Behavior In Conflict Situations Research Articles

Risk-Taking as a Psychological Readiness to Overcome Obstacles among Employees of Operational Units in Conditions of Opposition

This article is devoted to the study of risk propensity of future operational police officers as a psychological readiness to overcome obstacles in the face of resistance. The interrelation of risk propensity with the level of motivation and type of behavior in conflict situations is presented. The propensity to risk is considered as a determinant of psychological readiness to overcome negative conditions and circumstances, confrontation and opposition.

СТРАТЕГИИ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ В КОНФЛИКТНЫХ СИТУАЦИЯХ

Scientific interest in the study of modern man's behaviour in conflict situations is not decreasing taking into account the current social conditions. The article presents the results of empirical study of modern students' behaviour strategies in conflict situations. The study using the questionnaire "Strategies of Behaviour in Conflict Situations" by K. Thomas and R. Kilmann (adapted by N.V. Grishina) involved 392 students of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Mari State University" of different courses and faculties. The obtained results indicate that with all the variety of strategies of behaviour in conflict situations, more than half of the students (51.7%) give preference to productive ways - compromising (every third) and collaborating (almost every fifth); only one out of ten is inclined to use competing. 13.6% of students apply different strategies, i.e. they are capable of variability and flexibility of behaviour depending on the situation. The analysis of the expression of each strategy showed the dominance of the middle level (except competing): more than a third of students (38%) have a high level of accommodating, every fourth has a high level of avoiding, and every fifth has high levels of collaborating and competing. The findings are useful for effective conflict prevention and mediation in student groups.

Особенности эмоционального состояния врачей, работающих и неработающих с пациентами, больными Covid-19, в контексте их индивидуально-психологических различий

<p>Since 2019, the world has faced the COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected the lives of almost everyone. But the greatest burden of responsibility fell on the shoulders of medical workers who have been fighting for the lives of patients in the "red zones" all this time, experiencing enormous overload and stress, and after all, everyone has limited resources to overcome difficult life situations and reacts to them in their own way. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to study the emotional state of doctors working and not working with patients with COVID-19 in the context of their individual psychological differences, such as personal anxiety, features of aggressive behavior and the presence of certain socio-psychological attitudes. The total number of study participants was 81 people aged 27 to 63 years (M=43.6; SD=8.7). As a result of the study, significant differences were revealed in the severity of situational anxiety, overstrain and counteraction to stress in groups with moderate and high levels of personal anxiety among doctors working in "red" zones. For doctors working in "clean" zones, significant differences between situational anxiety and overexertion were revealed for this parameter. The presence of significant connections of such features of aggressive behavior as aggressiveness and hostility with the severity of stress, overexertion and resistance to stress was found. Significant connections between the levels of situational anxiety, overexertion and resistance to stress and different styles of behavior in conflict situations were also revealed. In addition, the links between situational anxiety, overstrain and resistance to stress and various styles of socio-psychological attitudes were revealed.</p>

Реализация конструктивного речевого поведения педагога в конфликтной образовательной среде

The aim of the research is to identify the verbal means of constructive speech behaviour of a teacher in the implementation of skills set by the professional standard of a teacher in relation to the participants in a conflict educational environment. The paper substantiates the necessity and expediency of forming constructive speech behaviour in conflict situations as one of the most important components in the system of professional activity of a teacher. The paper is novel in that examining the problem of formation of a teacher’s constructive speech conflict behaviour, it identifies standardised educational and developmental skills, namely, the ability to manage students’ conduct to ensure the safety of the educational environment and the ability to provide pedagogical support to a student in a conflict situation. The developed speech means of implementing professional pedagogical actions in a conflict educational environment, considered as the verbal techniques for revealing the content of educational and professional tasks for educational modules in professional pedagogical education related to conflict resolution, are new as well. As a result, it has been proved that it is possible to ensure the safety of the educational environment and preserve the personal well-being of students in a conflict situation by realising the potential of the persuasion, argumentation, encouragement, empathy, prohibition speech tactics. This demonstrates the extent to which teachers master constructive speech behaviour in a conflict educational environment.

