Related Behaviors Research Articles

Polymorphism in 5-methylsalicylic acid: Insights into relative thermal behavior, luminescent properties, crystal structure, and Hirshfeld surface analysis

Polymorphs play an important role in mediating the physical and chemical properties of compounds. Three polymorphs were obtained from different solvents used in crystallization. A new polymorph of 5-methylsalicylic acid (γ-MSA) were obtained from acetic acid. The polymorphs α-MSA and β-MSA crystallized from water, and the mixed solvent containing methanol and water, respectively. The novel morphology of γ-MSA has been characterized by single–crystal X–ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy data, and powder X-ray diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that γ-MSA belongs to the monoclinic system with the P21/c space group. The parameters are listed as the following: a = 7.2795(5) Å, b = 15.2560(7) Å, c = 6.7170(4) Å, β=100.834(7)°, V = 762.83(8) Å3. In the novel polymorphic structure, classical hydrogen bonds of O–H···O can be obviously observed, through which a supramolecular architecture will be generated. Apart from the classical hydrogen bonds, the weak hydrogen bonds of C–H⋯O can be only found in form γ-MSA. The luminescent maximal are 394, 398 and 406 nm for α-MSA,β-MSA and γ-MSA, respectively. The order of the luminescent maximal peaks is listed as the following: α<β<γ. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis results reveal that the order of the stacking interactions and the dihedral angles occurred between the carboxylic group and phenyl ring presents the following: α<β<γ. The Hirshfeld analysis further confirms that there exists the same sequence of the C···H intercontacts in α-, β- and γ-polymorphs. The contribution of the H···O/O···H close contacts in γ-MSA is the largest among these polymorphs, being confirmed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) data, which is in a good agreement with that of melting point. On the basis of analysis of DSC data and the fusion rules, the enthalpies (ΔH) and entropies (ΔS) can be estimated to be 29.5 kJ mol-1 and 69.4 J K-1 mol-1 for α; 31.1 kJ mol-1 and 72.8 J K-1 mol-1 for β, and 35.4 kJ mol-1 and 74.5 J K-1 mol-1 for γ), and these polymorphs are monotropically related. The sequences of melting point, enthalpies and entropies can be proposed: α<β<γ.

A systematic review of predictors of vaping cessation among young people.

Understanding the factors influencing vaping cessation among young people is crucial for targeted interventions. This review aimed to summarize the individual and environmental factors that predict vaping cessation related behaviours in the young population. We systematically searched five databases for studies investigating predictors of vaping cessation behaviours among young people aged 10-35 years. Studies that examined predictors of cessation of cigarettes, other tobacco products, cannabis vaping, and studies evaluating efficacy of cessation interventions were excluded. Quality in Prognosis Studies tool was used to assess risk of bias. We found 24 studies analyzing predictors of intention to quit vaping (n=15), quit attempts (n=11), and vaping abstinence (n=7). Most studies had low risk of bias, except for study attrition. We identified 107 predictors and grouped them into 'probable', 'possible', 'insufficient evidence', 'probably unrelated', and 'inconsistent direction' categories. For 'probable' predictors, we found 11 for intention to quit, 8 for quit attempts and 5 for vaping abstinence. Overall, harm perception of vaping, current other tobacco products use, frequency of use, and level of nicotine dependence were common 'probable' predictors across three outcomes, with low harm perception of vaping, dual use, and poly tobacco use associated with decreased intention to quit and quit attempts in younger population (~10-19 years). Predictive modelling studies investigating vaping cessation related behaviours among young people is still limited. Future research should specifically study the natural history of vaping in youth in different jurisdictions, populations, and age groups to expand our knowledge on this area. We identified and categorized predictors of intention to quit vaping, quit attempts, and vaping abstinence among young people. While the 'probable' predictors can inform public health and policymakers to plan targeted vaping cessation programs for high-risk populations, raising public harm perception of vaping and encouraging to quit other tobacco products might increase intention to quit and quit attempts among younger population. However, the 'possible', 'insufficient evidence' and 'inconsistent direction' predictors needs further testing by future prospective longitudinal research. Additionally, we emphasized the significance of appropriate study designs, conducting research across various jurisdictions, and different population groups to obtain comprehensive insights.

