Law Behavior Research Articles

Characterizing the rheology of lamellar gel networks with optical coherence tomography velocimetry

Lamellar gel networks based on mixtures of cetostearyl alcohol and a cationic surfactant, cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride, were studied using a combination of rheometry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) velocimetry. Experiments were conducted in a stress-controlled rheometer with a parallel plate geometry. Each formulation was found to exhibit a yield stress and thixotropy. The shear start-up behavior in response to a constant stress was directly observed using OCT velocimetry. Close to the yield stress, the velocity had a power law behavior with time after an initial period of transience. At larger stresses, the velocity undergoes two successive increases in power law scaling with time. When sheared at low, constant, shear rates 1–5 s−1, the fluids exhibit plug flow with strong wall slip at both rheometer plates. At rates of 10–150 s−1, the fluids separate into a distinctive three shear band morphology while the wall slip reduces. These rheological properties can be explained by a multilamellar vesicle to planar lamellae transition.

Seasonal characterization of tropospheric ozone fluctuation in Mexico City

The air pollution due to tropospheric ozone (O3) is one of the most serious problems of large industrialized cities in the world. The excessive increase in O3 has a negative impact on the population health. Consequently, researchers have focused their efforts establishing measures to characterize the statistical analysis of spatio-temporal data. This work shows a study based on seasonal analysis of spatio-temporal data through second order structure function to and the scale behavior in power law by using the Hurst exponent (H) and analyzing the trend of fluctuations associated with O3 pollution concentration records at four monitoring stations in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC) considering the four season of the year. The records were consulted from the database of the Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Network (AAMN) in Mexico City from 2010 to 2018. The results show the differences in behavior of ozone according to the seasons of the year in this megacity. The behavior of statistical persistence predominates in spring, with 63.89% of occurrence over the total of the samples analyzed. In winter, the observed regime is antipersistent, with 80.56%. The three regimes: persistence, randomness and antipersistence were observed in summer and autumn, with a similar proportion of occurrence of 33% ± 3%. Given the above, the climatological characteristics of each season could be associated with the regimes of persistent, random and antipersistent behavior of the fluctuation of the concentration of the pollutant O3

Improved fracture predictions using Acoustic Emissions data

The mechanical health of any composite specimen can be monitored by recording the acoustic emissions (AE) from the surface and hence can be used to predict mechanical fracturing of the material. The non-destructive and non-invasive technique of AE is an established method to monitor the mechanical health of a structure. The AE captured from a specimen undergoing mechanical stress appears to display power law like distribution. While empirical data almost never follow power law behaviour completely, which, in turn makes the estimation of its exponent (b-value) to be highly erroneous. Literature shows that attempts have been made by the researchers to filter out the non-power law parts of the dataset, however, issues such as choice of upper and lower bounds, and fixed values of these bounds for different types of datasets remain a challenge for efficient and robust estimation of b-value. In the present work, the author has proposed a novel technique to rectify the inherent shortcomings of b-value and improved b-value (ib-value) estimation methodology. The proposed method, which is computationally light to implement, has been verified on synthetic, experimental datasets and reputed datasets from literature. The results show measurable quantitative improvements in the estimation of b-value parameter compared to previous reported methods in the literature.

Navigating the Intersection of Behavioral Law and Antitrust Regulation in the Agro-Industrial Complex: Challenges and Solutions

Navigating the Intersection of Behavioral Law and Antitrust Regulation in the Agro-Industrial Complex: Challenges and Solutions

The important of designing legislation on Indonesian contempt of court act: legal practitioners perspective

Contempt of court term in Indonesia has been initially originated in the general definition of Law 14th 1985 on Supreme Court item 4 paragraph 4. In that general definition, it implied an obligation to confirm the law soon specifically regulating about the contempt of court in Indonesia. The perspective of legal experts and practitioner, were expected to contribute within the implementation of contempt of court regulation. Controversy on contempt of court started being a polemic as Law Draft of Criminal Code has appeared, in which within one of this law draft has inserted articles about contempt of court. This research was aimed to analyze factors that could cause contempt of court and its urgency in forming the regulation of contempt of court in Indonesia. The method in this research was juridical-empirical method. Moreover, the researchers in this research attempted to describe point of views of legal practitioners in Malang that were obtained from interview and observation with judges, prosecutors, and lawyers. The researchers used qualitative approach as the type of research approach. This research result explained that the prevalence of contempt of court case until recently was appeared due to the lack of public awareness in complying with the law and low ethical behavior of the law of either the society or law enforcer.

