Behavior Of Carbon Steel Research Articles

Resistance and behaviour of carbon steel and stainless steel columns with axial and rotational end‐restraints in fire

AbstractDue to the presence of neighbouring structural elements, carbon steel and stainless steel columns are typically axially and/or rotationally restrained at their ends in fire. Despite the significant influence of the axial and rotational end‐restraints on the behaviour, the fire design rules for steel columns provided in the European structural steel fire design standard EN 1993‐1‐2 were originally developed considering the structural response of axially unrestrained steel columns with pin‐ended support conditions. Thus, EN 1993‐1‐2 may provide inaccurate ultimate resistance predictions for axially and/or rotationally restrained steel and stainless steel columns in fire. Considering this, this paper investigates the behaviour and design of carbon steel and stainless steel columns with axial and/or rotational end‐restraints at elevated temperatures. A number of carbon steel and stainless steel I‐section columns are considered, taking into account different axial and rotational end‐restraint stiffnesses, room temperature loading ratios, member and cross‐section slendernesses. A new design method for the fire design of axially and/or rotationally restrained steel and stainless steel columns is put forward. The accuracy of the proposed new design method is extensively verified against the results from nonlinear shell finite element modelling.

Numerical modeling of cyclic softening/hardening behavior of carbon steels from low- to high-cycle fatigue regime

The aim of this study is to characterize the stress–strain behavior of three construction steels (SM490, SM570, and F18B) through both experimental and numerical investigations. The material performance was evaluated by conducting tests on round bar specimens subjected to monotonic, fatigue, and incremental step fully reversed loading conditions. The experimental campaign was conducted to provide valuable information on the mechanical performances of the steels and data for calibrating the material constants required for numerical analyses. The numerical simulations aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed unconventional plasticity model, the Fatigue SS model (FSS), in describing the non-linear behavior of the materials under a broad range of loading conditions, including stress states below and beyond the macroscopic yield condition. This aspect is a significant advantage of the FSS model, as conventional elastoplastic theories fail to provide a phenomenological description of inelastic material deformation under stress states within the yield condition. The good agreement between the experimental and numerical results confirms the validity of the calibration of the material constants and the reliability of the computational approach.

Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steels Under Thickness-controlled Solution Layer

Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steels Under Thickness-controlled Solution Layer

Hydrogen Permeation Behavior of Carbon Steel During Corrosion in Highly Pressed Saturated Bentonite

Deep geological disposal is the most reliable method for high-level nuclear waste, of which metal container as the first barrier for deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste is particularly important. Carbon steel is used as a container material because of the low possibility of local corrosion in bentonite. However, after the storage is closed, the decrease of oxygen content will create a near-field environment where the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in the corrosion process of the container could happen. To evaluate the safety of containers in deep geological disposal of Beshai, the preselected area in China, hydrogen permeation efficiency and HE were estimated in highly pressed saturated bentonite by electrochemical and extrapolation analyses. It is concluded that hydrogen permeation efficiency increases with the disposal year, which proves that the hydrogen evolution reaction dominates the cathode process in the corrosion during long-term disposal. However, slow strain rate tensile shows that Q235 steel has a low HE sensitivity.

Galvanic Effect and Alternating Current Corrosion of Steel in Acidic Red Soil

Alternating current (AC) corrosion behavior of carbon steel–copper couple in acidic red soil was studied by means of the electrochemical test, mass loss, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization. Mathematical models were established to expound the impacts of AC and galvanic effect on the corrosion mechanism. The results demonstrate that the corrosion rate of the galvanic couple is positively related to AC intensity. Galvanic effect and AC synergistically aggravate the corrosion of steel. The composition of α-FeOOH declines while γ-FeOOH is increased with AC interference. Based on the statistical model, the galvanic effect has a more significant influence on steel corrosion compared with AC.

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel at Water Line under Gamma Ray Irradiation

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel at Water Line under Gamma Ray Irradiation

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Flowing Water Contaminated by Seawater

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Flowing Water Contaminated by Seawater

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Seawater and Freshwater Environments

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Seawater and Freshwater Environments

Effect of Exposure Time on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Presence of Shewanella RCRI7 Bacteria

Effect of Exposure Time on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Presence of Shewanella RCRI7 Bacteria

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Coated with a Zinc-Rich Paint Containing Aluminum Sulfate and Barium Oxide under Wet and Dry Cyclic Conditions

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Coated with a Zinc-Rich Paint Containing Aluminum Sulfate and Barium Oxide under Wet and Dry Cyclic Conditions