A healthy lifestyle persuasive design model based on behavioral analysis

In real life, people are often affected by personal, environmental and other conditions, and cannot maintain a healthy life well. In order to explore the reasons behind these behaviors, this paper discusses how to help people form a healthy lifestyle from the perspective of persuasive design, this paper starts with the analysis of people's health related behavior theories, and through the three steps of literature review, questionnaire and follow-up survey. Through in-depth analysis, points out that the factors affecting healthy lifestyle are composed of three parts: the factors that influence behavior, motivation for the behavior and environment support, these factors can be divided into controllable factors and uncontrollable factors, the controllable factors can be interfered with and changed through scientific persuasive process. Then, based on the three elements of Fogg Behavioral Model, the persuasive process and the persuasive strategies in the design were deeply studied, the persuasive process and the behavior change process were combined, the correlation between the two was found, and the persuasive strategies should be adopted in the four stages of motivation, preparation, action, and maintenance were proposed. Finally, build a persuasive model of a healthy lifestyle. This model points out the four stages and influencing factors of the formation of a healthy lifestyle, provides design strategies for each stage, and provides targeted guidance and suggestions for designers.

Longitudinal sex-specific impacts of high-fat diet on dopaminergic dysregulation and behavior from periadolescence to late adulthood

ABSTRACT Objectives: Obesity is recognized for its adverse impact on brain health and related behaviors; however, the specific longitudinal effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) from juvenile stages of development through late adulthood remain poorly understood, particularly sex-specific outcomes. This study aimed to determine how prolonged exposure to HFD, commencing during periadolescence, would differentially predispose male and female mice to an elevated risk of dopaminergic dysregulation and associated behavioral deficits. Methods: One-month-old C57BL/6J male and female mice were subjected to either a control diet or an HFD for 5 and 9 months. Muscle strength, motor skills, sensorimotor integration, and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed at the end of the 5th and 8th months. Key dopaminergic molecules, including dopamine (DA), dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), were quantified at the end of the 5th or 9th months. Results: Behaviorally, male mice exposed to HFD exhibited more pronounced alterations in sensorimotor integration, anxiety-like behavior, and muscle strength after the 5th month of dietary exposure. In contrast, female mice displayed most behavioral differences after the 8th month of HFD exposure. Physiologically, there were notable sex-specific variations in the dopaminergic pathway response to HFD. Male mice exposed to HFD exhibited elevated tissue levels of VMAT2 and DRD2, whereas female mice showed reduced levels of DRD2 and DAT compared to control groups. Discussion: These findings indicate a general trend of altered time course susceptibility in male mice to chronic HFD consumption compared to their female counterparts, with male mice impacted earlier than females.

TEACHERS INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR AND PARENTAL ENGAGEMENT IN RELATION TO THE STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether teachers’ interpersonal behavior and parental engagement in relation to the students' academic performance. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. Using total population sampling, 315 junior high school students were selected as respondents from one of the junior high school in New Bataan during the school year 2023-2024. Furthermore, this study employed two adapted survey questionnaires and the general average of the students during their third quarter; all validated to collect data and treated using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson-r. The findings showed that teachers’ interpersonal behavior and parental engagement among the students are very high, while their academic performance are very satisfactory. The results also revealed that teachers’ interpersonal behavior positively correlated with students’ academic performance and parental engagement negatively correlated with students’ academic performance. These results encourage teachers and parents to continue support and have a good relationship with the children to maintain a good academic performance of students. Furthermore, to improve the applicability of the results, it is imperative to carry out replication studies in various locales. This will validate the durability of these relationships beyond the present research setting and contribute to a more comprehensive comprehension of these issues. KEYWORDS: Teachers’ interpersonal behavior, parental engagement, student academic performance, junior high school students, descriptive-correlational design, pearson correlation coefficient, Davao de Oro, Philippines.