Control of positive systems with an unknown state-dependent power law input delay and input saturation

This paper is motivated by a class of positive systems with an input that is subject to an unknown state-dependent power law delay as well as saturation. For example, biological networks have non-negative protein concentration states. Mass action kinetics in these systems result in power law behavior, while complex interactions cause signal propagation delays. Incomplete network characterization makes delay state-dependence unknown. Manipulating network activity via modulated protein concentrations to attain desired performance is restricted by upper-bounds on concentration actuator authority. Here, an innovative control law exploits system dynamics to compensate for control domain restrictions. A Lyapunov stability analysis establishes that the reference tracking error of the closed-loop system is uniformly ultimately bounded. Numerical simulations on a human coagulation model show controller efficacy and better performance compared to the relevant literature. This example application steps toward personalized, closed-loop treatments for trauma coagulopathy, which currently has 30% mortality with open-loop clinical approaches.

Social entrepreneurship: exercise of the constitutional freedom of a person for entrepreneurial activity

entrepreneurial activity. Regulatory and legal guarantees of entrepreneurial activity enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine are being worked out. The exercise of a person’s constitutional freedom to engage in entrepreneurial activity is a step-by-step implementation in lawful behavior by participants in entrepreneurial legal relations of legally established agreements andresponsibilities that contribute to obtaining material and spiritual benefits in the field of production, performance of work, provision of services and trade, etc.The importance of consideration of the constitutional guarantee of the right to entrepreneurial activity is determined byseveral reasons, in particular: the legislative framework of Ukraine in the field of economic legal relations is determined by some irregularity and inconsistency, and needs modernization; and the current state of implementation of the constitutional right to entrepreneurial activity is unsatisfactory. In view of this, there is an urgent need for scientific awareness of the effectivelegislative mechanism for the implementation of constitutional guarantees for entrepreneurial activity. The support of the state in the exercise of a person’s constitutional right to entrepreneurial activity should be implemented through a positive influence on the formation of guarantees of this right, therefore, it is necessary to include the entire complex of legal means in order to ensure that the state bodies comply with the necessary conditions for the effective implementation of the right that belongs to a person and a citizen.The guarantees of the right to entrepreneurial activity provided for in the Constitution of Ukraine are sometimes normative in nature. First of all, this is due to the fact that the normative legal acts specifying the Constitution of Ukraine contain some inconsistencies and gaps.Regarding the fixing of these guarantees at the constitutional level, the right to entrepreneurial activity shows that it is necessary to allocate a block dedicated to the economic sphere, which will form a systemic influence on the content ofcurrent legislation and an applied mechanism for the implementation of such guarantees. The issue of the creation of agreements by the state for the appropriate functioning of entrepreneurial activity is inseparable from the understanding and legal support that must be played in the implementation of guarantees of entrepreneurship, for which іn effective legal mechanism for managing the economy and creating the conditions for engaging in entrepreneurial activity is necessary; and the creation of separate directions and criteria for achieving and ensuring the right of citizens to entrepreneurial activity.

Frequency spectra analysis of space- and time-averaged quantum stress tensor fluctuations

Observing physical effects of large quantum stress tensor fluctuations requires knowledge of the interactions between the probe and the particles of the underlying quantum fields. The quantum stress tensor operators must first be averaged in time alone or space and time to confer meaningful results, the details of which may correspond to the physical measurement process. We build on prior results to characterize the particle frequencies associated with quantum fluctuations of different magnitudes. For the square of time derivatives of the massless scalar field in a spherical cavity, we find that these frequencies are bounded above in a power law behavior. Our findings provide a way to identify the largest quantum fluctuation that may be probed in experiments relying on frequency-dependent interactions.