Mediation in the system of conflict management theory: state and development prospects

Mediation is considered in the article as part of a conflict management theory, which, in turn, is interdisciplinary in nature. The logical chain is presented, according to which it makes sense to conduct theoretical and applied conflict management analysis, plan conflict-regulating actions, as well as build the teaching of conflict management theory. There are four main links in this chain: the methodology of the analysis of social conflict, its situational analysis, the definition of the technology of influencing the situation and the procedure for implementing the chosen technology. It is in the final link that the problems of mediation, or mediation, are present, which is the subject of research in this work. The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of the main directions of non–jurisdictional mediation in Russia and its role as a social regulator, when the parties of civil society follow the law, but have the opportunity to develop broader, diverse and acceptable conditions for resolving disputes. The review of historical prerequisites, the level of modern institutionalization, socially significant functions of the mediation process is carried out. The characteristics of the development of mediation in the state, commercial and civil sectors of society are given. The ways of development of mediation as a professional, educational and educative social resource are discussed. The obstacles to such development are fixed in the form of dominant state regulation of mediation activities, disproportionate use of mediation services and their weak market demand, scattered teaching of mediation-related educational disciplines, negative realities of the world experience. Conclusions are proposed about the need for a more harmonious state-legal regulation of mediation; the importance of developing communication competence, including a unified presentation of the disciplines «Negotiation – facilitation – mediation» in the educational process; the relevance of the education of conflict management literacy as a culture of behavior in conflict situations and the ability to manage them.

Directions of strategic conflict management that contribute to increasing the economic efficiency of enterprises

The article explores the areas of strategic conflict management that contribute to improving the efficiency of enterprises operating in the agro-industrial complex. There have been used methods of cognition during the study: analysis, synthesis, concretization and abstraction, classification, grouping, and others. There have been given some definitions of the terms based on the study: strategy, conflict and its elements. There have been studied the stages of conflict development at the enterprise and the main causes of the conflicts. We have compared the approaches to conflicts in the organization, developed a matrix of risks that affect the economic efficiency of the enterprise and selected the main types of interpersonal conflicts at the enterprises for the study. During the study, a direct relationship has been revealed between the frequency of occurrence of conflict situations and the economic efficiency of the enterprise, as a result of which styles of behavior have been developed for the management personnel of economic entities in case of conflict situations. The study has allowed to identify the following problems in conflict management at pilot enterprises: an increase in the number of conflicts between departments; the cause of conflicts is often connected with the shift in areas of responsibility in the performance of duties; ignoring the psychological incompatibility of employees when hiring; selection of compromise or adaptive resolution options. To eliminate the identified problems, the directions of strategic conflict management for pilot enterprises were outlined: the formation of a checklist for diagnosing conflicts; development of a conflict management matrix; use of all styles of behavior in conflict situations; timely response to the emerging conflict situation.

Conflict competence of students of the educational environment of a higher educational establishment: a study of the formation dynamics

Aim. To present the system-level structure of conflict competence and study the interrelations and differences in its components in students in the context of studying at a university.Material and methods. The study involved 150 1-4-year students. According to the factor analysis of psychological variables, 5 empirically represented groups of parameters were identified, con sidered as conflict competence. The empirical study used psychodiagnostic techniques aimed at determining strategies of behavior in conflict situations; personal aggressiveness and conflict; style of self-regulation of behavior; communicative tolerance; level of development of reflexivity and the technique of coping mechanisms.Results. According to Kruskal-Wallis H test, there were differences in 3 competencies: sthenic intrapersonal-oriented conflict readiness; interpersonal-oriented conflict competence; intrapersonal con-flictogenity. There were no significant differences in emotive-personal conflict readiness and constructive-activity conflict competence.An analysis of the prevalence of high level of conflict competence formation showed that in 1st-year students, emotive-personal conflict readiness prevails, in the 2nd year — constructive-activity competence, in 3rd year — intrapersonal conflictogenity, in 4th — interpersonal-oriented competence. Thus, the period of study at a university can be considered as a stage in the formation of conflict competences.Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to identify five conflict competences, reflecting the motivational, cognitive and behavioral components of conflict tolerance and conflict readiness, which ensure the perception and analysis of conflict situations, the organization of behavior and communication in conflict situations and the willingness to solve them; the resulting five-factor statistical conflict competence model details the proposed two-factor theoretical model and refines it in terms of mechanisms. A comparative analysis of representation of conflict competences among 1-4-year students determined the competence dynamics as follows: from conflict instability to conflict readiness, which allows to clarify the existing ideas about the stages and features of competence formation under the influence of educational activities at the university.