Health issues and related health-seeking behaviours of snakebite patients after hospital discharge: A cohort study from rural Sri Lanka

We aimed to assess the unresolved health issues experienced by a cohort of snakebite survivors and their health-seeking behaviours during the first three months after the snakebite. Patients from the Anuradhapura snakebite cohort admitted to the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, from July 2021 to June 2022 were recruited. Patients were interviewed over the telephone three weeks and three months post-bite to collect data on unresolved health problems post-discharge, patient's adherence to the review plan, newly experienced health issues, health-seeking behaviours and the effect on daily routine. Only snakebite survivors who could be contacted at both three weeks and three months were included. Of 710 eligible patients, 384 (54%) were contactable at both reviews. On discharge from the hospital, 248/384 (65%) had unresolved effects of the snakebite, including 224/384 (58%) who had local effects. The unresolved health problems were reported by patients bitten by H. hypnale (54%), D. russelii (23%), and unidentified snakes (19%). At three weeks and three months, 98/384 (26%) and 52/384 (14%) still had unresolved local effects of envenoming, respectively. Of 144/384 (38%) who were advised to attend review visits post-discharge, mostly to assess renal function, 118 (82%) complied. 112/384 (29%) patients reported self-motivated treatment seeking for unresolved effects of snakebite over the three months. Of them, 87 (78%) visited Sri Lankan indigenous medical practitioners. Patients missed a median of two working days (IQR: 2–4 days) post-discharge. 26 (6.7%) were unable to return to work at 3 weeks, and five patients at 3 months. In rural Sri Lanka, a significant number of viper bite patients leave hospital with mild persistent local effects, which commonly leads to them seeking further treatment. Despite that, almost all snakebite survivors had returned to work at three months post-bite.

Microplastic polyethylene induced inner ear dysfunction in murine model

While the hazardous effects of microplastics (MPs) are increasingly reported, it remains uncertain if MPs induce inner ear dysfunction. Nonetheless, prevalence of inner ear dysfunction was observed across all age groups. In this study, we investigated whether MP polyethylene affect inner ear function in a murine model. To detect hearing loss and balance defect after polyethylene (PE) exposure, we evaluated hearing threshold levels, assessed cerebral glucose metabolism, conducted transcriptome analysis, and performed behavioral studies. C57BL/6 J mice (5-week-old) were grouped into control (n = 10) and PE-fed groups (n = 10). Mice were orally administered 100 ppm/100 μL (equivalent to 10 μg) of PE every day for 4 months. We identified the accumulation of PE in the cochlea and vestibular region. The fragmented PE in inner ear was 3.00 ± 0.38 µm in size; the administered PE concentration was 1.14 ± 1.06 mg/g. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry confirmed that the properties of the MP were identical with those of PE fed to the mice. Transcriptomic analysis showed up-regulation of PER1, NR4A3 and CEBPB at the PE exposed inner ear tissue and it was confirmed using qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. We observed abnormalities in balance related behavior assessment in the PE group. Exposure to PE increased the hearing thresholds and decreased glucose metabolism in the bilateral lateral entorhinal cortex, right primary auditory cortex, and right secondary auditory cortex. We can conclude that PE exposure induced inner ear dysfunction such as hearing loss and balance disorder.

Caregiver-Youth Communication Patterns and Sexual and Reproductive Health Among American Indian Youth.

