Activity Behavior Research Articles

Evaluation of the 'A walk can work wonders' mass media campaign in South Australia.

Few population-wide efforts have targeted physical activity in Australia. Mass media campaigns are used to promote physical activity and walking, and World Health Organisation recommends their linkage to broader cross-government initiatives. This project evaluates a South Australian (SA) walking mass media campaign linked to the overall SA Walking Strategy. Between January and June 2022, Wellbeing SA (a SA government agency) conducted two waves of a mass media campaign, 'A walk can work wonders', to promote walking. The campaign was part of the SA Walking Strategy, targeting the goal to change the 'community culture towards recognising walking' as convenient, affordable and health-promoting. Evaluation was formative (pre-campaign), process (campaign implementation and delivery) and impact. Formative evaluation comprised concept and tagline testing with adult SAs to develop the campaign messages and theme. Process evaluation was comprised of media monitoring of social media, mainstream media and other media monitoring metrics. The process evaluation was dominated by social media marketing in Wave 1, with substantially more paid TV media and radio in Wave 2. The impact evaluation comprised two independent sample surveys of adult SAs (n = 800 each) following each wave of the campaign. Measures included generic and prompted campaign recall and attitudes to physical activity. An independent South Australian Population Health Survey (SAPHS) tracked walking and physical activity behaviours from 2021 to the end of 2022. Process evaluation showed intensive social media usage in Wave 1, and through increased paid television and radio in Wave 2. Generic recall of any walking message (23.9%) and prompted recall of the specific campaign message (27.8%) reached most socio-demographic groups, especially those with chronic health problems. Increases in intention to increase activity and increased self-reported activity were seen between the campaign Wave 1 and Wave 2 notable as the Wave 2 increase followed substantial television advertising. The SAPHS data showed increased population walking following the campaign waves, compared to the same period in 2021. Detailed and structured evaluation of a comprehensive mass media campaign showed good reach, and population changes in intentions and walking behaviour amongst SAs. SO WHAT?: It is likely that comprehensive approaches are needed to support mass media campaigns and amplify their effects. Serial, sustained campaigns are needed to monitor ongoing effects.

Influence of telecommuting on out-of-home time use and diversity of locations visited: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unforeseen changes in travel and activity behavior, most notably the wide adoption of telecommuting across various sectors of the workforce. This paper investigates the impact of telecommuting on time use and the number of unique locations visited, both of which have been shown to be closely linked to well-being. Previous telecommuting research often relies on cross-sectional data for which it is difficult to control for unobserved confounding, only analyzes impacts of time-use at the daily level, and has yet to quantify the impact of telecommuting on diversity of locations visited. We use quasi-experimental designs to control for unobserved confounders and extend previous research to identify whether the daily impacts of telecommuting on time-use are additive or substitutional at the weekly level. We use passively collected Point of Interest (POI) data between January 2020 and September 2022, supplemented by five waves of survey responses throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (August 2020, October 2020, December 2020, April 2021, and July 2021) from a panel of U.S. smartphone users. We find that on telecommuting days, workers spend significantly more time at out-of-home non-work locations, estimated to be 114 min prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, decreasing in the early stages of the pandemic to 63 min, and recovering to approximately 120 min in 2022, estimates that are within the range of estimates presented in previous literature. While existing literature focuses on single day analyses, our weekly analysis suggests that daily differences due to telecommuting are substitutional, with the effect of an additional day of telecommuting on time-use at the weekly level being null. Our extension to analyze the impacts of telecommuting on the number of unique locations visited shows that an additional day of telecommuting results in an average decrease of 0.35 in the number of unique weekly locations visited. Collectively, our findings suggest that while telecommuting does not diminish the overall weekly time spent at out-of-home non-work locations, it decreases the diversity of such locations on a weekly level.