Multiscale Evaluation of Asphalt Aging Behaviour: A Review

The performance of asphalt pavement will deteriorate gradually due to oxidation, also named the ageing of asphalt binders. In this study, the research progress on the multiscale evaluation of asphalt aging behaviour in the past decade was reviewed to further analyse the evolution law of asphalt aging behaviour and determine the asphalt aging mechanism. Firstly, artificial aging methods were introduced, the factors affecting asphalt aging behaviour were analysed, and the changes of asphalt properties before and after aging were identified. Secondly, the methods and research progress in terms of the evaluation of asphalt aging degrees were summarised from the macro-, mesoscopic-, micro-, and nanoscales. Finally, considering extensively studied rheological properties as an example, the correlations among the rheological properties of asphalt in the aging process and the conventional physical properties, chemical composition, microscopic properties, nano-molecular dynamics, and other parameters were analysed. The results show that various scales are interrelated, and the multiscale evaluation of asphalt aging can provide a more comprehensive prediction of the extent of asphalt aging. The correlation between multiple scales enables a thorough analysis of the mechanism of asphalt aging and the evaluation of asphalt aging behaviour at multiple scales.

Маржиналистская теория юридической ответственности О.У. Холмса

Marginalism is a doctrine in economics that applies methods of analysis based on operating with ‘marginal’, that is, incremental values. Evaluation is carried out in terms of the impact that a change in a certain value has on the level of utility or other significant category. In the 1870s, a ‘marginal revolution’ took place in economics. A little later, a marginal revolution is also taking place in legal theory. Deterrence from committing crimes becomes the main goal of bringing to legal liability. Punishment (legal liability) is necessary only to stop the lawful behavior, despite the fact that it is to be assessed how a change in the measure of liability by a certain amount affects the change in the level of illegal behavior. O.W. Holmes jr., especially in the works ‘The Common Law’ and ‘The Path of the Law’, begins to use marginal values for the analysis of law. With this in mind, this article analyzes the marginalist aspect of O.W. Holmes’ legal thought.

Dual-Population Social Group Optimization Algorithm Based on Human Social Group Behavior Law

Inspired by the behavior law of human social groups, a new swarm intelligence algorithm named the dual-population social group optimization (DPSGO) algorithm is proposed in this article. Based on the primitive social group optimization (SGO) algorithm, dual-population grouping technology, reverse learning technology, immigration migration technology, and Gaussian mutation are introduced to further simulate the behavior law of actual human social groups. Experimental results and performance comparison show that the DPSGO algorithm has a better searchability and convergence rate. In addition, aiming at the socially hot issue of aviation safety, the simulation and experimental results show that the temperature measurement error can be reduced to less than 7.5 °C by using the DPSGO algorithm combined with reflected radiation correction to process the aeroengine multispectral radiation temperature measurement data. This article is of great significance to the design and optimization of swarm intelligence algorithms by using the behavior law of human social groups and provides valuable guidance for enhancing the safety monitoring of aeroengines.

Mini Special Issue on Modeling of Human-Policy-Technology Nexus and Simulation for Disaster Response and Business Continuity

We, as guest editors, are honored to have been given the opportunity to organize this mini special issue on “Modeling of Human-Policy-Technology Nexus and Simulation for Disaster Response and Business Continuity” for the Journal of Disaster Research. This mini special issue aims to contribute to the overcoming of challenges around better design, operation, and management for disaster response and business continuity, where various factors, including human behavior and decision-making, policy and prioritization, monetary and humanitarian costs, and technological and infrastructural constraints, are intertwined, making it difficult to comprehend the entire picture and find an optimal solution. On the other hand, we firmly believe people have an essential role in disaster response and business continuity. However, unlike physical phenomena, there are no governing equations or laws for human behavior and decision-making; there are variations and inconsistencies in human modeling depending on whether what was done, what ought to be done, what can be done, etc. is being modeled. Sometimes, human behavior must be considered and the different modes of human models clearly distinguished when better socio-technical systems or other systems involving humans are discussed. All the papers selected introduce the latest innovative research in modeling and simulation, training system design, and quantitative and qualitative data analysis, which are directly and indirectly applicable to a better design, operation, and the management of disaster response and business continuity. At the same time, these papers also focus on one or several aspects of human behavior modes, such as past and current evidence (descriptive model) and what persons or organizations are supposed to be (normative model). The collection of these papers is expected to give good insight and inspiration to the readers and those who may take on the challenges this special issue aims to provide and to help develop an understanding of the importance of a human-centric approach to disaster research.

