Early Childhood Behavior Research Articles

Associations between Turkish incarcerated mothers’ sensitivity and their co-residing children’s attachment: The moderating role of children’s temperament

ABSTRACT This study investigated the associations between incarcerated mothers’ sensitivity and their co-residing children’s attachment security. Furthermore, the moderating role of children’s temperament on the associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s attachment security was examined. The study sample consisted of 84 incarcerated mothers (Mage = 29.9, SD = 5.6) and their 12- to 43-month-old (M = 25.3, SD = 8.3) children who co-resided with them in prison facilities. Maternal sensitivity and child’s attachment were assessed by observation of mother-child interaction using the Maternal Sensitivity Scale and the Turkish Toddler Attachment Sort-60, respectively. Mothers reported their children’s temperamental features (i.e. negative emotionality and effortful control) using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that maternal sensitivity was related positively to children’s secure attachment and negatively to children’s disorganized attachment. Furthermore, children’s negative emotionality and effortful control moderated the associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s attachment. Specifically, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children’s avoidant attachment only for children with low negative emotionality and with high effortful control. Additionally, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children’s anxious attachment only for children with low effortful control. Results are discussed in terms of sample-specific experiences, contextual factors, and the differential susceptibility hypothesis.

Paternal childcare in early childhood and problematic behavior in children: a population-based prospective study in Japan

BackgroundThere have been numerous reports on the effects of paternal childcare on children’s behavioral development. However, little is known about these effects in Asian countries such as Japan, where fathers do not have sufficient time for childcare due to long working hours. This study explored the association between paternal childcare during toddlerhood in terms of childcare hours and the type of caregiving behavior and subsequent behavioral problems in children aged 5.5 years, stratified by sex.MethodsWe analyzed data from the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the twenty-first Century (2001–2006), a population-based cohort survey in Japan (N = 27,870). Paternal childcare was assessed at 18 months in terms of paternal childcare hours on weekdays or weekends and the frequency of each type of childcare (feeding, changing diapers, bathing, putting the child to sleep, playing with the child at home, and taking the child outside). Based on the frequency or lack of paternal involvement, six categories of child behavioral problems were assessed when the children were 5.5 years old. Logistic regression analysis was applied to account for the known confounding variables.ResultsLonger paternal childcare hours, on both weekdays and weekends in toddlerhood, had a protective effect on behavioral problems at 5.5 years of age. The dose-effect relationships were found between the frequency of fathers taking their children outside and behavioral problems in boys, and the frequency of fathers playing with their children at home and behavioral problems in both boys and girls.ConclusionsPaternal childcare during toddlerhood could prevent subsequent behavioral problems in children. Several specific paternal caregiving behaviors, such as taking their children outside and playing with them at home, may play an important role in preventing subsequent behavioral problems.

Empathy and prosocial behaviour in early childhood: A review

The ability to empathise and understand others' emotions has been shown to have an impact on social interactions and prosocial behaviours. The objective of this review was to exploring the effect of parental empathy on the development of early childhood empathy and prosocial development. Seven databases were searched, including Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. A quality assessment rating showed studies relatively strong in methodology. The findings highlighted the association between empathetic parenting and the development of prosocial behaviour and empathy in early childhood. Research concluded that the quality of parental empathy was important alongside the increasing age of the child. Clinical studies would aid understanding into parental empathy, child empathy and prosocial behaviours.

1305Early chronic inflammation and behavioural problems in children at age two: a longitudinal study