The synergistic effect of 2-mercaptobenzotiazole and zinc nitrate as corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel in saline solution

Abstract In this study, the synergistic effects of 2-mercaptobenzotiazole molecules and zinc nitrate on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel were investigated using electrochemical techniques in 3.5% NaCl solution. The experimental results revealed that combination of 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole (MBT) and zinc nitrate with ratio of 100 ppm : 100 ppm, resulted in the least corrosion current (1.03 lA cm-2) and the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency. Polarization results showed that the inhibition mechanism of inhibitor was mixed-type (anodic and cathodic mechanism) corrosion inhibition which was predominantly influenced by a reduction in dissolution rate of the substrate (decrease in anodic current density). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis yielded more accurate results about the formation mechanism and stability of the inhibitor film over prolonged time. The precipitation of chelate from inhibitor molecules and zinc cations on steel surface was found to be the main mechanism for increasing the corrosion resistance of steel substrate.

Role of Carbon Dioxide on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel Reinforcing Bar in Simulating Concrete Electrolyte

The main factors that make it possible to get the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete are chloride ions and the absorption of carbon dioxide from the environment, and each of them works with a mechanism which destroys the stable immunity of rebar in the concrete. In this work the effect of carbon dioxide content in the artificial concrete solution on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel reinforcing bar (CSRB) was studied, potentiostatically using CO2 stream gas at 6 level of concentrations; 0.03 to 2.0 weight percent, and the effect of rising electrolyte temperature was also followed in the range 20 to 50ᴼ C. Tafel plots and cyclic polarization procedures were obeyed to investigate the corrosion parameters and pitting susceptibility respectively. The change in the microstructure and morphology of the CSRB after polarization in the simulate concrete solution was studied using optical and atomic force microscopes. The results show that the corrosion rate of the CSRB in artificial concrete greatly increases with the existence of CO2 gas and highly depends on its concentration in the range 0.03 to 2.0% .No sign for pitting corrosion is recorded at all CO2 concentrations and the general corrosion is the main problem in the conditions under consideration.

Effect of height on the corrosion of steel and galvanized steel in nontropical coastal marine environments

AbstractIn this study, the behavior of carbon steel and galvanized steel in nontropical coastal marine environments was evaluated. Evaluation was carried out with specimens with dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.3 cm. These specimens were exposed to four testing stations (Iquique, Mejillones, Los Vilos, and San Vicente), where racks were installed both at ground level (ground), as well as in the upper zone of electrical transmission towers (tower). In each station, 24 specimens of A36 carbon steel and galvanized steel were placed (12 each). The corrosivity of the environment was measured using the ISO 9223, 9225, and 9226 standards. The specimens were evaluated on‐site, monthly, through visual inspection and photographic record. Once withdrawn, the corrosion rate was determined and the corrosion products were analyzed through Raman and Fourier‐transform infrared. The results show that, in all cases, the corrosion rate is greater in the tower than on the ground. However, even though the Los Vilos station is located farther from the sea (3,500 vs. ≈500 m), the corrosion rate of steel in the tower is the highest. This is caused by the generation of HCl from the transformation of lepidocrocite into goethite, in the presence of low chloride content, which acidifies the steel/corrosion product interface. In the case of galvanized steel, the corrosion rate is a function of the chloride content in the atmosphere, obtaining an excellent correlation between both parameters.

Microbially influenced corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of anaerobic sulphate-reducing bacteria

ABSTRACTCarbon steel is currently being considered as a candidate canister material for use in a deep geological repository of radioactive waste. Assessment of canister material corrosion through microbial activity is an important part of the safety assessment for the final repository. The aim of study was to compare and characterise the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel under sterile and non-sterile anaerobic conditions in natural groundwater containing sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). A molecular-biological approach was used to determine the presence and abundance changes of relevant bacterial groups. Carbon steel corrosion rates were higher in the presence of SRB compared with sterile control. EIS described the evolution of three time-constants under non-sterile conditions, while scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the carbon steel surface was covered with a two-layer biofilm. Molecular-biological analysis of the water and biofilm indicated the dominance of SRB, with Desulfomicrobium and Desulfovibrio species prevalent.

