracted to the natural environment in a destination are more likely to engage in sustainable behaviors. It also explores whether easy access to information on sustainability influences decision‐making when traveling. The article raises the question of whether post‐pandemic tourists seek sustainable destinations due to both internal motivations and external influences. This article examines the convergence of pull‐push tourist motivations in sustainable destination preferences post‐pandemic. Using data from 12,101 Eurobarometer 2021 respondents from the TOP 12 countries with high pro‐environmental attitudes, the study found a confirmation of sustainable behaviors among European citizens. Future research directions and limitations are discussed.

Comparison of 30-day retention in treatment among patients referred to opioid use disorder treatment from emergency department and telemedicine settings

IntroductionTelemedicine is a feasible alternative to in-person evaluations for people with opioid use disorder (OUD). The literature on medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) telemedicine has focused on ongoing OUD treatment. Emergency department (ED) visits are an opportunity to initiate MOUD; however, little is known regarding the outcomes of patients following telemedicine referrals for MOUD from emergency settings. The current study describes rates of initial outpatient clinic appointment attendance and 30-day retention in care among patients referred by telemedicine compared to ED referrals. MethodsThis paper reports a retrospective review of data for patients referred from EDs or telemedicine through the Medication for Addiction Treatment and Electronic Referrals (MATTERS) Network. The MATTERS online platform collects data on patient demographic information (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, and insurance type), reason for visit, prior medical and mental health history, prior OUD treatment history, and past 30-day substance use behaviors. Analyses compared initial visit attendance and 30-day retention among the patients for whom follow-up data were received from clinics by demographic and initial treatment factors. ResultsBetween October 2020 and September 2022, the MATTERS Network made 1349 referrals; 39.7 % originated from an ED and 47.8 % originated from telemedicine. For patients with available data, those referred from telemedicine were 1.64 times more likely to attend their initial clinic appointment and 2.59 times more likely be engaged in treatment at 30 days compared to those referred from an ED. More than two-thirds of patients referred from the emergency telemedicine environment followed up at their first clinic visit and more than half of these patients were still retained in treatment 30 days after referral. ConclusionsThe rates of initial clinic visit and 30-day retention when referred following a telemedicine evaluation are encouraging. Further development of telemedicine programs that offer evaluations, access to medications, and referrals to treatment should be considered.

TESTING MEAN REVERSION OF STOCK PRICES IN OECD COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM FOURIER THRESHOLD UNIT ROOT TEST

Researchers focus on whether stock prices have a unit root, that is, whether they contain a random walk process. If stock prices have a stationary process, that is, if they return to the mean, the effects of shocks are temporary, and it is interpreted that they will return to the trend path over time. If stock prices have transitory shocks, it allows for the prediction of future movements based on past behavior in terms of investment. This study investigates whether stock prices revert to the mean and thus have a random walk process. For this purpose, the Fourier Threshold Unit Root (FTUR) test based on the test methodology of Caner and Hansen (2001) for the period January 1990–January 2021 for 26 OECD countries is applied. The FTUR test takes into account both structural breaks and nonlinearities. The purpose of using Fourier functions to account for structural changes is that they are not affected by the number, location, or shape of breaks. Thus, the power of the test increases. According to the results of this test, stock prices in Austria, Canada, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, and the UK are linear. Therefore, Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller (FADF) unit root analysis was performed for these countries. The FTUR test was performed in other countries. According to the results of FTUR and FADF unit root tests, stock prices are found to contain unit roots in some countries except Italy. In some countries, stock prices have a partial unit root structure. In other words, the effects of shocks are permanent, and it is concluded that future returns cannot be predicted in these countries with the random walk process.

Timescales of learning in prefrontal cortex.