Records and Occupation Time Statistics for Area-Preserving Maps

A relevant problem in dynamics is to characterize how deterministic systems may exhibit features typically associated with stochastic processes. A widely studied example is the study of (normal or anomalous) transport properties for deterministic systems on non-compact phase space. We consider here two examples of area-preserving maps: the Chirikov-Taylor standard map and the Casati-Prosen triangle map, and we investigate transport properties, records statistics, and occupation time statistics. Our results confirm and expand known results for the standard map: when a chaotic sea is present, transport is diffusive, and records statistics and the fraction of occupation time in the positive half-axis reproduce the laws for simple symmetric random walks. In the case of the triangle map, we retrieve the previously observed anomalous transport, and we show that records statistics exhibit similar anomalies. When we investigate occupation time statistics and persistence probabilities, our numerical experiments are compatible with a generalized arcsine law and transient behavior of the dynamics.

Counterintuitive race effects in legal and nonlegal contexts.

Despite documented racial disparities in all facets of the criminal justice system, recent laboratory attempts to investigate racial bias in legal settings have produced null effects or racial-bias reversals. These counterintuitive findings may be an artifact of laboratory participants' attempts to appear unprejudiced in response to social norms that proscribe expressions of racial bias against Black individuals. Furthermore, given pervasive stereotypes linking Black people with crime and heightened attention to issues of racial injustice in the legal system, laboratory participants may be especially likely to attempt to appear unprejudiced in studies examining judgments of Black individuals in legal as opposed to nonlegal contexts. We predicted that counterintuitive race effects (null and pro-Black effects) are more likely to occur in laboratory research examining race in legal than in nonlegal contexts. We conducted a quantitative review of race effects in three leading social psychology and legal psychology journals over the last four decades (Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin [PSPB]; Law and Human Behavior [LHB]; Psychology, Public Policy, and Law [PPPL]). We then conducted two experiments in which students (N = 314; Experiment 1) and Mechanical Turk workers (N = 695; Experiment 2) read descriptions of White and Black targets in either legal or nonlegal contexts and rated each target along various characteristics (e.g., dangerous, trustworthy). Our analysis of the literature indicated that counterintuitive race effects were more frequent in studies examining race in legal compared with nonlegal contexts. Our experiments likewise revealed that pro-Black race effects were stronger in legal than in nonlegal contexts. Laboratory research on racial bias against Black people-especially in legal settings-may produce misleading conclusions about the effects of race on important real-world outcomes. Methodological innovations for studying racial bias are needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Small angle neutron scattering studies on RGO incorporated PVB matrix nanocomposites

Given the importance of PVB in laminates, it is imperative that research be carried out on the surface and structural properties of PVB and its composites. In this paper the authors are reporting the preparation and characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) reinforced Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Matrix based nanocomposites. Solution casting technique is used to prepare the Nanocomposite films in Teflon Petri dishes at ambient temperature. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to study the surface and structural features of the samples. The scattering data shows power law behavior in the low Q region, suggesting the presence of surface fractal kind of structure. The radius of gyration Rg of pure PVB and RGO incorporated (0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%) nanocomposites are measured to study the core shell structure formation among the RGO and PVB. The Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential studies are performed to find Hydrodynamic radius and Zeta potentials of individuals and Nanocomposites to know the information about the stability and core shell structure.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Punching Shear Behavior of FRCM-Strengthened Two-Way RC Slabs

Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have been widely studied as they constitute an alternative solution to fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitting solutions for steel-reinforced concrete (RC) members. This study investigated the punching shear behavior of RC slabs strengthened with FRCM composites. Different tests were first performed to determine the tensile behavior of the FRCM and the interfacial bond behavior between the FRCM and concrete substrates. These tests were used as input parameters for a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element model (FEM) for RC slabs strengthened with the FRCM under shear. Subsequently, one reference slab and two strengthened slab specimens with dimensions of 1,600 mm × 1,600 mm × 100 mm were tested under punching shear. The test results demonstrate the effectiveness of FRCM strengthening under punching shear. An automation parameter calibration process was developed to identify the input parameters of Mazars’ concrete behavior law used in the 3D FEM model. The results of the numerical investigation can predict the punching shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs with reasonable accuracy.