Socio-psychological correlations of youth addiction on social networks

Addiction of boys and girls from social networks is associated with the presence of their feelings of loneliness, as well as anxiety, depression, stress, dissatisfaction with life, impulsivity, narcissism, weak assertiveness, low self-esteem, insecurity from cyberbullying. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis about the possible connections of the addiction of young people from social networks with their self-confidence, emotional intelligence and style of behaviour in conflict situations. The empirical study was based on the data of an online survey of 265 respondents, including 117 boys and 148 girls. Dependence on social networks was measured by the ZSS-15 questionnaire (V. P. Sheinov, A. S. Devitsyn), self-confidence – by the method of V. G. Romek, emotional intelligence – by the Thomas – Kilmann test, dependence on a smartphone – a short version of the SAS-16 of the questionnaire «Scale of dependence on a smartphone» (V. P. Sheinov). The article found that boys and girls have statistically significant negative associations of addiction from social networks with self-confidence and positive connections with dependence on a smartphone and with all the factors that form it (loss of control over themselves, fear of losing a smartphone and euphoria from its use). It is shown that it is the psychological problems of young people that are the main reason for the occurrence of one or another degree of addiction from social networks. At the same time, the need of young men and women in communication is satisfied if they have addiction to a lesser extent than the factors «psychological state» and «obtaining information». Neither boys nor girls have been found to link social media addiction to social contact initiative. The social media addiction of young men is negatively correlated with their social courage and positively correlated with their reaction to conflict in avoidance mode. Such correlations in girls have not been recorded. In boys and girls, there are various correlations of addiction from social networks with emotional intelligence: in boys – a negative connection with self-management, in girls – a positive connection with the recognition of emotions of other people. In general, girls are more dependent than boys on social media. These results are new, as neither domestic nor foreign publications have found results on the links of social media addiction to components of emotional intelligence.

Study of psycho-emotional reactions of drug-dependent persons in conflict situations

This article is devoted to the examination and analysis of theoretical approaches in the study of drug addiction regarding it as a psychophysiological mechanism. The most characteristic personality traits among people suffering from drug addiction are described in detail. The data of an empirical study of drug addicts’ behavior in conflict situations are presented. The main types of manifestation of reactions in conditions of stress and conflict are considered. The authors analyzed the results regarding the reactions of drug addicts in conflict situations. The most characteristic manifestations of personal qualities in conditions of stress and conflict are described.

MANAGEMENT OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS IN THE STUDENT ENVIRONMENT: THE RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTING THE TRAINING COURSE