The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in humans and other primates is critical for immediate, goal-directed behaviour and working memory, which are classically considered distinct from the cognitive and neural circuits that support long-term learning and memory. Over the past few years, a reconsideration of this textbook perspective has emerged, in that different timescales of memory-guided behaviour are in constant interaction during the pursuit of immediate goals. Here, we will first detail how neural activity related to the shortest timescales of goal-directed behaviour (which requires maintenance of current states and goals in working memory) is sculpted by long-term knowledge and learning - that is, how the past informs present behaviour. Then, we will outline how learning across different timescales (from seconds to years) drives plasticity in the primate lateral PFC, from single neuron firing rates to mesoscale neuroimaging activity patterns. Finally, we will review how, over days and months of learning, dense local and long-range connectivity patterns in PFC facilitate longer-lasting changes in population activity by changing synaptic weights and recruiting additional neural resources to inform future behaviour. Our Review sheds light on how the machinery of plasticity in PFC circuits facilitates the integration of learned experiences across time to best guide adaptive behaviour.

Chloride Binding Behavior and Pore Structure Characteristics of Low-Calcium High-Strength Cement Pastes.

While Portland cement produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, low-calcium high-strength cements effectively reduce carbon emissions by decreasing the proportion of high-calcium minerals. In order to enhance the practical application value of low-calcium high-strength cement, the effects of mineral admixtures on the chloride binding capacity and pore structure characteristics of low-calcium high-strength cement pastes were investigated by equilibrium method and mercury intrusion method. The results showed that the chloride binding capacity of low-calcium high-strength cement pastes is superior to that of Portland cement. Fly ash and slag enhance this capacity by promoting monosulfoaluminate and C-S-H gel formation, with fly ash being more effective. Ground limestone also boosts chloride binding when incorporated at less than 10 wt%. However, sulfates have a more significant negative impact on chloride binding capacity in low-calcium high-strength cement pastes compared to Portland cement. The porosity of low-calcium high-strength cement pastes exhibits contrasting trends with the addition of fly ash, ground limestone, and slag. Fly ash and limestone initially coarsen the pore structure but later facilitate the transition of larger pores to smaller ones. In contrast, slag initially has little impact but later promotes the conversion of large capillary pores to medium ones, optimizing the pore structure. Notably, above 10 wt% fly ash, the critical pore diameter decreases with additional fly ash except at 10% where it increases for 3 days. Ground limestone enlarges the critical pore diameter, and this effect intensifies with higher content. During early hydration, slag decreases the critical pore diameter, but its impact diminishes in later stages.

Preparation of Green Sustainable Cement Paste Mixture Based on Inorganic Additives: An Experimental and Modelling Approach

Using waste materials in the mixture of building materials is an approach aligned with the circular economy, a viewpoint that creates sustainable building industries, especially in developed countries. This study concentrated on the application of laponite (LAP), fly ash (FA), and bentonite (BENT) materials in the mixture of cement pastes. The first step used experimental practices to examine the metrics of toughness, three-point bending, and compressive strength with different percentages of added LAP, FA, and BENT after the characterization of samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The next step entailed assessment of cement paste specifications through some regressive equations obtained by the application of 2D curve fitting and sensitive analysis of additive (FA, LAP, and BENT) fluctuations in the structure of cement paste. The results show that linear polynomial equations are the best for the evaluation of cement paste terms as per different percentages of the additives. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of nine prepared samples demonstrated that LAP created the safest condition in comparison to others. However, the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) computations applied for the sustainability assessment (SA) of the samples showed that the LAP is the most appropriate option for use in the structure of cement paste. Using experimental analysis and mathematical modeling, the behavior of cement paste interacting with mineral additives is evaluated. Sustainable mixtures are then presented based on EIA.

