Analysis Of Behavior Research Articles

Incomplete dissolved behavior and mechanical analysis of SnAgCu-SnBi composite solder structures for high-reliable package-on-package techniques

Due to the development of advanced packaging technology such as Package on Package (POP), traditional Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder can no longer meet the demand. Utilizing the differences in temperature and performance of various solder materials to create composite structures for soldering is an effective method to achieve PoP interconnection. In this research, the microstructure of the interface between SAC305 and liquid in the incomplete dissolved solider ball was observed, and the grain orientation after solidification was analyzed. In addition, the effect of SnBi ratios on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SAC305-SnBi composite solder balls, and the fracture mechanism was analyzed according to the fracture morphology. The results show that according to Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis, the grain size of Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi is small, and the orientation tends to be the same. With the rise in SnBi content, the eutectic structure in the solder ball exhibited a progressive increase and the IMC at the interface gradually changed from uneven rod-like structure to more uniform scallop-like structure. When the weight fraction of SnBi is 66.7%, the shear strength researches a maximum value of 62.2 MPa. As the SnBi content increases, there is an observable shift in the fracture location from the IMC to the solder.

Behavioral events and functional analysis of bursicon signal during adult eclosion in the 28-spotted larger potato ladybird

To accommodate growth, insects must periodically shed their exoskeletons. In Manduca sexta, Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum, Bursicon (Burs)/ Partner of bursicon (Pburs)-LGR2 signal is an indispensable component for the proper execution of ecdysis behavior during adult eclosion. Nevertheless, the behavioral events and the roles of bursicon signaling in other insects deserve further exploration. In the current paper, we found that the pupal-adult ecdysis in Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata could be divided into three distinct stages, preecdysis, ecdysis and postecdysis. Preecdysis behavioral sequences included abdomen twitches, dorsal-ventral contractions and air filling that function to loosen the old cuticle. Ecdysis events began with anterior-posterior contractions that gradually split the old integument along the dorsal body midline, followed by freeing of legs and mouthparts, and culminated in detachment from pupal cuticle. Postecdysis behavioral processes contained three actions: perch selection and stretching of elytra and hindwings. RNA interference for HvBurs, HvPburs or Hvrk (encoding LGR2) strongly impaired wing expansion actions, and slightly influenced preecdysis and ecdysis behaviors. The RNAi beetles failed to extend their elytra and hindwings. In addition, injected with dsrk also caused kinked femurs and tibia. Our findings establish that bursicon pathway is involved in regulation of adult eclosion behavior, especially wing expansion motor programs. Given that wings facilitate food foraging, courtship, predator avoidance, dispersal and migration, our results provide a potential target for controlling H. vigintioctomaculata.

Method level static source code analysis on behavioral change impact analysis in software regression testing

Though a myriad of changes take place in a software system during maintenance, behavioral changes carry the bulk of the reasons of software modifications. In assessing the impact of the changes made in software, static source code analysis plays a key role. However, static source code analysis can be a little complex depending on the reason for the expedition. Despite the work done so far, little focus has been made on the potential of changed methods analysis during static source code analysis in assessing the impact of the changes made in a software system. We propose and investigate a static source code analysis technique that would generate information on the modified methods in the source code. This study analyzes four aThough a myriad of changes take place in a software system during maintenance, behavioral changes carry the bulk of the reasons for software modifications. In assessing the impact of the changes made in the software, static source code analysis can be a little complex depending on the reason for the expedition. Despite the works done so far, little focus has been directed on the potential of changed methods during static source code analysis, in assessing the impact of the changes made in software. This study investigates a method-level static source code analysis technique that would generate information on the methods affected by changes made in the software. The work analyzed three Java projects. The results indicate an improvement in leveraging on the knowledge of edited methods in change impact assessment during regression testing. The approach enhances code review efforts in light of assessing operational behavior impacted by the changes made.Java projects and shows that an analysis of the changed methods reveals the level of regression testing that ought to be conducted for the changes made.

Supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) membrane with ultra-high hydrogen permeability for hydrogen purification: Microstructural design of JLU-SOF2

Simulating results showed that JLU-SOF2 has ultra-high hydrogen permeability (0.696 × 106 GPU) but low selectivity (7.46). Given the good structural designability of JLU-SOF2, it is valuable to develop the structure design of JLU-SOF2 for on-site hydrogen purification to improve selectivity and maintain high H2 permeability. In this study, the functional groups of JLU-SOF2 were modified to construct 13 membrane materials containing functional groups of different lengths. The effect of membrane materials modified with each functional group on hydrogen permeability and selectivity in mixed gases (CO2, CO, and H2) was investigated from a microscopic point of view utilizing molecular simulations. Results showed that all 13 functional groups could improve the gas selectivity, especially the -SO3H, -OCH3, and -CH2NH2 modified JLU-SOF2 membrane materials, which can 100 % intercept CO2 and CO and maintain an excellent H2 permeability (0.54 × 106GPU), which exceeded the industry standard by nearly 105 times. Molecular motion behavior analysis showed that stretching direction and length of functional groups are the key factors leading to different membrane pore sizes and play a crucial role in affecting gas transport.

A Comparison Study on Detailed Strengthening mechanism analysis on micro structure and mechanical properties of 3 phases FGM Material with vibrational behavior analysis is fabricated using WAAM process and traditional method

Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques implement the surface thickness accumulating through the support of CAD/CAM model for improving the 3D (three dimensional) products. Metal Additive Manufacturing provides design versatility as well as the freedom in fabricating the materials. The preparation technology of the metal composites integrates pressure leaching, agitation casting, powder metallurgy and friction stirring. The strengthening mechanism of the metal composites comprises of ceramic particle, short fiber and whisker etc. The two common strengthening mechanism to attain the high performing material composite are ceramic particulate reinforced composites (CPRCs) and precipitation hardening (PH). Thus, the current study evaluates the strengthening mechanism of fabricated material along with vibrational behavior using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The study fabricated three functionally graded material. The FGM materials are SS316L, SS316L+Inconel 625 + Ti6Al4V and SS316L+Inconel 625 + Inconel 718. The three phase FGM material is annealed at 700⁰C, 900⁰C and 1200⁰C for 60min. Later, it have been air-cooled to the room temperature. The heating process strengthens the three phase FGM materials. The heating process of FGM material results in the precipitation which might not improve the mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the varied annealing temperature such as 900⁰C and 1200⁰C has enhanced the mechanical properties of the three phase FGM materials. As per the analysis, 60% SS316L+20% INCONEL 625+20% Ti6Al4V material has been completely broken whereas 60% SS316L+20% INCONEL 625+20% Inconel 718 has slight crack which show the increased strength of the material. The resonance frequency in conventional part is lower than the AM part. The resonance is oscillated with greater amplitude at certain frequencies. In damping, a higher resonance frequency is less vibrated in common frequencies. Thus, the study concludes that 60% SS316L+20% INCONEL 625+20% Ti6Al4V and 60% SS316L+20% INCONEL 625+20% Inconel 718 has significant strength compared to parent material SS316L. Moreover, AM has highest vibration behavior compared to the conventional manufacturing.

Appraising the structural and magnetic properties in template assisted neodymium based metal organic frameworks

This study demonstrates synthesis of two novel lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks, namely [{NdIII(5 N3-H2isa)2(H2O)2}(H2O)2}]∞ (1) and [{NdIII(5 N3-H2isa)2(H2O)2}(H2O)(1,2-PE)}]∞ (2), synthesized via solvothermal methods using 5-azidoisophthalic acid (5 N3-H2isa) and NdCl3. Both compounds were extensively characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as other physicochemical techniques such as IR, TGA, PXRD, and elemental analysis. Structural differences were observed in both compounds depending on the nature of the template molecule used. Compound 1 exhibits an infinite 2D architecture with lattice-occluded water molecules within the 2D layers. In contrast, compound 2, where 1-(-2-pyridyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (1,2-PE) was used as the template, shows replacement of interstitial water molecules by the template molecule, resulting in significant changes in overall pore topology which is further corroborated by BET analysis. These structural variations were further supported by magnetic behaviour analyses, indicating an antiferromagnetic behaviour for both compounds.