Study of Corrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steel in Evian Derived Solution from Electrochemical Techniques

Marine structures and buried pipelines are constantly exposed to extreme conditions with elements such as temperature variation, soil ion content and dissolved metals posing a continuous threat on the integrity and lifespan of the structures. Quantification of these elements has been limited to studying only a few of the parameters, with the resulting corrosion behaviour not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in Evian derived solution using the anodic component attained from modelled polarisation curves. The behaviour of the metal/electrolyte interface was studied using a combination of voltammetry and X-ray diffraction analysis of the mineral layer. The expression for the anodic and cathodic component of the current as a function of potential was attained from log|j| vs. potential plots. Mathematical modelling of the experimental polarisation curves was done using OriginPro Data Analysis & Graphing Software. Voltammetry around open circuit potential (VAOCP) showed the necessity for corrosion protection as the adopted electrochemical system resulted in a progressively corrosive environment. Kinetics and mechanism of the anodic and cathodic process indicated corrosion processes similar to aerated soil conditions.

Study The Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Presence Of CO2 Gas in Oil Pipe Lines

The current work is the study of corrosion behaveior of carbon steel, in naturally aerated (3.5%wt NaCl) solution. A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) system was used to produce conditions of turbulent flow, polarization experiments were conducted at various temperature and various rotating speed at each temperature.Similar experiments were carried out using CO2 gas at (32 ml/sec) flow rate.Corresponding experiments by weight loss were carried out in (3.5%wt NaCl) solution with Kerosene + 10% V salt solution and Gas oil + 10% V salt solution at 328k and (0, 400) r.p.m .Similar experiments were carried out in kerosene + 10% V salt solution at (298, 308 and 318)K and rotating speed (0) r.p.m at each temperature.Other experiments were carried out in pure kerosene at temperature (298 and 318)K and speed (0) r.p.m. All experiments were carried out with and with out CO2 gas .The results indicate that the corrosion rate of carbon steel is increasing70% with CO2 gas

Long-term corrosion behaviour of carbon steel and stainless steel in Opalinus clay: influence of stepwise temperature increase

ABSTRACTCarbon steel (C-steel; E24 and S235 grades) and stainless steel (316L) electrodes were corroded in situ in Opalinus clay under anoxic conditions in a vertical descending borehole. The electrodes were exposed at ambient temperature for two years, and then at 85°C for five years. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the instantaneous corrosion rate of C-steel decreased over time down to 1 µm year−1, followed by steady state. Microbial and chemical investigations showed that sulphate and thiosulphate reducing prokaryotes were present in the porewater and at the metal surface. Post mortem characterisation revealed contrasting corrosion aspects. The E24 corrosion interface was thick and contained magnetite, mackinawite, hydroxychloride and siderite, together with more oxidised species (goethite, greigite, elemental sulphur). The S235 corrosion interface was thinner and contained siderite and mackinawite. Corrosion damage of the 316L electrode was negligible, and the surface was covered by a thin fringe of pyrite.

Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel and corrosion resistant steel under elevated temperature and chloride concentration in simulated concrete pore solution

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in marine environment is a major durability problem in reinforced concrete structures. This problem is exacerbated under hot weather conditions. Specialty steel bars are used in place of conventional carbon steel (CS) bars to avoid corrosion problems in severe environments. This article reports the corrosion-resistance behaviour of carbon and two specialty steel bars under varying chloride concentration (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/L) and temperature (25 and 55 °C). The corrosion resistance of CS and specialty bars was evaluated using linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The morphology of the exposed specimens was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscope. The corrosion rate increased as the exposure temperature was increased from 25 to 55 °C. Uniform corrosion was noted on the specimens exposed to low temperature (25 °C) while pitting corrosion was noted on those exposed to elevated temperature (55 °C). Both uniform and pitting corrosion was noted, at both the exposure temperatures, on alloying/microstructure (A/M) steel while marginal pitting corrosion was noted on stainless steel (SS) specimens exposed to 55 °C. Polarization data indicated enhanced corrosion resistance of A/M and SS under hot chloride environments compared to CS bars.

Atmospheric corrosion behavior of carbon steel and galvanized steel in Southwest China

Abstract This study investigated the atmospheric corrosion behavior of carbon steel and galvanized steel framing samples at residential buildings in Southwest China over a three-year period of expo...

Experimental and MDS studies of corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by saccharinate sodium

This work describes the successful performance of saccharinate molecule as an ecological corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 3% NaCl solution. A combination of experimental results such as (XPS, Raman, OCP, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization) and other theoretical (DFT and molecular dynamic simulation) show that saccharinate ions provide very acceptable protection against corrosion of carbon steel. The behavior of carbon steel in the presence of different concentrations of saccharinate shows the high protective effect of this inhibitor against the corrosion of steel. These inhibitors act as mixed inhibitors with a stronger effect on the anodic side.