Hair cortisol and substance use among women currently experiencing intimate partner violence: The role of PTSD symptom severity

IntroductionSubstance use is highly prevalent among women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and has been associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and resulting cortisol response. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may play an important role in exacerbating the association between cortisol levels and substance use behaviors. PurposeThis study examined the role of PTSD symptoms in the relation between cortisol and past month substance use behaviors. The current study used hair cortisol as an index of past 30-day HPA-axis functioning and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to characterize substance use behaviors more accurately over a 30-day period. MethodParticipants were 90 community women who had experienced physical or sexual IPV in the past 30 days by their current male partner and used any amount of alcohol or drugs (M age = 40.71; 54.4 % white). Participants completed (a) a baseline interview, (b) EMA for 30-days, and (c) a follow up interview where they were asked to provide a hair sample for cortisol analyses. Data collection took place from 2018 to 2020. ResultsPTSD severity moderated the relations between cortisol and days of drinking and binge drinking. In the context of high PTSD symptomology, women with high cortisol levels spent, on average, an additional 7.4 days drinking and 8.1 days binge drinking in the past 30 days compared to women with low cortisol levels, in a model adjusted for age. ConclusionsResults highlight the prominent role of PTSD symptoms in the association between cortisol and alcohol use among women experiencing IPV.

Modeling thixotropic behavior of fresh cement pastes

It is crucial to describe the thixotropic behavior of cement-based materials, which plays an important role during the production process such as mold casting or 3D printing. This study establishes and validates a thixotropic model of fresh cement pastes considering de-flocculation using experimental data with different shear rates and water-to-cement ratios.

Development of a universal atomistic cement model incorporating nanomaterials: From laboratory investigation to molecular simulation

Hydrated cement is considered one of the most complex binder systems. The development of models that suitably represent hydrated cement is still far from established due to the complexity of the hydration process, as well as the multiscale phase and different morphological properties. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a hydrated cement model using molecular-level simulation and laboratory testing. This model aimed to predict the mechanical properties of cement paste between 0.25 and 0.65 w/c ratios. In this regard, five cement paste mixtures with various w/c ratios were prepared and tested to evaluate their mechanical properties and micro-structures. Then, a novel modeling methodology using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to develop an ingredient-based atomistic cement model. In this regard, the Dreiding force field (DFF) was used in all the simulation processes, starting from the cement clinker phases to the hydrated cement. The experimental results of cement paste mixtures revealed some useful data that was supportive of the simulations. Radial distribution function (RDF) and fractional free volume (FFV) were utilized to investigate the local atomic structure of the cement paste models. The calcium-silicate-hydrated (C–S–H) of the developed model was characterized through RDF and benchmarked to a well-known mineral analog, namely tobermorite. The developed model was computationally tested under different w/c ratios, and reliable results in terms of micro-structural matrix as well as mechanical properties were obtained. Then, the cement models incorporating different ratios of nano-silica were developed, and a good estimation of the mechanical properties was obtained. Because of the universal nature of the reported model in this research, it could be utilized to further predict the mechanical behavior and durability performance of the cement paste.

Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 trait correlates with self-reported acts of rape

BackgroundSexual aggression researchers have identified “dark triad” personality traits as potential etiologic contributors to rape perpe-tration. The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) canvasses trait dimensions that underlie a proposed hybrid diag-nostic model for the personality disorders.Participants and procedureAssociations between PID-5 item/facet/domain scores and self-reported acts of rape were examined in a national survey of men (N = 517) administered on a crowdsourcing platform.ResultsPervasive associations were found between various PID-5 risk indicators and acts of oral, anal, or vaginal physical contact with nonconsenting partner(s). While dimensional correlation coefficients were modest in size, odds ratios for elevated PID-5 facet dimensions were substantial. The odds of self-reported rape increased with the trait elevation count in a graded fash-ion. Selected PID-5 subscale dimensions (callousness, irresponsibility, grandiosity, intimacy avoidance, distractibility, and attention seeking) were significant correlates of self-reported rape. A subset of PID-5 items accounted for unshared variance in the criterion measures. Scores from the PID-5 appeared to provide useful risk indicators of sexual aggressiveness.ConclusionsScores from the PID-5 appeared to provide useful risk indicators of sexual aggressiveness. Men with personality disorder trait elevations appear far more likely to acknowledge past behavior that constitutes sexual assault. These interpretations were limited by the cross-sectional, retrospective, and self-report nature of these data.