The topic of interpersonal conflicts in the student environment is relevant, as evidenced by the observation and the results of the experiment. Conducting surveys and applying psychological tests in the experiment revealed a negative perception of conflicts by students, low and medium levels of emotional intelligence, and the use of avoidance and competition styles of behaviour in a conflict. To achieve the goal of the pilot experiment, a questionnaire developed by the authors was used: "The perception of conflicts by students". The obtained results formed the basis of the training course "Management of interpersonal conflicts in the student environment." The purpose of the formative experiment was to develop, organize and evaluate the effectiveness of the course implementation. The methods of empirical research (survey, testing, observation, active learning methods) were used in the work and methods of mathematical statistics (Student’s t-distribution). The total sample size was 214 university students (aged 18–22). At the formative stage, 40 students were involved (experimental group – 20 students who did the course on managing interpersonal conflicts in the student environment; and a control group – 20 people who were not involved in the course). The design and content of the training course are based on the structure of the conflict management model, which includes the following components: 1) cognitive; 2) emotional; 3) behavioural (Mayer, 2012). A set of psychological methods was selected to study interpersonal conflicts in the student environment at the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural levels. To determine the students’ perception of the conflict, an Express exercise on associations was used for each letter of the word Conflict. The “Know your EQ” test was used to measure the emotional intelligence quotient. In our work, we also used the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI test), a description of behaviour in conflict situations. Measuring the effectiveness of the implementation of the training course "Management of interpersonal conflicts in the student environment" was carried out through the repeated application of methods and the feedback from the course participants. The duration of the course is 70 academic hours: 14 lessons (56 academic hours), an exam – 4 hours, and 10 academic hours of extracurricular work (preparing a project, journaling, etc.). The following interactive techniques were used: the method of incomplete sentences, pair and group work, brainstorming, case studies, role-plays, interviews, miming, retrospective, mini-lectures, reflection sessions. Improvement of the test results at the cognitive, emotional and behavioural levels and positive feedback from the students confirm the effectiveness of the course "Management of interpersonal conflicts in a student environment". Our study, despite its detailed theoretical analysis, valuable results of the experiment, does not reveal all aspects of the problem of interpersonal conflicts in the student environment of higher educational institutions. This work can serve as a basis for further cross-cultural research.

Peculiarities of Medical Personnel Behavior Styles in Conflict Situations

Introduction: Leadership style is a way, a system of methods of influence of the leader on subordinates. This is one of the most important factors of the effective work of the institution, the full realization of the potential capabilities of people in the team. Leadership style, as an individual way of carrying out management activities, is mostly associated with the person of the manager. The management style is formed under the influence of the relationship between the manager and the team in the process of making and implementing management decisions, individual characteristics and preferences of the manager. The objective of the study was conflicts in the field of healthcare in the system “medical personnel of a healthcare institution—patients and relatives of patients”. The objective of the study was to determine management styles in conflict situations among medical workers. Materials and Methods: With the help of a direct individual survey, according to an anonymous questionnaire developed by us, the opinion of 582 medical workers (422 doctors and 160 nurses) of general hospitals and primary care centers of Chernivtsi and Chernivtsi region regarding the ceilings of behavior in conflict situations was studied. Results: In a conflict situation, the leading form of behavior for medics, both doctors and medical personnel, is the subordinate type (29.6% and 38.1%, respectively). The second most frequent method of conflict resolution is an authoritarian strategy (20.6% for doctors and 15% for nurses), in which personal aspirations and the achievement of one’s own goals come to the fore. Dependent style (17.8% for doctors and 13.75% for nurses) ranks third. A selfish style of behavior in a conflict situation is characteristic of 13.7% of doctors and 13.1% of nurses. A friendly style of behavior during the resolution of conflict situations is characteristic of medical workers at a rather low level (12.3% for doctors and 12.5% for nurses). Aggressive style (5.9% for doctors and 7.5% for nurses) is the least popular as a model of behavior in a conflict situation among respondents. Conclusion: The style of behavior of doctors and nurses in conflict situations is ambiguous, which is due to personal qualities, the degree of leadership, professional relationships and the specifics of the work environment.

Investigating the relationship between job satisfaction, communication style, employee behavior in conflict situations

This study was designed to test the relationship between job satisfactions, communication style and conflict behaviour of employees in the public system, respectively in the territorial labour inspectorates. Research responds to practical needs highlighted by organizational psychology to identify the sources and dimensions that prevail and make the individual's perception of the organization lead to increased job satisfaction. However, the paper is not without methodological limits, represented by the use of self-report evaluation questionnaires that could involve poor identification and reporting, by the tendency of the facade that appears when the subject is not honest, offers answers that do not reflect its true feelings, principles and values, tends to avoid the appropriate responses to the state, only to leave a good impression, determine a positive judgment, placement in a situation of appreciation, or out of a desire to help the researcher in confirming the study hypothesis. The paper provides additional information for the scientific community, and can also be a starting point for other research by methodologically improving and bringing to the fore variables that can have a significant contribution to job satisfaction in civil servants, the subject being of maximum interest in the current context when a qualitative increase of services for employees and employers is desired.