Measuring thermal contact resistance across solid and liquid interface mediums by thermal imaging technique: Applications on bearing steel

This study introduces a versatile method for measuring thermal contact resistance in bearing steel with solid–solid and liquid–solid interfaces using lock-in thermography (LIT) technique. The method relies on analyzing the lock-in thermal response across the layers of the bearing structure induced by periodic surface-laser heating. Thermal contact resistance is determined from the discontinuous behavior analysis of the thermal response at the solid–solid or liquid–solid contact interface, based on the resolved heat equation for the multilayered structure. The usability of the method is demonstrated through measurements conducted on a conventional bearing steel configuration, using air and lubricating oil as the interface mediums. Furthermore, the versatility of the method allows for investigating the impact of mechanical load on thermal contact resistance. This proposed approach represents an advanced tool for analyzing thermal contact resistance with applications beyond bearing steel to various multilayered materials. It has the potential to assist in enhancing thermal analysis, improving reliability, extending the lifetime, and reducing maintenance costs of different thermal engineering applications including bearings.

Behavior analysis of comb-drive actuators operating in near-zero-overlap configuration

Comb structures are widely used in micro-electromechanical systems as basic components of electrostatic actuators, capacitive sensors, resonators and energy harvesters. Typically, they are operated with a large overlap of the comb fingers, in the linear region. Here we study the behavior of comb-drive actuators during the displacement along the axis of the fingers in the unconventional regime where the fingers are slightly overlapping (around the width d of the fingers), which has recently gained attention in the MEMS community. In the intermediate region where the overlap approaches zero, fringing electric fields induce a non-linear variation of the capacitance, yielding a significant electrostatic force between the combs even without finger overlap with a maximum gradient occurring in this region. The comb capacitance variation with overlap was calculated using analytical and FEM modeling and confirmed with experimental results. We explored the implications of this condition in both static and dynamic modes, highlighting the effect of spring softening arising from the second derivative of the capacitance. These findings introduce new operational possibilities for actuators and sensors and substantial tunability in frequency for resonators.

All-organic nanocomposite with strong photo-pyroelectric response and its application in retinal prosthesis

In patients with retinal degenerative diseases, vision restoration is feasible through implanted artificial retinal prostheses to stimulate surviving neurons. Photoelectric composites based on ferroelectric polymers have been attempted to construct retinal prostheses. However, these materials normally have a low photoelectric response and a narrow response wavelength range. Here, we synthesize conjugated poly-Schiff base nanoparticles with ultra-small size, and the nanocomposites of the nanoparticles and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) ferroelectric polymer generate a high photoelectric response (maximum peak-to-peak voltage > 90V) under visible and near-infrared light. This flexible all-organic nanocomposite has good biocompatibility and can establish effective signal transduction with neuron cells. We explored the use of composites to construct ferroelectric retinal prostheses. Electrophysiological tests and animal behavior analysis have preliminary shown that implanted retinal prostheses can restore the visible light sensitivity of blind rats and further endow them with the ability to perceive infrared light, demonstrating their potential application in bioelectronics. This work presents a novel all-organic ferroelectric polymer composite with flexibility, biocompatibility, and excellent photoelectric response that can be used for artificial retinal prostheses.The nanocomposite composed of ultra-small conjugated nanoparticles and ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) exhibits excellent photo-pyroelectric response under visible and infrared light, with a peak-to-peak voltage exceeding 90V. The ultra-thin retinal prostheses (~ 20µm) constructed from this nanocomposite can directly stimulate nerve cells, effectively restore the visual function of blind rats, and endow them with infrared light sensitivity.