Electrospun zein fibers loaded with pomegranate flower extract: Characterization and release behavior

In the present study electro-spinning technique was used to encapsulate pomegranate flower extract (PFE) in zein fibers. The effect of PFE concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% (v/v)) on the electrospun solution properties, such as surface tension, apparent viscosity, and electrical conductivity were investigated. These effects on various fibers properties including morphology, thermal properties, structural characteristics, morphology, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and release behavior was also evaluated. The results revealed that, increasing the PFE concentration (0–15%) led to increased surface tension and electrical conductivity and decreased the apparent viscosity of the electrospinning solution. This caused an increase in the fiber diameter from 217.1 to 722.2 nm with considerable EE (92.21–96.1%) and loading capacity (LC) (12.3–36.1%). Increasing the PFE concentration increased the surface hydrophilicity (contact angle of 93.21° and 57.82° respectively for 0 and 15% PFE loaded electrospun). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) results showed that all the fibers were uniform and free of beads. Also, molecular interaction between the PFE and zein has been confirmed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). DSC results indicated that the thermal stability were increased with increasing PEF concentration. The study also showed that the release of the PFE was slowest in a fatty food simulant. The primary release mechanism in simulated environments was Fickian diffusion. This research demonstrated that PFE loaded zein fibers can be used successfully in drug delivery, active packaging, and cosmetic products.

Passive sensing of smartphone use, physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The research that links excessive screen time to adverse health outcomes is based on self-reported screen use. Few studies have documented how passively-sensed smartphone and app use relate to health behaviors like activity and sitting. Furthermore, they have not considered that daily fluctuations in smartphone/app use may have different relationships to these behaviors than a person's usual smartphone/app use. This study evaluated whether physical activity or sedentary (sitting) behavior are associated with either smartphone screen time or specific smartphone app use by adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adolescents and young adults aged 13-29 years wore activPAL4 micro activity monitors while their smartphones logged daily screen time and app use durations for nine days. Data were collected in 2020-2021 and analyzed in 2022-2023. Participants (N = 125) had a mean (SD) age of 19.7 (4.3) years. Participants' usual smartphone screen time was negatively associated with daily step counts. Daily deviations in smartphone screen time were negatively associated with daily step counts and moderate-vigorous physical activity durations. Time spent on Instagram, YouTube and, to a lesser extent, TikTok were linked with reduced activity levels. Daily sedentary behavior was not associated with usual or daily screen time. Interventions to promote physical activity during the transition into adulthood may benefit from limiting excessive smartphone screen time. Specific intervention targets could include limiting use of apps with infinite scrolling feeds algorithmically tuned to maintain user engagement, such as Instagram, YouTube and TikTok.

A meta-analysis approach to evaluate the effects of early group housing on calf performance, health and behavior during the preweaning period

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early group housing on the performance, health, and behavior of dairy calves during the pre-weaning period using systematic and meta-analysis approaches. Peer-reviewed articles written in English that compared dairy calves individually and group-housed with performance, health, or behavior outcomes were collected from Web of Science, PubMed and CabDirect databases. The resulting articles (n = 850) underwent a PRISMA 4-step appraisal process, resulting in a final sample of 51 articles containing 85 studies. The weighted or standardized mean differences between individually and group [pair or group (with > 2 calves)] housed calves were analyzed for each variable using the Der-Simonian and Laird methods. Heterogeneity between calf housing systems was evaluated by the chi-squared test and I2 statistics. A meta-regression analysis was conducted to identify categorical covariate effects for variables with high heterogeneity. Most of the studies included in this review evaluated female calves (45.8%) weaned at 8 weeks old (52.6%). Housing systems were mainly paired housing (55.3%), followed by groups of 3 to 6 calves (30.65) and groups of 7 to 15 calves (4.7%). We did not find studies with comparable outcomes for more robust health parameters (as occurrence of diseases), only blood parameters, that were not influenced by the housing system (P > 0.05). But, weight gain and feed intake parameters were higher (P < 0.05) in group-housed calves. Through the meta-regression, we found that average daily gain was positively affected (P < 0.05) by the group housing in studies with calves housed in small pen areas (<1.5 m2 per calf). Group-housed calves presented more active behaviors (feeding and playing) and less stress-related behaviors (self-grooming and interacting with the pen) than individually-housed calves. The behavioral tests most used were novel object, human approach, novel environment, and social tests. Individually-housed calves presented fewer vocalizations on these tests and spent more time interacting with humans during the human approach test than group-housed calves. Our findings provide consistent evidence that group housing improves the welfare of dairy calves; however, the effects on health parameters are still scarce and unclear.