Abstract Background Inflammation has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of adult mental illness and been implicated mechanistically in childhood behavioural problems like internalising and externalising symptoms. High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) are biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation. We aimed to investigate whether hsCRP and GlycA, and environmental factors that influence these inflammatory biomarkers, were associated with internalising and externalising behaviours in early childhood. Methods The Barwon Infant Study is a population-derived birth cohort recruited using an unselected antenatal sampling frame in Victoria, Australia. Infant bloods collected at birth and 12-month were analysed for hsCRP by ELISA and GlycA by NMR. Environmental factors were derived from questionnaires undertaken antenatally to four years postnatally. Internalising and externalising behaviours at age two were measured by the Child Behaviour Checklist. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and behavioural outcomes were assessed by multivariable regression analyses adjusted for relevant factors. Results Increased GlycA levels at birth (GlycAbirth)(β = 5.22 T-score units; 95% confidence interval (CI)(1.22, 9.21; P=0.01) and decreased GlycA levels at 12 months (GlycA12months)(β=-6.47 T-score units; 95% CI(-11.44, -1.50); P=0.01) were associated with increased internalising behaviours at age two. Association persisted for GlycAbirth, but not for GlycA12months when adjusted for GlycA at both time points within the same model. Weak associations were observed for hsCRP at both time points and externalising behaviours at age two. Conclusions Our findings document an association between increased GlycAbirth and greater internalising behaviours in children aged two years. Elevated early chronic inflammation may be an important pathway in adverse behavioural development in children. Key messages Increased GlycA levels at birth is associated with greater internalising behaviours in children at age two years.

Moving Together: Understanding Parent Perceptions Related to Physical Activity and Motor Skill Development in Preschool Children.

Background: Establishing physical activity (PA) and motor behaviors in early childhood are important for developing healthy activity behaviors. Parents play a central role in shaping young children’s PA and fundamental motor skills (FMS). This qualitative study explored parents’ attributes, values, perceptions, and practices related to PA and FMS. Methods: Thirty-one parents (26 mothers) of preschool-aged children participated in semi-structured in-person interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded and analyzed using an iterative approach. Results: Four themes related to PA and FMS emerged: (1) parent attributes; (2) parent–child interactions; (3) parent perception of children’s attributes; and (4) parenting practices. Although most parents enjoyed playing with their child, some did not realize the importance of engaging in PA with their child and even believed that FMS are naturally developed. Parents indicated that children’s temperament may influence their preference for practicing motor skills. Conclusions: Social support and positive parenting practices, including encouragement, monitoring, logistical support, co-participation, and facilitation, are important for the development of PA and FMS. The findings add emphasis to the importance of parents’ role in the development of young children’s PA and FMS, and they inform future strategies aiming to promote young children’s activity behaviors.

Factors affecting parent health-promotion behavior in early childhood according to family cohesion: Focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeWe investigated and compared the factors influencing parents' promotion of healthy behavior in young children according to their family cohesion level during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. Design and methodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 432 parents of young children (ages 1–6) in six South Korean cities (320 and 112 from the high and low family cohesion groups, respectively). We collected data using self-report questionnaires on parents' health promotion behavior, stress, risk perception due to COVID-19, positive psychological capital, and family cohesion, and analyzed it using stepwise multiple regressions with the SPSS program. ResultsThe factors influencing parents' health promotion behavior differed across the family cohesion groups. For the high group, family cohesion, positive psychological capital, gender, and stress significantly affected parents' health promotion behavior (adjusted R2 = 0.22, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, for the low group, positive psychological capital, gender, stress and parents' health status significantly affected parents' health promotion behavior (adjusted R2 = 0.19, p < 0.001). Thus, stress, positive psychological capital, and gender were common factors of parents' health promotion behavior overall, regardless of family cohesion. ConclusionOur results are meaningful in finding that parents' health-related behaviors are not only affected by their individual factors, but also by family-related factors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Practice implicationsThe study results may act as a base for improving family-centered intervention programs to promote healthy behaviors in both parents and young children based on personal and family cohesion factors.

Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Cognitive Training for Improving Cognition and Language Among Children With Cerebral Palsy With Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, and Clinical Trial.

About 30–45% of cerebral palsy (CP) patients have cognitive impairment. Previous studies showed the evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may have some benefits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and motor development in CP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of tDCS on cognition, language, and activities of daily living (ADL) among children with CP with cognitive impairment. It was a pilot, randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial in a tertiary pediatric hospital, and 13 children with CP and a cognitive age under 42 months were enrolled. tDCS group (n = 8) had active tDCS and cognitive training (20 min/session, total 20 sessions, for 12 weeks) and sham group (n = 5) had sham tDCS and cognitive training. Primary outcome was the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II). Secondary outcomes were the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB), the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ), the Korean version of MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (M-B CDI-K), the Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) and the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). After intervention, the tDCS group showed significant improvements in all measurements (p < 0.05) except the M-B CDI-K (grammar), whereas the sham group only showed significant improvements in the Lab-TAB (manipulation domain), the ECBQ (attentional shifting), and the M-B CDI-K (comprehension). The between-group differences in the degree of post-intervention improvement were not statistically significant. The degree of improvement was associated with better baseline cognitive function and younger age (p < 0.05). There were no major adverse events after tDCS. The combined application of tDCS and cognitive training was feasible and associated with improvements in cognitive function, ADL, and language among children with CP with cognitive impairment. However, considering that it is a pilot study, further larger-scale systematic investigation is needed.Clinical Trial Registration: The trial was registered in the Clinical Research Information Service database, identifier: KCT0003023.