Short-term high fat diet impairs memory, exacerbates the neuroimmune response, and evokes synaptic degradation via a complement-dependent mechanism in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by profound memory impairments, synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and hallmark pathological markers. High-fat diet (HFD) consumption increases the risk of developing AD even after controlling for metabolic syndrome, pointing to a role of the diet itself in increasing risk. In AD, the complement system, an arm of the immune system which normally tags redundant or damaged synapses for pruning, becomes pathologically overactivated leading to tagging of healthy synapses. While the unhealthy diet to AD link is strong, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood in part due to confounding variables associated with long-term HFD which can independently influence the brain. Therefore, we experimented with a short-term diet regimen to isolate the diet’s impact on brain function without causing obesity. This project investigated the effect of short-term HFD on 1) memory, 2) neuroinflammation including complement, 3) AD pathology markers, 4) synaptic markers, and 5) in vitro microglial synaptic phagocytosis in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Following the consumption of either standard chow or HFD, 3xTg-AD and non-Tg mice were tested for memory impairments. In a separate cohort of mice, levels of hippocampal inflammatory markers, complement proteins, AD pathology markers, and synaptic markers were measured. For the last set of experiments, BV2 microglial phagocytosis of synapses was evaluated. Synaptoneurosomes isolated from the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice fed chow or HFD were incubated with equal numbers of BV2 microglia. The number of BV2 microglia that phagocytosed synaptoneurosomes was tracked over time with a live-cell imaging assay. Finally, we incubated BV2 microglia with a complement receptor inhibitor (NIF) and repeated the assay. Behavioral analysis showed 3xTg-AD mice had significantly impaired long-term contextual and cued fear memory compared to non-Tg mice that was further impaired by HFD. HFD significantly increased inflammatory markers and complement expression while decreasing synaptic marker expression only in 3xTg-AD mice without altering AD pathology markers. Synaptoneurosomes from HFD-fed 3xTg-AD mice were phagocytosed at a significantly higher rate than those from chow-fed mice, suggesting the synapses were altered by HFD. The complement receptor inhibitor blocked this effect in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the HFD-mediated increase in phagocytosis was complement dependent. This study indicates HFD consumption increases neuroinflammation and over-activates the complement cascade in 3xTg-AD mice, resulting in poorer memory. The in vitro data point to complement as a potential mechanistic culprit and therapeutic target underlying HFD’s influence in increasing cognitive vulnerability to AD.

Hypomyelinated vps16 Mutant Zebrafish Exhibit Systemic and Neurodevelopmental Pathologies.

Homotypic Fusion and Protein Sorting (HOPS) and Class C-core Vacuole/Endosome Tethering (CORVET) complexes regulate the correct fusion of endolysosomal bodies. Mutations in core proteins (VPS11, VPS16, VPS18, and VPS33) have been linked with multiple neurological disorders, including mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), genetic leukoencephalopathy (gLE), and dystonia. Mutations in human Vacuolar Protein Sorting 16 (VPS16) have been associated with MPS and dystonia. In this study, we generated and characterized a zebrafish vps16(-/-) mutant line using immunohistochemical and behavioral approaches. The loss of Vps16 function caused multiple systemic defects, hypomyelination, and increased neuronal cell death. Behavioral analysis showed a progressive loss of visuomotor response and reduced motor response and habituation to acoustic/tap stimuli in mutants. Finally, using a novel multiple-round acoustic/tap stimuli test, mutants showed intermediate memory deficits. Together, these data demonstrate that zebrafish vps16(-/-) mutants show systemic defects, neurological and motor system pathologies, and cognitive impairment. This is the first study to report behavior abnormalities and memory deficiencies in a zebrafish vps16(-/-) mutant line. Finally, we conclude that the deficits observed in vps16(-/-) zebrafish mutants do not mimic pathologies associated with dystonia, but more align to abnormalities associated with MPS and gLE.