Improving communication between American Indian caregivers and their youth has been suggested as an Indigenous-forward strategy to help alleviate the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) disparities faced by American Indian youth as a result of the legacy of colonial violence against American Indian communities. Studies with non-American Indian and American Indian populations suggest that effective communication about SRH between parents and youth plays a role in reducing sexual risk behaviors among youth. There is limited research that examines youth sexual risk behaviors in relation to communication patterns separately assessed in caregivers and youth. The current study aimed to examine the association between caregiver-youth communication patterns and engagement in sex, age at sexual debut, and condom use among American Indian youth in the United States. The study draws on baseline caregiver and youth data collected fromNen ŨnkUmbi/EdaHiYedo, astepped wedge design trial with American Indian youth living on the Fort Peck Reservation in Montana. 113 caregiver responses were matched to 145 youth for the current study. Caregiver-youth communication patterns were examined in relation to youth engagement in sex, age at sexual debut, and number of protected acts of vaginal and/oranal sex. Multivariable models were used to adjust for confounders and to examine relationships between caregiver-youth communication and youth sexual risk outcomes. An increase in overall level of self-reported youthcommunication with caregivers about sexual and reproductive health topics was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of youth ever having engaged in sex. A significant interaction effect between youth communication and convergence with caregiver response was observed for the number of protected acts of vaginal and/or anal sex, where caregiver communication (regardless of self-reportedyouth communication with caregivers) was associated with a greater number of protected sex acts. This study fills a gap in the extant literature by reporting on relationships between communication about SRH, assessed separately in caregivers and youth, and youth sexual risk behaviors. Findings emphasize the importance of involving American Indian caregivers in SRH interventions to improve SRH outcomes among American Indian youth, and inform future experimental research that will evaluate how changes in caregiver communication potentially impact youth SRH.

Remote work and location preferences: a study of post-pandemic trends in Italy

This study investigates how working remotely, by reducing workplace commuting, weakens the limitations connected to residential mobility and enables Tiebout sorting. We focus on the Italian context, where a strong culture of in-person workplace attendance limits workers’ ability to live farther from their workplace. We leverage the natural experiment of COVID-19 containment measures to shed light on the spatial implications of an increased remote work adoption. We overcome the unavailability of official data by collecting primary data in early 2022 through an original survey of our design on a sample of workers in 12 metropolitan areas. To address the challenges of analyzing the phenomenon in a still-developing context, we ask questions on both their actual and intended moving behavior in relation to remote work availability. Using a case–control study design, we find significant evidence that expecting to work remotely more frequently in the long term increases the likelihood of being interested in moving, or having done so already since the pandemic outbreak.

A comprehensive measure assessing different types of problematic use of the internet among Chinese adolescents: The Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11)

BackgroundProblematic use of the internet (PUI) is prevalent, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Given the limited measures to assess specific types of PUI, which encompasses a broad spectrum of activities such as online gaming, social media use, pornography use, shopping, gambling, and web-streaming, Muller et al. (2022) developed the Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11) to comprehensively assess different types of PUI (i.e., gaming, shopping, social media use, gambling, and pornography use). The present study aimed to validate the Chinese ACSID-11 among adolescents incorporating cross-cultural adaptations. MethodsUsing forward-backward translation method, a culturally adapted version of the ACSID-11 was prepared. Then, a cross-sectional online survey was administered between September 8 and September 26, 2023. Adolescents, using a convenience sample (N = 11,492; mean age = 16.42 years [SD ± 0.91]; 59.1% male), were recruited from six schools to complete the translated ACSID-11, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and Smartphone Application Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) via an online platform. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed convergent/discriminant validity. Factor structure and measurement invariance were examined through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multi-group CFA. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega tested internal consistency. ResultsAssociations between the ACSID-11 components and other scales supported convergent validity (i.e., ACSID-11 gaming scale with IGDS9-SF [0.37 ≤ r ≤ 0.41]; social networks use scale with BSMAS [0.24 ≤ r ≤ 0.31]) and discriminant validity (i.e., online gambling scale with BSMAS [0.16 ≤ r ≤ 0.19] and with SABAS [0.11 ≤ r ≤ 0.13]). A four-factor solution indicated good fit with comparative fit index (CFI) ranging from 0.982 to 0.958. The ACSID-11 was measurement invariant across sexes (∆CFI = -0.001 to 0.000) and different levels of related addictive behaviors (∆CFI = -0.001 to 0.000). Both Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega (0.63 to 0.97) were acceptable for both frequency and intensity of responses. ConclusionsThe ACSID-11 is an appropriate scale to assess different kinds of PUI among Chinese adolescents and students. Psychometric assessment of the measure in other cultures and among clinical samples is recommended.