Pressure and Liquid Distribution under the Blade of a Basket Extruder of Continuous Wet Granulation of Model Material

This study explores the influence of blade design on the low-pressure extrusion process, which is relevant to techniques like spheronization. We investigate how blade geometry affects the extruded paste and final product properties. A model paste was extruded through a basket extruder with varying blade lengths to create distinct wedge gaps (20°, 26° and 32° contact angles). The theoretical analysis explored paste behavior within the gap and extrudate. A model material enabled objective comparison across blade shapes. Our findings reveal a significant impact of blade design on the pressure profile, directly influencing liquid distribution in the paste and extrudate. It also affects the required torque relative to extruder output. The findings of this study hold significant implications for continuous granulation, a technique employed in the pharmaceutical industry for producing granules with uniform size and properties. Understanding the influence of blade geometry on the extrusion process can lead to the development of optimized blade designs that enhance granulation efficiency, improve product quality, and reduce energy consumption. By tailoring blade geometry, manufacturers can achieve more consistent granule characteristics, minimize process variability, and ultimately produce pharmaceuticals with enhanced efficacy.

Associations between e-cigarette marketing exposure and vaping nicotine and cannabis among U.S. adults, 2021

IntroductionLittle is known about the influence of e-cigarette marketing on cannabis vaping behaviors. This study examined the associations between e-cigarette marketing exposure and nicotine and cannabis vaping among adults. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included a U.S. nationally representative sample of adults from the Wave 6 survey of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. We used multinomial logistic regressions to examine the associations between past 30-day e-cigarette marketing exposure and past 30-day vaping behavior (sole- and dual-vaping of nicotine and cannabis) overall and stratified by age. ResultsOverall, 52.0 % of respondents reported e-cigarette marketing exposure, and 89.8 %, 5.6 %, 3.2 %, and 1.4 % reported no vaping, sole-nicotine vaping, sole-cannabis vaping, and dual-vaping, respectively. E-cigarette marketing exposure was associated with increased odds of reporting sole-cannabis vaping versus no vaping (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.31; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.09–1.57) and dual-vaping versus no vaping (aRR, 1.26; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.57). This association was found among those aged 18–24 and 25–34 years. It was also associated with increased odds of reporting sole-cannabis vaping versus sole-nicotine vaping (aRR, 1.28; 95 % CI, 1.04–1.58). This association was found among those aged 18–24 years. DiscussionE-cigarette marketing exposure was associated with sole-cannabis vaping and dual-vaping, not sole-nicotine vaping among U.S. adults. Such associations were mainly driven by young adults aged 18–24 and 25–34 years. Greater restrictions on tobacco marketing may have reduced the influence of e-cigarette marketing on nicotine vaping, while gaps in marketing restrictions for cannabis may contribute to e-cigarette marketing influence on cannabis vaping.

NMR investigations on Cl− and Na+ ion binding during the early hydration process of C3S, C3A and cement paste: A combined modelling and experimental study

Using materials containing sodium chloride(e.g., seawater) to make concrete is sometimes unavoidable. However, the associated ion binding mechanisms and structural evolution during the early hydration process are not fully understood. This study investigated Cl− and Na + binding behaviour and microstructure of C3S, C3A and cement paste within the first 48h using a high-field NMR setup. Results show that during hydration, KOH can reduce Cl− binding but enhance Na + ion binding in C3S paste, while increasing gypsum dosage in C3A paste retards both Cl− and Na+ binding. Retarders reduce Cl− and Na+ binding, while accelerators slightly promote Cl− binding but reduce Na+ binding in cement paste. It is also found that boundary nucleation and growth(BNG) modelling is the most suitable for fitting the ion binding. Finally, the microstructure assessed by the T1 relaxation rate is related to ion binding in various ranges, indicating that hydrates during hydration have various binding efficiencies.