The Role of Intention, Behavioral Regulation, and Physical Activity Behavior in the Prediction of Physical Activity Identity across Time.

Physical activity identity represents an important determinant of sustained physical activity behavior. The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether intention, behavioral regulation, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behavior explain significant variation in physical activity identity across time. Using a repeated measures observational design, lower-active adults new or returning to physical activity participation (N = 66) completed measures of study variables every three weeks over the course of a nine-week period (four assessments total). Based on the results of mixed-effects regression modelling, there was a small, non-significant increase in physical activity identity across time (b = 0.07, p = 0.13). Intention, MVPA, and behavioral regulation mostly had significant (ps < 0.05) bivariate correlations with physical activity identity at the same time point of assessment. Behavioral regulation explained significant variation in physical activity identity across time (b = 0.26, p < 0.0001), but intention and MVPA were non-significant (ps > 0.05) after including a random intercept and controlling for behavioral regulation. Identity was resistant to change among new physical activity initiates in this study and longer time frames of assessment are needed (e.g., six months). Behavioral regulation should be examined as a determinant of physical activity identity in future investigations.

Religious Character Formation Through Islamic Habituation in Primary Education

The general background character education plays a crucial role in shaping moral and ethical behavior in students, particularly within primary education settings. In Islamic educational institutions, there is a notable emphasis on integrating religious values into character development, with a focus on habituation practices to reinforce these values among students. However, there is limited empirical research that specifically examines the effectiveness of Islamic habituation as a method for strengthening religious character in primary education. This study aims to explore the implementation and impact of Islamic habituation on religious character formation among students at Muhammadiyah 1 Sidoarjo Elementary School. Findings reveal that the systematic application of Islamic habituation, including practices such as daily prayers, gratitude, and the 5S culture, significantly enhances students' moral behavior and engagement in religious activities. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing evidence of the positive outcomes of religious habituation in an educational context, emphasizing its role in character education. The results suggest that integrating Islamic habituation into primary education not only fosters individual moral development but also promotes a supportive community environment conducive to religious learning, thereby reinforcing the importance of character education within the broader educational framework. Highlights: Systematic Islamic habituation practices enhance students' moral behavior. Integration of religious values fosters a supportive community environment. Empirical evidence contributes to the understanding of character education in Islamic contexts. Keywords: Islamic Education, Character Formation, Habituation, Primary Education, Moral Development

Prognostic Influence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Patients with CKD: The CKD-REIN Study

Prognostic Influence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Patients with CKD: The CKD-REIN Study

Grammar and Expectation in Active Dependency Resolution: Experimental and Modeling Evidence From Norwegian.

Filler-gap dependency resolution is often characterized as an active process. We probed the mechanisms that determine where and why comprehenders posit gaps during incremental processing using Norwegian as our test language. First, we investigated why active filler-gap dependency resolution is suspended inside island domains like embedded questions in some languages. Processing-based accounts hold that resource limitations prevent gap-filling in embedded questions across languages, while grammar-based accounts predict that active gap-filling is only blocked in languages where embedded questions are grammatical islands. In a self-paced reading study, we find that Norwegian participants exhibit filled-gap effects inside embedded questions, which are not islands in the language. The findings are consistent with grammar-based, but not processing, accounts. Second, we asked if active filler-gap processing can be understood as a special case of probabilistic ambiguity resolution within an expectation-based framework. To do so, we tested whether word-by-word surprisal values from a neural language model could predict the location and magnitude of filled-gap effects in our behavioral data. We find that surprisal accurately tracks the location of filled-gap effects but severely underestimates their magnitude. This suggests either that mechanisms above and beyond probabilistic ambiguity resolution are required to fully explain active gap-filling behavior or that surprisal values derived from long-short term memory are not good proxies for humans' incremental expectations during filler-gapresolution.