ՈՒՍՈՒՑՉԻ ԵՎ ԱՇԱԿԵՐՏԻ ՄԻՋԵՎ ԱՌԱՋԱՑԱԾ ԿՈՆՖԼԻԿՏՆԵՐԻ ՊԱՏՃԱՌՆԵՐԸ ԵՎ ԴՐԱՆՑ ՀԱՂԹԱՀԱՐՄԱՆ ՈՒՂԻՆԵՐԸ / THE CAUSES OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE TEACHER AND THE STUDENT AND THE WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM

Pedagogical communication creates many conflict situations, as the school is not only a source of intellectual wealth, but also a key factor for the regulation of interpersonal relationships and socialization. School conflicts are impossible to eliminate, so it is important to reduce their intensity so that it does not have a negative impact on the educational process.The article presents the results of experimental data obtained from the research on the nature of professional deformations of teachers working in RA schools, their role in the emergence of conflict with students, the peculiarities of students' choice of behavior in conflict situations, the main causes of conflicts and ways to overcome them. The methodological instructions can be used by school psychologists and educators to identify students' conflicts, as well as to improve the process of teachers' professional development.

Categories of Person in Conflict and Methods of Conflict Resolution in the Occurrence of Conflicts between Medical Personnel

This article presents the ideas of the structure of conflicts and conflict situations, the conditions of their occurrence and characteristics of human behavior in conflict situations.

ШЛЯХИ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА РЕСТОРАННОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА

The article is devoted to outlining ways to improve the personnel management system in the field of corporate development of restaurant enterprises, which includes the introduction of innovative technologies of restaurant service, employee training programs to grow professional competencies and personal psychological characteristics, career advancement for the best employees. It is determined that the basic principle of personnel management in restaurants is systemic, so the search for ways to improve management should include consideration of this process as a holistic system, taking into account the relationships between its elements. It is offered to pay special attention to management of processes of communication of the personnel with clients, development of adequate professional behavior in conflict situations. It is proposed to take into account the requirements for staff from the standpoint of consumers, which provide speed and high quality service and the appropriate level of communication, from the standpoint of owners – competencies and knowledge, personal qualities and consumer-oriented behavior, from the standpoint of staff – skills, abilities and motivation. Motivational programs are proposed to focus on the formation of employees’ desire to acquire new knowledge and acquire new skills. To increase the efficiency of personnel management, it is proposed to develop strategies for personnel development and differentiate by strategic and tactical goals. It is proposed to introduce a system of key performance indicators for control in terms of tactical and strategic plans for staff development and the establishment of intermediate control with control points of assessment. It is proposed to evaluate the performance of each category of employees within their functional responsibilities, as well as indicators of staff development of the enterprise as a whole. It is proposed to include qualification, personal, competence and value characteristics, efficiency of activity, reserves of growth of production and social efficiency in the assessment of the efficiency of personnel management of restaurant enterprises. Further research should focus on the study of customer management of restaurant staff.