Residential greenspace and internalizing behaviors in early childhood

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Prior studies suggest that greenspace promotes better mental health among adolescents and adults. We investigated associations between greenspace and internalizing behaviors in earlier childhood. METHODS: This study included children in the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) pregnancy cohort in Memphis, TN, within the ECHO-Pathways Consortium. Child behaviors were parent-reported using the Child Behavior Checklist. We examined the internalizing behavior broadband score and six related subscales. Greenspace was characterized at participant residences as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 300m, percent tree canopy coverage of the census block group, and distance to the nearest park. Poisson regression models of raw scores were adjusted for a suite of child, maternal and neighborhood factors. RESULTS:In this sample (n=955), 65% of mothers identified as Black/African-American, 29% as White; 53% had at least a college/technical school degree. Children were on average 4.3 (SD 0.4) years old. Mean NDVI weighted across the year prior to outcome ascertainment was 0.59 (SD 0.08). The mean internalizing raw score was 6.2 (SD 2.1); 5.2% of the sample scored above the clinical threshold (63 t-score). A 0.1 unit higher NDVI was associated with a 9.4% lower internalizing score (95%CI: -17.5, -0.5), a 10.3% lower anxious/depressed score (95%CI: -19.3, -0.2), an 11.3% lower somatic complaints score (95%CI: -21.1, -0.3), and a 12.7% lower anxiety problems score (95%CI: -20.8, -3.8). Tree canopy was associated with the anxious/depressed and anxiety scores (-5.7% [95%CI: -11.0, -0.2] and -7.7% [95%CI: -12.5, -2.6], respectively, per 10% higher tree canopy coverage), but for the internalizing score confidence intervals included the null (-4.9% [95%CI: -9.7, 0.2]). No associations were observed with park proximity. CONCLUSIONS:More residential greenness and tree canopy were associated with fewer internalizing problems, suggesting that nature-based interventions may be relevant even early in childhood. KEYWORDS: Green space, Neurodevelopmental outcomes, Children's environmental health

Eksistensi dan Peran Dakwah: Studi Dakwah Tuan Guru Sujarman

Da'wah is a form of invitation or invitation to give views on Islam. Da'wah is also a very noble form of work, because it aims to be able to invite people to do good and be useful for the life of the world both in the hereafter. In this study, researchers will examine the existence of the indictment Tuan Guru Sujarman in Kelambi Hamlet, Pandan Indah Village. Because before the preaching of Tuan Guru Sujarman in Kelambi Hamlet, people tended not to be very keen on participating in da'wah activities, for example only following da'wah studies only on certain Islamic days. In addition, before the preaching of Tuan Guru Sujarman in Kelambi Hamlet, there was a tendency for children to only choose to enter public education. Therefore, this is one of the focus of discussion in this study, regarding the existence of Tuan Guru Sujarman's preaching in enhancing the religious behavior of early childhood through his preaching. The results and discussion in this study, that the message of Tuan Guru has an impact on increasing children's interest and also opens the way parents think about the importance of education for children in the pesantren environment. Where after the preaching of Tuan Guru Sujarman, it made the community intensify in following Islamic studies and made transformative education for children from the state to Islamic boarding schools.Keywords : Islamic Community Development, Da'wah, Tuan Guru Sajarman

Associations of observed callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood with conduct problems and substance use over 14 years.

Callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors (i.e., low concern and active disregard for others) uniquely predict severe conduct problems and substance use when present by late childhood. Less is known about the predictive utility of CU behaviors displayed in early childhood, when morality is developing and interventions may be more effective. Children aged 4-7 years (N = 246; 47.6% girls) completed an observational task wherein they were encouraged to tear an experimenter's valued photograph, and blind raters coded children's displayed CU behaviors. During the next 14 years, children's conduct problems (i.e., oppositional defiant and conduct symptoms) and age of onset of substance use were assessed. Compared to children displaying fewer CU behaviors, children displaying greater CU behaviors were 7.61 times more likely to meet criteria for a conduct disorder (n = 52) into early adulthood (95% CI, 2.96-19.59; p = <.0001), and their conduct problems were significantly more severe. Greater CU behaviors were associated with earlier onset of substance use (B = -.69, SE = .32, t = -2.14, p = .036). An ecologically valid observed indicator of early CU behavior was associated with substantially heightened risk for conduct problems and earlier onset substance use into adulthood. Early CU behavior is a powerful risk marker identifiable using a simple behavioral task which could be used to target children for early intervention.

Eating Behaviors in Early Childhood (1-5 Years) and Their Association With Sociodemographic Characteristics in Turkey.

Eating problems are common in childhood and being seen in 25%-45% of healthy children. The period following the first year of life up to five years is when eating problems are most frequently reported and also when the child acquires eating habits. Several studies have shown that eating behavior is affected by the family environment, and by parental eating habits and modes of feeding their children.The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating behavior characteristics of children in early childhood, to determine the frequency of problematic eating behaviors, and to compare these with the family’s sociodemographic characteristics.The study consisted of 255 children aged 1-5 years, with no chronic disease, presenting to İzmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital Child Health and Diseases Department general pediatric clinics between February and April, 2017, together with their parents. In the study, 39 questions were asked to parents related to children’s demographic characteristics and eating behaviour.Problematic eating behavior was present in 43.9% of the study group. Analysis identified feeding bottle use, feeding with the use of an assistant object, eating lasting longer than half an hour, and the child not feeding itself as the most frequent eating problems. Malnutrition was present in 104 (65.8%) of the children with problematic eating behavior. Examination of unhealthy eating behavior in the light of the study findings showed no significant association between eating behaviors and variables such as type and time of delivery, maternal education level, maternal employment status, maternal age, or the number of children in the family.In terms of nutrition status, Turkey appears to exhibit problems associated with both developed and developing countries. Public nutrition in Turkey fluctuates significantly depending on the region, the season, socioeconomic levels, and differences between urban and rural settlements. Early-onset of eating-related problems can have a negative effect on children’s subsequent physical, emotional, and social development.Determination in the early period of eating problems seen in children and investigation of the causes thereof is important in terms of identifying a potential solution. It is important to work with the family to that end, and for children to be followed-up by pediatricians at regular intervals.

Contextualizing the role of intrusive parenting in toddler behavior problems and emotion regulation: Is more always worse?

Intrusive parenting has been traditionally considered a negative parenting style and includes actions that are overly directive and controlling of children's behavior. However, current research aims to contextualize this parenting behavior. This study examined the relation between intrusive parenting and early childhood behavior problems or emotion regulation, as well as the moderating role of race/ethnicity and developmental delay. Participants (n = 511; 47.4% male) were part of a larger, longitudinal Early Head Start study, entitled Baby FACES, with a racially and ethnically diverse sample (40.1% White, 18.7% Black, and 41.2% Hispanic). Behavior problems and developmental delay were assessed via parent report, while parent intrusiveness and emotion regulation were rated by observers. More use of intrusive parenting at age 2 was associated with greater behavior problems and less emotion regulation at age 3. However, this relation was moderated by race/ethnicity and developmental level. Greater intrusiveness was related to increased behavior problems and poorer emotion regulation for White and Hispanic/Latino families; they were unrelated in Black families. Similarly, although intrusive parenting and behavior problems were positively associated at all developmental levels, the relation was strongest for children with typical development. Further, fewer maternal risk factors, being female, and being Hispanic/Latino were associated with higher emotion regulation, and more risk factors were associated with more behavior problems. These findings highlight the importance of considering how a child's context and development interact with parenting style. Children may benefit from clinical assessment and intervention that considers this intersectionality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Dinamika Perilaku Takut pada Anak Usia Dini