A fuzzy approach to determining antecedents to green cosmetic consumption in India

PurposeHeightened public concerns for the global environment due to human overexploitation have given rise to many green product initiatives by businesses. Green cosmetics (GC) are products developed and marketed based on ecological sustainability and have shown increasing consumer appeal worldwide. The current research investigates the antecedents of green cosmetics consumption among Indian GC users, hitherto un-investigated comprehensively.Design/methodology/approachThe study is a cross-sectional pairwise comparison of green evaluation criteria for cosmetics using an expert panel of thirty Indian cosmetic users using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) and investigate the impact of a comprehensive list of antecedents on the multi-criteria category consumption decision.FindingsThe study results indicate that perceived consumer effectiveness is the most critical factor for green cosmetics consumption in India, followed by brand trust, behavioural control, and environmental effectiveness. The least important factors are price and social norms.Research limitations/implicationsAs the GC category is at nascent stage in India the investigation is limited to the GC category innovators – a set of people high in intellectual and financial resources. The study is also limited to women users as the male cosmetic market in the country is still very small.Practical implicationsThe study results can help marketers in designing and implementing GC related marketing strategies to deliver higher customer value to the target segment. Academicians can use the study results for better prediction of category related behaviour of consumers.Social implicationsThe study results will help promote GC category adoption and usage which can benefit the environment and consumer health.Originality/valueThe study contributes to literature and practice by assessing a comprehensive set of critical antecedents to GC adoption using a novel approach of F-AHP and an expert user panel. The study results offer insights to marketers that can be used to develop suitable strategies to convert non-GC users into GCs in India and similar markets, improving category penetration and benefitting marketers, retailers, users, and the environment.

Influence of Sociodemographic and Social Variables on the Relationship between Formal Years of Education and Time Spent on the Internet

This study aims to validate the impact of sociodemographic factors and differentiate the influence of social variables on the correlation between the number of years of formal education an individual has and the time they allocate to internet usage. To achieve this, we utilized a publicly available database, extracting relevant indicators for our investigation. Subsequently, we conducted analyses involving associations, regressions, and moderations among the variables under scrutiny. The results revealed statistically significant variations in daily internet usage time across different countries, residences, age groups, educational levels, and marital statuses. Factors such as living in an urban or suburban environment, being in the youth demographic, possessing a higher education, maintaining single status, having an extensive social network, holding a negative perception of health, lacking home internet access but having access at work and on the go, along with the facilitation of online communication and remote work, collectively explain the variance in daily internet usage time. The relationship between the number of years of education and the duration of internet usage is moderated by sociodemographic variables (gender, age, and marital status) as well as social variables (locations of internet usage and social contacts). These findings enable us to identify a user profile at a higher risk of developing problematic behavior in relation to internet usage, as indicated by the time invested.

Temperature dependence of the friction and wear behavior of pure tungsten

In this work, the friction and wear characteristics of rolled pure tungsten were investigated by using atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization techniques. A ductile to brittle transition (DBT) related frictional wear behaviors have been discovered. The results indicated that the coefficient of friction maintains an almost constant value of 0.45 at low temperatures (≤ 400 °C), whereas it consistently decreases at 600 °C due to the generation of a surface oxide. The wear rate varies with temperatures and reaches a maximum at 200 °C due to the transition of the tungsten matrix from brittleness to pseudoplasticity, which leads to severe adhesive wear and large mass loss. In addition, the evolution of sub-grains underneath the friction layer and Vickers microhardness were evaluated as well. This work provides insight into understanding the relationship between temperatures, microstructure and the frictional properties of tungsten materials, and thus provides guidance for improving frictional wear behaviors in tungsten materials.

Sociodemographic Factors, Health-Risk Behaviors, and Chronic Conditions Are Associated with a High Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms: Findings from the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5

Depression is a significant public health challenge. However, limited research exists regarding the risk of sociodemographic factors, health-risk behavior, and chronic conditions in relation to the development of depression in Indonesia. This study assesses the prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults, and identifies its potential associations with sociodemographic factors, health-risk behaviors, and chronic conditions. A national cross-sectional population-based survey was performed, using the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5), to assess depressive symptoms in respondents aged 15 years and older. Depression was evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, and potential associations with sociodemographic factors, health-risk behaviors, and chronic conditions were examined using logistic regression analysis. The study revealed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, with the highest incidence observed in the age group of 25–34 years. Factors such as unmarried status, younger age, good physical activity, and having chronic conditions showed associations with depression. These findings have implications for developing public mental health strategies to reduce the prevalence of depression in Indonesia.

Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus diet and hunting habitat selection in the breeding season: implications for lowland breeding waders

ABSTRACT Capsule A temporal mismatch between peak Marsh Harrier hunting activity and wader chick availability means that in most years waders contribute a negligible component of Marsh Harrier breeding season diet when nesting adjacent to lowland grassland, despite a spatial overlap in their habitat use. Aims To examine the potential for conservation conflict with breeding waders by assessing spatio-temporal patterns in Marsh Harrier hunting activity and examining historical and recent data on Marsh Harrier breeding season diet. Methods We monitored Marsh Harrier hunting behaviour in relation to time-in-season and habitat characteristics, and examined nest hatching records of Marsh Harrier and wader nests (Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, Common Redshank Tringa totanus, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa) for evidence of temporal overlap between hunting peaks and predicted wader chick availability. We also recorded prey provisioning to Marsh Harrier broods using nest cameras (2013–2015) and combined this with Marsh Harrier diet studies across Europe from 1942 to 2016. Results Wader adults and chicks contributed only a small proportion (average 1.5%) to the diet of Marsh Harriers nesting adjacent to breeding wader habitats between 1942 and 2016. This was likely due to a temporal mismatch in the peak of harrier hunting and the predicted availability of wader chicks in most years, despite a spatial overlap in habitat use between wader chick-rearing and Marsh Harrier hunting. Conclusion Conservation conflict between breeding Marsh Harriers and waders on lowland grassland is likely to be minimal in most years, with little evidence of waders as harrier prey items. However, harrier hunting activity increases through the breeding season, driven by the timing of their nesting and chick-rearing, and hunting activity was highest over field centres, where waders breed, so later-nesting wader pairs are still at risk. Wader conservation strategies that encourage survival of early wader nests may therefore limit predation and conservation conflict with Marsh Harriers.

Exploring drivers of behavioral willingness to use clean energy to reduce environmental emissions in rural China: An extension of the UTAUT2 model

In the context of the dual-carbon target, the adoption of clean energy in rural areas is an important basis for achieving effective carbon reduction in rural areas. On the basis of the Unified Theory of Technology Acceptance and Use (UTAUT2), this study uses structural equation modeling to investigate the influencing factors of rural clean energy adoption behavior. The results are as follows: (1) Both the expected effect of rural clean energy's adoption and adoption behavior are positively correlated with intention to adopt rural clean energy, whereas the rest are negatively correlated. The willingness to adopt clean energy has the greatest impact on clean energy adoption behavior in rural areas. (2) The expected effect of clean energy's adoption, subjective norms related to clean energy's adoption, facilitation of clean energy adoption support, and habits related to clean energy adoption have partial mediating effects on the impact of clean energy adoption intention. The reliability of clean energy's adoption has a full mediating effect on the impact of clean energy adoption intention. The perceived value of clean energy adoption has no significant mediating effect on the intention to adopt clean energy. (3) Age has a significant moderating effect on perceived value, related behaviors, and intention related to adopting clean energy; education level has no significant moderating effects on facilitation support or intention to adopt clean energy; and region has no significant moderating effects on facilitation support or adoption intention.