Double vision: 2D and 3D mosquito trajectories can be as valuable for behaviour analysis via machine learning

BackgroundMosquitoes are carriers of tropical diseases, thus demanding a comprehensive understanding of their behaviour to devise effective disease control strategies. In this article we show that machine learning can provide a performance assessment of 2D and 3D machine vision techniques and thereby guide entomologists towards appropriate experimental approaches for behaviour assessment. Behaviours are best characterised via tracking—giving a full time series of information. However, tracking systems vary in complexity. Single-camera imaging yields two-component position data which generally are a function of all three orthogonal components due to perspective; however, a telecentric imaging setup gives constant magnification with respect to depth and thereby measures two orthogonal position components. Multi-camera or holographic techniques quantify all three components.MethodsIn this study a 3D mosquito mating swarm dataset was used to generate equivalent 2D data via telecentric imaging and a single camera at various imaging distances. The performance of the tracking systems was assessed through an established machine learning classifier that differentiates male and non-male mosquito tracks. SHAPs analysis has been used to explore the trajectory feature values for each model.ResultsThe results reveal that both telecentric and single-camera models, when placed at large distances from the flying mosquitoes, can produce equivalent accuracy from a classifier as well as preserve characteristic features without resorting to more complex 3D tracking techniques.ConclusionsCaution should be exercised when employing a single camera at short distances as classifier balanced accuracy is reduced compared to that from 3D or telecentric imaging; the trajectory features also deviate compared to those from the other datasets. It is postulated that measurement of two orthogonal motion components is necessary to optimise the accuracy of machine learning classifiers based on trajectory data. The study increases the evidence base for using machine learning to determine behaviours from insect trajectory data.Graphical

Nonlinear behavioral analysis of diode model using Volterra series

Nonlinear behavioral analysis of diode model using Volterra series

Approaches and Strategies in Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The main goal of applied behaviour analysis is to increase behaviours that are positive and helpful and decrease behaviours that affect learning negatively or are harmful. Behaviour analysis has been studied and used for decades and it has been shown that its methods can help many kinds of learners gain different skills. Therapists have been using applied behaviour analysis to help children with autism spectrum disorder and other related developmental disorders for a long time. Applied behaviour analysis can be adapted to meet the needs of each child and also be provided in different environments like school, home, and community. It can involve one-to-one teaching or group instruction and is effective at teaching skills useful in everyday life. In this paper, firstly approaches and strategies used to implement applied behaviour analysis on children with autism spectrum disorder are presented. Then, challenges related to these and emerging opportunities and software applications serving for applied behaviour analysis are reviewed. Finally, future research directions are presented.

Analysis of Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in Game-Based Learning Using Ordered Network Analysis

Analysis of Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in Game-Based Learning Using Ordered Network Analysis

Experimental analysis of low-velocity impact behaviour on flax-balsa biobased sandwich

This article deals with a detailed experimental study dedicated to the evaluation of the overall mechanical behaviour of a bio-based composite structure used in transportation industries. The sandwich structure is designed to increase the lightening, vibration damping, and composite recyclability. The considered materials consist of a Flax/Elium® laminate composite for skins associated with a balsa core. The sandwich structure was obtained using a one-shot liquid resin infusion process. Low-velocity impact tests were carried out on different sandwich configurations with the aim of characterizing the effects of the stacking sequence and the density and thickness of the core. Furthermore, an experimental comparative analysis was conducted involving two composite laminate types: Glass/Elium and Flax/Elium to enhance the specific behaviour of flax fibre composite to be used as skins in the sandwich structures. The impact tests were carried out at low velocities and at different levels of impact energy using a drop-weight test bench. Notable damage mechanisms have been identified, and a chronological sequence of their development has been suggested. Ultrasonic analyses using C-Scan imaging were applied to the opposite side of the impacted specimen. The research proves the efficient energy-absorbing capability of the biobased sandwich structure during impact. Finally, this study enables a deeper understanding of various parameters that influence the behaviour of sandwiches during low-velocity impacts, thereby facilitating more informed material selection for practical applications.