Fear behavior must exist in every human being. This behavior begins to appear in a person since he was born into the world, namely starting in early childhood. The dynamics of fearful behavior in children must occur, as parents and other adults should be able to respond to this problem well. Society in general understands that girls have a higher level of fear than boys. This study was conducted to determine the behavior of fear in boys and girls, and to find out how to respond to fearful behavior in early childhood. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, which describes the dynamics of fearful behavior in early childhood and how to respond to it. Data collection techniques in the form of observation sheets, interview sheets, and documentation. This research was conducted in the Sebiduk Sehaluan Ananda Playgroup (KB) which is located in the village of Sukanegeri, West Semendawai District, East OKU Regency, South Sumatra Province. The research subjects were early childhood children in Sebiduk Sehaluan Ananda Family Planning, which amounted to 19 children, and their parents. The results of the study based on observation sheets and interview sheets with parents that boys and girls have fearful behavior. In boys, the most common fears are the fear of the dark, the fear of lightning and the fear of ghosts. While girls are more afraid of animals, the dark, lightning and ghosts. But there are also boys and girls who are afraid of other things. The parenting methods for parents in responding to the dynamics of fearful behavior in early childhood are: 1) Providing supervision of children's activities; 2) Motivating children with positive words and behavior; 3) Provide an explanation regarding the child's fear and the object being feared; 4) Increase children's self-confidence; 5) Provide facilitation and provide solutions; 6) Calm the child with affection; 7) Do not frighten children with various things and events; 8) Provide advice; 9) Be a role model for children, because children are great imitators and easily absorb everything they see; 10) Giving treatment, making children aware that their behavior is wrong and committed to maintaining the chosen behavior; 11) Grow and increase children's piety and faith in God Almighty to always ask for protection only from Allah SWT, the ruler of the world and everything it.

Maternal caregiving ameliorates the consequences of prenatal maternal psychological distress on child development.

Children exposed to prenatal maternal psychological distress are at elevated risk for a range of adverse outcomes; however, it remains poorly understood whether postnatal influences can ameliorate impairments related to prenatal distress. The current study evaluated if sensitivematernal care during the first postnatal year could mitigate child cognitive and emotional impairments associated with prenatal psychological distress. Prenatal maternal psychological distress was assessed via self-reports of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress for 136 mothers at five prenatal and four postpartum time points. Quality of maternal care (sensitivity to nondistress, positive regard, and intrusiveness reverse-scored) were assessed during a mother-child play interaction at 6 and 12 months. Child cognitive function and negative emotionality were assessed at 2 years, using The Bayley Scales and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Elevated prenatal distress was associated with poorer child cognitive function and elevated negative emotionality. Children exposed to elevated prenatal maternal distress did not, however, display these outcomes if they received high-quality caregiving. Specifically, maternal care moderated the relation between prenatal psychological distress and child cognitive function and negative emotionality. This association remained after consideration of postnatal maternal psychological distress and relevant covariates. Sensitive maternal care was associated with altered offspring developmental trajectories, supporting child resilience following prenatal distress exposure.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Adaptif Anak Usia Dini

Adaptive behavior is one of the abilities that must be possessed by every individual to live a good social life. Adaptive behavior will influence children's successful in their social life. Therefore, this paper aims that influence the adjustment process include: physical condition, personality, education, environment, religion and culture.to reveal the various factors that can influence early childhood behavior. The factors&#x0D;

Serum Trace Element Levels and Their Correlation with Picky Eating Behavior, Development, and Physical Activity in Early Childhood.

Trace elements are vital components for healthy growth, development, and physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between trace element (iron, zinc, copper) deficiencies and picky eating behavior, development level, and physical activity level. This cross-sectional study involved 203 children aged 4–7 years; picky eating behavior, development level, and physical activity level were assessed through questionnaires. Zinc deficiency has the highest prevalence (37.4%); 67.5% of the children were assessed as picky eaters. Children with picky eating behaviors, poor development level, or poor physical activity level have significantly lower zinc levels, and higher prevalence of zinc deficiency. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated a positive correlation between serum zinc level and development scores (r = 0.221, p = 0.002) and physical activity scores (r = 0.469, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, zinc deficiency independently related to picky eating (OR = 2.124, p = 0.037, CI = 1.042–4.312), developmental level (OR = 0.893, p = 0.022, CI = 0.810–0.984), and physical activity level (OR = 0.785, p < 0.001, CI = 0.700–0.879). In conclusion, the prevalence of zinc deficiency in children aged 4–7 was high, especially in picky eaters. Zinc deficiency was significantly associated with low development and poor physical activity in early childhood.