Intercomparison of NO3 under Humid Conditions with Open-Path and Extractive IBBCEAS in an Atmospheric Reaction Chamber

We report an open-path incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OP-IBBCEAS) technique for in situ simultaneous optical monitoring of NO2, NO3, and H2O in a reaction chamber. The measurement precision values (1σ) are 2.9 ppbv and 2.9 pptv for NO2 and NO3 in 2 s, respectively, and the measurement uncertainties are 6% for NO2 and 14% for NO3. Intercomparison of measured concentrations of NO2 and NO3 by open-path and extractive IBBCEAS was carried out in the SAES-ARC reaction chamber during the reaction of NO2 with O3. The measurement accuracy of OP-IBBCEAS is verified by an NO2 intercomparison and the NO3 transmission efficiency of the extractive IBBCEAS is determined by comparison against the in situ NO3 measurement. The relationship between H2O absorption cross section and its mixing ratio at 295 K and 1 atm was analysed. Due to the spectral resolution of IBBCEAS system, the strong and narrow absorption lines of H2O are unresolved and exhibit non-Beer–Lambert Law behaviour. Therefore, a correction method is used to obtain the effective absorption cross section for fitting the H2O structure. An inappropriate H2O absorption cross section can cause an overestimation of NO3 concentration of about 28% in a humid atmosphere (H2O = 1.8%). This spectroscopic correction provides an approach to obtain accurate NO3 concentrations for open-path optical configurations, for example in chamber experiments or field campaigns. The measurement precision values are improved by a factor of 3 to 4 after applying Kalam filtering, achieving sub-ppbv (0.8 ppbv) and sub-pptv (0.9 pptv) performance in 2 s for NO2 and NO3, respectively.

Drug Dependence Treatment as a Right of the Subject of an Administrative Infringement

The article deals with the main issues of organizing treatment and social and medical rehabilitation of drug addicts in the Russian Federation. The data of a sociological survey regarding the effectiveness of drug addiction treatment by medical methods are given. The procedure for making a diagnosis of “drug addiction” and the grounds for sending citizens for a medical examination are briefly described. The problem associated with the implementation by the offender of the subjective right to undergo appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures in exchange for the execution of administrative penalties (mainly an administrative fine and administrative arrest) is analyzed. Proposals are given to increase the motivation of drug users (persons who illegally use drugs or who are diagnosed with drug addiction or harmful with harmful consequences) drug use) to receive drug treatment and other assistance through administrative and legal incentives. The high positive potential of the implementation of administrative and legal incentives in relation to drug users, which form in such persons stable prerequisites for future lawful behavior, has been proved.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior and Energy Evolution Characteristics of Gas-Filled Deep Coal under Cyclic Loading

To study the mechanical behavior and energy evolution law of gas-filled deep coal, conventional triaxial compression experiments under different confining pressure and gas pressure conditions and cyclic loading and unloading experiments under different gas pressures were carried out. The failure characteristics and mechanical parameters evolution of two loading modes were analyzed. In addition, the energy density and ratio evolution law under cyclic loading was revealed, and based on these findings, an attempt was made to depict the relation of cumulative dissipated energy density and volumetric strain by fitting the experimental data. The results indicated that failure of coal is expressed as a single shear surface under conventional compression, while under cyclic loading mode, coal behaves with multi-fracture crushing failure. Mechanical parameters showed a trend of decay with increasing gas pressure, and that cyclic loading and unloading increases the bearing capacity of coal by 8–38%. The dissipated energy density and ratio grew significantly when coal entered the yield stage. In the compaction stage, the cumulative dissipated energy density rose with volumetric strain in the form of an exponential function, and it increased with relative volumetric strain as a power function.

Experimental and numerical simulation of dynamic characteristics on single drop impacting hydrophilic wires

The phenomenon that the drops impact the solid wall widely exists in industrial production. In this paper, the dynamic evolution of a single drop impacting a horizontal hydrophilic wire is explored through experiments and numerical simulation methods. Combined with the phenomena of spreading, retracting and breaking, the movement behavior law of the drop impacting the curved surface is analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of eccentricity, Weber number and wall wettability on drop impact spreading dynamics are studied. The results show that, with the increase of impact eccentricity, the drop impacting the wire appears symmetrical wrapping mode, asymmetrical wrapping mode, unilateral infiltration mode and partial wetting mode in turn. With the increase of the Weber number, the drop morphology appears in turn as spread-retracting, spread-splitting, spread-wrapping and spread-breaking modes when the axis of the drop impacts the wire. In addition, both eccentricity and Weber number have influence on the maximum spreading coefficient and the maximum spreading time. The wettability of wire has a significant effect on the spread-retracting behavior of drops. With the increase of hydrophilicity of wire, the peak dimensionless spreading area and spread-retracting stage of drops increase, and the retracting time is delayed.