Perilaku Hand Hygiene dalam Pencegahan Covid-19 pada Perawat

Health workers are on the front line, especially as nurses who are always next to patients 1 x 24 hours. We must take precautions by means of hand hygiene before and after carrying out nursing care, where the COVID-19 outbreak is spreading very quickly resulting in an increase in the number of patients in the whole world. To reduce and prevent the transmission of this virus, we as nurses in providing nursing care must carry out hand hygiene and comply with WHO's 5 moments of hand hygiene, namely before touching a patient, before a clean or aseptic procedure, after exposure to or risk of body fluids. This study aims to determine the analysis of hand hygiene behavior in preventing COVID-19 among nurses at the Labuang Baji Regional General Hospital, Makassar City. The research design used is a quantitative research design with a crosssectional approach. The sample determination was carried out using a random sampling research method with a sample size of 83 respondents. The relationship test was carried out using the chi-square statistical test with a significance level (ρ) ≤ 0.05. The research results showed that the level of knowledge of nurses in the good category was 27 people (32.5%); the attitude of nurses in the positive category was 59 people (71.1%); there is no relationship between knowledge and hand hygiene behavior (p=0.786); and there is no relationship between attitude and hand hygiene behavior (p=0.372). The conclusion of this research is that there is no influence of nurses' knowledge and attitudes about hand hygiene on COVID-19 prevention measures at the Labuang Baji Regional General Hospital, Makassar City. It is recommended for future researchers to improve the implementation of hand hygiene among nurses in the motivation and work of PPI.

Online Room Booking System for HotelVilla18

ABSTRACT: The hospitality industry has undergone a significant transformation with the advent of online booking platforms, reshaping the way travelers search for and book hotel accommodations. This research paper investigates the role of hotel booking web development in enhancing user experience and business efficiency within the hospitality sector. The study focuses on evaluating the user interface, usability, real-time availability, pricing transparency, secure payment processing, and booking management systems of hotel booking websites or applications. A mixed-method approach is employed, combining quantitative analysis of user behavior and system performance metrics with qualitative insights from user surveys, interviews with industry experts, and case studies of successful booking platforms. The findings contribute to understanding best practices, user preferences, technological advancements, and business strategies in hotel booking web development. The outcomes of this study are valuable for hoteliers, web developers, policymakers, and researchers aiming to optimize the online booking experience, drive customer satisfaction, and achieve business success in the digital era. Keywords– Online Room Booking, Hotel Reservation System, Instant Hotel Booking, Secure Hotel Booking.

FEATURES OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT AND FACTORS INFLUENCING IT / ՍՊԱՌՈՂԻ ՎԱՐՔԱԳԾԻ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ ԹՎԱՅԻՆ ՄԻՋԱՎԱՅՐՈՒՄ ԵՎ ԴՐԱ ՎՐԱ ԱԶԴՈՂ ԳՈՐԾՈՆՆԵՐԸ

Consumer behavior is one of the most important economic issues and is constantly in the focus of attention of researchers. In the current period of development of society, when large-scale digitalization processes are taking place and the transition to various economic transactions and transactions in the digital environment is underway, consumer behavior is also undergoing changes, and there is a need to study what influences and what changes consumer behavior is undergoing. This article discusses the analysis of consumer behavior in the digital environment, and with the help of research conducted as part of a focus group of surveys, we tried to understand which behavior is most demonstrated by consumers representing different generations, and what, in particular, they are guided by when making decisions.

An Analysis of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and its Impact on Employee Well-being and Task Performance among Library Employees

Employees at the library have opinions about things like equality, processes, and how people should act around each other at work. Library workers are more likely to show organizational dedication, do their jobs, take on extra tasks, and be happy with their jobs when they think the workplace is fair. According to an Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) study, library workers who feel unfairly treated are likelier to do bad things like not doing their jobs or trying to get something they do not deserve. To find out what makes library management work, a poll is given to librarians and the library management system to see how well organizational backing, Employee Well-Being (EWB), work liberty, Task Performance (TP), job expectations, and job stress are met. The results show that library management can be improved by giving workers more useful comments on their work and improving how they feel about the organization's help and their level of freedom. Executives make their workplaces more fair using methods focusing on library support, autonomy, and assessment. These methods aim to minimize views of inequality among workers