Pattern of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Early Childhood

The research aimed to examine the prevalence and comparisons between physical activity and sedentary behavior of early-year children in preschool. The samples were 55 early-year children under five years old whose parents were willing to become participants voluntarily. Considering that the children have a plasticity characteristic, it is possible to form movement and healthy behavior from this early stage. Twenty-four-hour movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep) were assessed using the ActiGraphTM accelerometer. Compared to early childhood children in a rural area, the results showed that early childhood children in urban areas were more physically active and spent less time on sedentary behavior (p 0.05). Meanwhile, male children in the rural area spent less physical activity and were more sedentary than male children in the urban area (p 0.05). These findings suggest that interventions aiming to improve physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in early childhood may be more effective by considering the residential location.

Love Cards: Media Orang Tua Menerapkan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat pada Anak Usia Dini di Masa Pandemi COVID-19

The impact of COVID-19 has had a major impact on the protection of children's health. Parents need to supervise children in implementing clean and healthy living behavior to avoid COVID-19. The purpose of this research is to use love cards as a form of activity to increase enthusiasm for protecting children's health. This research refers to the type of quantitative quasi-experimental research that applies one group pre-test-post-test design. Data collection techniques using interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The subject of this study involved 20 parents who provide the results of children's development achievements. The results showed that the application of clean and healthy living behavior during the pre-test was 25%, and after being given treatment using love cards, the percentage was 85%. There was a significant increase from pre test to post test by 60%. That study using love cards have a good effect on increasing the application of clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) in early childhood.

Early Detection of Temperament Risk Factors: A Comparison of Clinically Referred and General Population Children.

Despite an extensive literature on associations between early childhood temperament and behavior problems, most of this evidence is based on general population samples. Hence, relatively little is known about the temperament characteristics of children who have been referred for in- or outpatient treatment of emotional and/or behavioral problems. Whether temperament-to-behavior problems identified in community samples would also be found in samples of clinically referred children is poorly understood. To redress this limitation, we compared temperament attributes of a predominantly preschool-aged sample of children referred for treatment of emotional and/or behavioral disorders (N = 87) with those from a similarly-aged general population sample (N = 85) by using the Integrative Child Temperament Screener (ICTS)—a new nine-item scale to identify clinically significant temperament attributes. Behavioral symptoms in the clinical sample were assessed through diagnostic interviews in combination with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which was also administered to the general population children. Compared with general population children, referred children exhibited substantially higher scores on all ICTS subscales except behavioral inhibition. Furthermore, areas under the curve analyses showed that discrimination of both groups based on CBCL scales could be improved by adding the ICTS. Overall, the findings fill a long-standing gap in evidence regarding temperament characteristics of children with serious emotional and/or behavioral symptoms and suggest a useful role for the ICTS in assessment, screening, and prevention.

Big Book Learning Media Improves the Moral Behavior of Early Childhood

Many children still do not understand moral behavior, such as the importance of saying thank you and being willing to forgive each other if they make mistakes. Thus, the moral development of children has not developed optimally. This study aims to produce Big Book media to improve children's moral behavior. The development model used in this research is the ADDIE model. The ADDIE model consists of analysis (analyze), design (design), development (development), implementation (implementation), and evaluation (evaluation). In this research, only up to the development stage. The validation of the Big Book media instrument was carried out by three experts, namely material experts and media experts. This study collected data using a questionnaire method to test the media and materials. This study obtained the Big Book media to improve the moral behavior of early childhood, which was declared valid based on expert tests with the CVR and CVI scores being 1.00. The form of the development of the big book media produced is a medium used to improve the moral behavior of early childhood. PAUD teachers can use this Big Book media to improve children's moral behavior.