CCC-TM: Cross-Chain consensus committee method using a trust model

The presence of malicious nodes poses significant challenges to the robustness and security of blockchain cross-chain systems. This study investigates the interaction mechanism of blockchain cross-chain systems by integrating relay committee and trust models, aiming to mitigate the detrimental effects caused by malicious nodes on the overall system. Firstly, introducing a relay committee is proposed to facilitate the establishment of reliable relay nodes that serve as intermediaries connecting diverse blockchain networks. Secondly, the study devises a trust model, leveraging nodes’ past behaviors to evaluate their trustworthiness and identify and isolate potentially malicious nodes. Lastly, a mutual verification decentralized identifier (MVDID) enforces access control for inter-blockchain objects. In the experimental phase, the proportion of trusted nodes to the total number of nodes ranges from 0.1 to 0.3, yielding a consistently high transaction success rate between 97% and 100%. The findings indicate that implementing a relay committee enhances cross-chain operations’ efficiency and security. Additionally, the trust model aids in accurately identifying malicious nodes while promoting system transparency and collaboration. Consequently, this mechanism offers a comprehensive enhancement in performance and security for blockchain cross-chain systems.

Rheological behavior and early-age hydration performance of blended cement pastes incorporating recycled brick powder and slag

This study focuses on blended cement pastes incorporating recycled brick powder (RBP) and slag. The effects of RBP and slag on the rheological behavior and early-age hydration performance of blended cement pastes with different substitution levels ranging from 0 % to 40 % have been studied by testing mini-slump flow, rheological properties, hydration products, pore structure, and phase distribution. The results show that the incorporation of RBP reduces the fluidity by 3.8 %-24.6 % and increases the yield stress of pastes by 4.1 %-53.4 %, while the combined use of RBP and slag proves effective in controlling the rheological properties. Furthermore, the addition of RBP and slag significantly reduces the hydration products and increases the total porosity of blended cement pastes by 4.3 %-16.9 % at 24 h. Notably, RBP and slag accelerate Portland cement hydration in early-age stage, attributed to nucleation and dilution effects. These findings offer valuable insights for the application of RBP in low-carbon cementitious materials.

Rheology and Printability of a Porcelain Clay Paste for DIW 3D Printing of Ceramics with Complex Geometric Structures.

The modeling of ceramics with complex geometric structures currently depends on the handcrafted mode, with long cycles, high costs, and low efficiency; additive manufacturing (AM) technology can solve this problem well. Herein, the porcelain clay paste was successfully prepared for the direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing process of ceramics with complex geometric structures, and the effects of sodium citrate (SC) content on the rheological properties and DIW 3D printability of the porcelain clay paste were investigated in detail. The SC has a vital role in the rheological behavior of porcelain clay paste. Adding SC increases the absolute zeta potential and decreases the viscosity of the paste, while a high SC content will lead to a low storage modulus of the paste. The porcelain clay paste with an SC content of 0.05% and a paste solid content of 75% possesses suitable rheological properties and a storage modulus for DIW 3D printing. The as-prepared porcelain clay paste has high DIW 3D printability at a pressure of 0.5 MPa, and a 3D-printed green body with a well-densified structure can be achieved. After being sintered, the 3D-printed ceramic exhibits high densification and mechanical properties. A green body with complex geometric structures is quickly and precisely modeled by the DIW 3D printing process with the resultant porcelain clay paste as the raw material. This work provides a practical approach to rapidly fabricating ceramics with complex geometrical structures.