Psychological Features of Police Officers’ Conflict Behavior: Gender Aspect

To date, there are no scientifically sound recommendations for resolving conflicts in law enforcement activity, there are no methods for resolving conflicts, and there are no means for managing the conflict behavior of police officers taking into account the gender aspect.
 The purpose of the work is to conduct a comprehensive study of psychological characteristics of conflict behavior of police officers taking into account the gender aspect. Theoretical and empirical methods were used in the work. According to the results of conducted theoretical analysis the author has noted the psychological and moral preconditions for conflict prevention with the participation of police officers taking into account the gender aspect.
 According to the method of “Personal Aggression and Conflict” the highest rates in the first group (police officers – women) were obtained on the scale of “conflict”. The lowest rates among women are on the scale of “negative aggression”. The highest rates in the second group (police officers – men) – were on the scales of “conflict” and “positive aggression”. The lowest rates were on the “negative aggression” scale.
 The highest rate on the scale of “adaptation” according to the method of “Diagnosis of Style of Behavior in Conflicts” (K. Thomas) is both among women and men. Women and men according to the “rivalry” scale have a low rate.
 The highest rate for women according to the method of “Diagnosis of Conflict Resolution Strategies" was on the “adaptation” scale. The highest rate among men was the scale of “cooperation”. Prevention rates among women are low. Men have the lowest rate on the “competition” scale.
 Analyzing the results of the study of the style of behavior of police officers in conflict situations within the gender aspect, it was found out that the higher the tendency to avoid conflict, the less are manifestations of styles of rivalry, cooperation and adaptation. At the same time, as the length of service increases, the tendency to adaptive style of behavior in conflict situations increases, which may be associated with manifestations of professional deformation and burnout; strategies of compromise and avoidance in conflict situations are in the lead.

Teaching athletics in order to develop the strength of law enforcement cadets

A practice shows that there is a danger for police officers. There is a thought that a defence from this danger is depended on a level of physical preparing police officers. Wrong actions lead to wrong results but that has negative effect for police forces and their ability to withstand a non – law and to sustain a law.
 At special literature it is also there is a necessity at physical culture for police officers and rising requirements to fulfiling work. But specialists does not always provide solving abovenamed tasks and these tasks are not always certain.
 It is necessary to note that according to usual programm concerned to special physical preparing, physical exercises have to be led at certain situations and modelling the widest situations is absent; the same it is concerned to complex tests which characterize special level of physical and psychical preparing.
 So the questions of improving learning process on physical preparing are important. These questions are the certain part of preparing police forces and these questions are the most active means of development of professional important qualities; these questions form high reliability of moving actions at extreme situations.
 Based on the above, our literature analysis aims to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement officers in the prevention of offenses by improving physical and tactical training.
 This analysis showed the following most important physical qualities that law enforcement officers must have, namely: prudence, quick reaction, physical fitness, the ability to influence people's emotions based on classes in the psychology of behavior in conflict situations, resourcefulness, self-confidence.

Динамика особенностей межличностной коммуникации супругов с длительным стажем брака в период самоизоляции

The article presents the results of testing the hypothesis about changes in the nature of interpersonal communication between spouses in conditions of self-isolation, determined by the dynamics of destructive communicative attitudes and behavior style in conflict situations. 30 married couples with 15 years of family life experience were examined. Data obtained at the very beginning of restrictions and after a three-month period of self-isolation were compared. It is noted that the interpersonal communication of the spouses over the past three months has become more intense, tense, aggressive and conflicted. The spouses managed to intensify and maintain the usual system of implementing destructive attitudes in interpersonal communication, as well as the stylistic features of behavior in conflict situations, but they did not manage to prefer cooperation to compromise: compromise was and remains the dominant strategy of behavior of each of the spouses in the conflict. It is shown that during the three-month period of self-isolation, wives became somewhat detached from reality, while their husbands became significantly more realistic, but also significantly more openly violent. Attention is drawn to the need for further scientific research of this problem, as well as improving the practice of psychological support for families in situations of this type.

Dampak Locus of Control dan Komitmen Profesional terhadap Perilaku Etis Auditor dalam Situasi Konflik

This study aims to determine the effect of locus of control and professional commitment on auditor’s ethical behavior in conflict situations. This research was conducted at a public accounting firm (KAP) in Bali. The sample used in this study amounted to 40 and in its determination using simple random sampling technique. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis and data collection was done using a questionnaire. Based on the analysis, it was found that locus of control and professional commitment had a positive effect on auditors' ethical behavior in conflict situations. This shows that auditors who have self-confidence in their profession can behave ethically when making decisions in conflict situations.
 Keywords: Locus of Control; Professional Commitment; Auditor Behavior.

The use of interrogative sentences to influence the addressee's behaviour in conflict situations (on the material of English and German languages)

The use of interrogative sentences to influence the addressee's behaviour in conflict situations (on the material of English and German languages)