Evaluation of incest cases in Sivas: Ten‐year retrospective study

AbstractAlthough incest is generally perceived as all kinds of verbal, non‐verbal, physical and visual sexual behaviour of family members and close relatives toward children, it is also a special type of sexual abuse defined as consensual sexual intercourse between close relatives or between minors who are legally prohibited from marrying. This study aimed to analyse the sociodemographic data, physical‐mental examination and laboratory findings of the incest cases. Incest cases among sexual abuse and sexual assault cases sent to Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital Forensic Medicine outpatient clinic for examination between 2012 and 2021 were evaluated. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the SPSS 23.0 program. P‐values below 0.05 were considered significant. The records of 61 incest victims were retrospectively analysed. The cases were examined in terms of age, gender, incident, perpetrator, type of abuse, examination findings and mental status. Fifty‐four (88.5%) of the incest victims were female, and the highest rate (n = 9, 14.8%) was 16 years old. Most of the victims were high school graduates (29%), 56% were in a nuclear family 57.4% of the assailants were family members, most of the case reports (73.8%) were made by the victim herself/himself, and the most common place of incident (70.3%) was the victim's home. In this study, the clinical, social and forensic outcomes of incest cases, which have many causes and tragic consequences, were investigated, and it was aimed to contribute to the solution of the problem by discussing the literature.

Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Warszawie z 15. 02. 2022 r., II AKa 363/20

The interpretation of the offense of breach of trust made in the published judgment refers to the examination of the impact of such elements in the manager’s behavior as ethics, purposefulness and, above all, the controversial nature of some of his decisions. This is the first such accurate opinion so far, affecting criminal liability. The court correctly separated the behaviors in relation to which one can have reasonable doubts as to the conduct of the company’s management, from the statutory description of the prohibited behavior. This description does not include such elements as ethics or the controversial nature of certain decisions, unless it leads to material damage, within the statutory limits of amounts. Therefore, the mere violation of them does not entail criminal liability

마스크 착용에 따른 흡연자의 주관적 구취 수준과 구강건강행태 현황

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the subjective changes in odor perception, oral health interest, and related behaviors among smokers before and after the widespread adoption of mask wearing. Methods: We analyzed a total of 207 responses from smokers aged 19 and older and conducted statistical analyses that included t-tests and chi-square tests. Results: The subjective perception of bad breath among smokers increased when the wearing of masks became a daily routine. In addition, smokers with an extended history of smoking reported higher subjective levels of bad breath and lower oral health compared to those with a shorter duration of smoking. Conclusions: Evidence-based educational and promotional materials should be developed to mitigate or prevent the levels of odor and oral dryness experienced by smokers before and after the regular use of masks.

Investigating 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone to combat maternal immune activation effects on offspring gene expression and behaviour

Infection during pregnancy is a substantial risk factor for the unborn child to develop autism or schizophrenia later in life, and is thought to be driven by maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA can be modelled by exposing pregnant mice to Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly-I:C), a viral mimetic that induces an immune response and recapitulates in the offspring many neurochemical features of ASD and schizophrenia, including altered BDNF-TrkB signalling and disruptions to excitatory/inhibitory balance. Therefore, we hypothesised that a BDNF mimetic, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), administered prophylactically to the dam may prevent the neurobehavioural sequelae of disruptions induced by MIA. Dams were treated with 7,8-DHF in the drinking water (0.08 mg/ML) from gestational day (GD) 9–20 and were exposed to Poly-I:C at GD17 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Foetal brains were collected 6 h post Poly-I:C exposure for RT-qPCR analysis of BDNF, cytokine, GABAergic and glutamatergic gene targets. A second adult cohort were tested in a battery of behavioural tests relevant to schizophrenia and the prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus dissected for RT-qPCR analysis. Foetal brains exposed to Poly-I:C showed increased IL-6, but reduced expression of Ntrk2 and multiple GABAergic and glutamatergic markers. Anxiety-like behaviour was observed in adult offspring prenatally exposed to poly-I:C, which was accompanied by altered expression of Gria2 in the prefrontal cortex and Gria4 in the ventral hippocampus. While 7–8 DHF normalised the expression of some glutamatergic (Grm5) and GABAergic (Gabra1) genes in Poly-I:C exposed offspring, it also led to substantial alterations in offspring not exposed to Poly-I:C. Furthermore, mice exposed to 7,8-DHF prenatally showed increased pre-pulse inhibition and reduced working memory in adulthood. These data advance understanding of how 7,8-DHF and MIA prenatal exposure impacts genes critical to excitatory/inhibitory pathways and related behaviour.