INVESTIGATION OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE PLATE CLEARING TENDENCY SCALE (T-PCTS) IN TURKISH ADULTS

It is thought that the tendency to finish all the food on the plate (plate clearing tendency) is a behavior that can be frequently observed in individuals and may increase the frequency of obesity. It was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Plate Clearing Tendency Scale (PCTS), which was developed to evaluate individual differences in plate clearing tendency, in a sample of Turkish individuals. The study was conducted with 333 adults (32.7% male, 67.3% female) aged between 19 and 64 years (mean 32.4±11.5). Individuals completed the questionnaire online. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted for the Turkish version of the plate cleaning tendency scale (T-PCTS). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure of the T-PCTS, and reliability analyses and Spearman correlations were also examined. The one-factor structure of the T-PCTS showed good model fit and had acceptable internal reliability (Cronbach alpha and McDonald Omega ≥0.70). No relationship was found between T-PCTS and food cravings and its sub-factors (p>0.05). A negative and non-significant relationship was found between total T-PCTS score and body mass index (r=-0.022, p>0.05). T-PCTS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring plate clearing tendency in Turkish adults. The tendency to clean the plate was not affected by immediate situations that guide eating behavior such as food cravings. Considering that long-term negative eating behaviors are effective in the emergence of obesity, the tendency to clean the plate may be shaped by past eating behaviors and may provide a new perspective on obesity management.

Influences of past moral behavior on future behavior: A review of sequential moral behavior studies using meta-analytic techniques.

Experimental research on sequential moral behavior (SMB) has found that engaging in an initial moral (or immoral) behavior can sometimes lead to moral balancing (i.e., switching between positive and negative behavior) and sometimes to moral consistency (i.e., maintaining a consistent pattern of positive or negative behavior). In two meta-analyses, we present the first comprehensive syntheses of SMB studies and test moderators to identify the conditions under which moral balancing and moral consistency are most likely to occur. Meta-Analysis 1 (k = 217 effect sizes, N = 31,242) revealed that engaging in an initial positive behavior only reliably resulted in moral licensing (i.e., balancing) in studies that measured engagement in negative target behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.25, 95% CI [0.16, 0.44]) and only resulted in positive consistency in foot-in-the-door studies using prosocial requests (Hedges' g = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.29]). Meta-Analysis 2 (k = 132 effect sizes, N = 14,443) revealed that engaging in an initial negative behavior only reliably resulted in moral compensation (i.e., balancing) in studies that measured engagement in positive target behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.18, 0.37]). We found no evidence for reliable negative consistency effects in any conditions. These results cannot be readily explained by current theories of SMB effects, and so further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that drive moral balancing and consistency under the conditions observed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Past materials, past minds: The philosophy of cognitive paleoanthropology

AbstractThe philosophy of cognitive paleoanthropology involves three related tasks: (1) asking what inferences might be drawn from the paleontological and archaeological records to past cognition, behavior and culture; (2) constructing synthetic accounts of the evolution of distinctive hominin capacities; (3) exploring how results from cognitive paleoanthropology might inform philosophy. We introduce some distinctive cognitive paleoanthropological inferences and discuss their epistemic standing, before considering how attention to the material records and the practice of paleoanthropology can inform and transform philosophical approaches.

Understanding the influence of β-glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel on the digestibility of wheat starch: Gelatinization, rheological and structural properties

This study aims to evaluate the effects of β-glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel (βCHY) on wheat starch digestibility and elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that the incorporation of βCHY led to a significant reduction in rapidly digestible starch content of wheat starch from 71% to 44%, while concurrently increasing the levels of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch in a dose-dependent manner. From a mechanistic perspective, incorporating βCHY into wheat starch notably affected their pasting behavior and influenced the rheological properties and gel strength of resulting gels. Moreover, the addition of βCHY increased the relative crystallinity, short-range ordered degree (R1047/1024), molecular order (the full width at half maximum at 480 cm−1), and thermal stability of the starch, suggesting the formation of a more stable and ordered structure. Furthermore, the wheat starch-βCHY gel complexes exhibited large, discrete layered structures with thicker layer walls, accompanied by interspersed filament-like structures. These structural alterations may collectively contribute to the reduced digestibility of wheat starch. These findings confirmed the positive effects of βCHY on the starch digestibility, offering valuable insights into the development of innovative starch-based foods with slow digestion characteristics.