Correlation between physical activity and anthropometric measurements among children and adolescents

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to measure the association between the level of physical activity and sedentary conditions with anthropometric measurements of children and adolescents. MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of a convenience sample of 400 children and adolescents from public schools in Itapevi-SP, Brazil. The Physical Activity Checklist Interview or LAF “Lista de Atividades Físicas” in a Brazilian version, was administered in a face-to-face interview on a school day and allowed assessment of sedentary behavior and physical activity on the previous day. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, sex, age, and lower limb posture. The participants were photographed in the frontal and sagittal planes, and the photos were analyzed using postural assessment software (PAS/SAPO). Pearson's tests were applied to analyze correlations. ResultsChildren and adolescents show a greater tendency toward valgus knees with increasing body mass (r = ‒0.33). On average, girls have a larger Q angle. Ankles are less likely to become valgus with increasing age and mass (r = ‒0.18 and ‒0.23, respectively). The horizontal alignment of the pelvis is mostly in anteversion with a significant increase with age (r = 0.27) and a slight increase with mass (r = 0.15). The knee and ankle tend to be less hyperextended and more dorsiflexed from the age of 10, with no correlation with the other variables. It was not possible to observe a clear relationship between the time spent in physical activity and sedentary behavior and the postural angles mentioned above. ConclusionAlthough correlations were found between age, sex and body mass, and postural angles, notably pelvis alignment, Q angle, knee, ankle, sex, and body weight, there was no correlation between the time spent in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and lower limb posture.

Unveil the toxicity induced on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its enantiomers

The increased detection of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in aquatic ecosystems, has raised concern worldwide about its possible negative impacts on wildlife. MDMA is produced as racemate but its enantioselective effects on non-target organisms are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive study of the toxicity of MDMA and its enantiomers in the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryos (≈3 h post fertilization) were exposed to different concentrations (0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L) of (R,S)-MDMA and both pure enantiomers.Both enantiomers induced effects on embryonic development, DNA integrity, and behaviour and enantioselective effects were noted. (S)-MDMA exhibits higher toxic effects on embryonic development level with increased mortality and severity of teratogenic effects, and behavioural abnormalities in acoustic startle-habituation response. (R)-MDMA affected general activity and avoidance behaviour, showing greater inhibitory effects on behavioural activity. Additionally, (R,S)-MDMA induced higher genotoxic effects than the two isolated enantiomers. These results are of concern at populational levels since effects on mortality, development, and behaviour were observed even at environmentally relevant concentrations, which can cause a reduction of larval viability and in the number of individuals in each generation, and an increase in the risk of predation of the organisms. Yet, the bioaccumulation studies showed that MDMA is not accumulated in zebrafish.Therefore, this work demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of MDMA enantiotoxicity in the early life stages of zebrafish, which should be considered in further environmental risk assessments involving fish species or other non-target aquatic organisms.

Assessing the Accuracy of Activity Classification Using Thigh-Worn Accelerometry: A Validation Study of ActiPASS in School-Aged Children.

The ActiPASS software was developed from the open-source Acti4 activity classification algorithm for thigh-worn accelerometry. However, the original algorithm has not been validated in children or compared with a child-specific set of algorithm thresholds. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of ActiPASS in classifying activity types in children using 2 published sets of Acti4 thresholds. Laboratory and free-living data from 2 previous studies were used. The laboratory condition included 41 school-aged children (11.0 [4.8]y; 46.5% male), and the free-living condition included 15 children (10.0 [2.6]y; 66.6% male). Participants wore a single accelerometer on the dominant thigh, and annotated video recordings were used as a reference. Postures and activity types were classified with ActiPASS using the original adult thresholds and a child-specific set of thresholds. Using the original adult thresholds, the mean balanced accuracy (95% CI) for the laboratory condition ranged from 0.62 (0.56-0.67) for lying to 0.97 (0.94-0.99) for running. For the free-living condition, accuracy ranged from 0.61 (0.48-0.75) for lying to 0.96 (0.92-0.99) for cycling. Mean balanced accuracy for overall sedentary behavior (sitting and lying) was ≥0.97 (0.95-0.99) across all thresholds and conditions. No meaningful differences were found between the 2 sets of thresholds, except for superior balanced accuracy of the adult thresholds for walking under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that ActiPASS can accurately classify different basic types of physical activity and sedentary behavior in children using thigh-worn accelerometer data.

Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Predictors Among Nursing Home Residents-Cross-Sectional Results of the BaSAlt Study.

Little is known about physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) among nursing home residents although PA is known as a health promoter. This study examined PA, SB, and their predictors among nursing home residents (n = 63). Dependent variables were accelerometry-based PA and SB. Predictor variables included in a path analysis were age, sex, body mass index, Barthel Index, cognitive status (Mini-Mental State Examination), physical performance (hand grip strength and habitual walking speed), and well-being (World Health Organization-5 well-being index). PA was very low (M steps per day = 2,433) and SB was high (M percentage of sedentary time = 89.4%). PA was significantly predicted by age (β = -0.27, p = .008), body mass index (β = -0.29, p = .002), Barthel Index (β = 0.24, p = .040), and hand grip strength (β = 0.30, p = .048). SB was significantly predicted by body mass index (β = 0.27, p = .008) and Barthel Index (β = -0.30, p = .012). Results might be helpful for everyday practice to identify individuals at high risk for low PA and high SB.

Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior During A University-wide Faculty And Staff Movement Campaign

Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior During A University-wide Faculty And Staff Movement Campaign

Morphostructural evidence of crustal-scale, active along-strike segmentation of the Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy

This paper discusses the response of topography and river networks to non-uniform lithology and tectonic forcing in the Umbria-Marche sector of the Apennines fold and thrust belt. We ruled out the role of variable erosion of rock types and interpret channel steepness data in terms of rock uplift, discovering a southward increase in the total amount of uplift. Such a trend appears as the large-scale response to uneven vertical motions of different sectors of the mountain ridge and foothills. The general coincidence between sector boundaries and transversal, NE-SW striking faults mapped by seismic interpretation in the outer zone of the fold and thrust belt, suggests that such faults extend to the SW, beneath the allochthonous thrust sheets of the mountainous area. Therefore, it may be inferred that such transversal faults represent long-lived, deeply rooted basement structures compartmentalizing both the axial and the outer zones of the fold and thrust belt. We suggest that differential uplift was essentially controlled by variable amounts of basement thrust displacement characterizing the compartmentalized belt. This interpretation deviates from a more conventional view that uplift of the central Apennines, particularly prominent in the south, is dynamically supported. Our results, besides shedding new light into the active tectonic behavior of a large portion of the Italian peninsula, also provide general insights into the surface response to the differential behavior of crustal blocks produced by along-strike segmentation of active mountain belts.

Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior In Older Adults With Risk For Mobility Disability

Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior In Older Adults With Risk For Mobility Disability

Leisure time activities of children: Inequalities, determinants, and inter-relations

More studies should adopt a combined approach to modifiable lifestyle behaviors because of their potential synergistic effects on health. This study aims to observe how boys and girls allocate their time on different activities, during week and weekend days, investigate the time inter-relations between different leisure activities, and analyze how child and familial characteristics are associated with children’s time use in multiple activities. In 2016/17, a validated questionnaire collected data from 3-10-year-old Portuguese children (n = 8,472). Parents reported their children’s time use in different behaviors: sleep, study, screen media use, indoor and outdoor play, and school commute, as well as children’s participation in sports, and socio-economic characteristics of the family. A combination of statistical analysis (e.g., t-tests, pairwise correlations and multiple linear regression) revealed that: boys reportedly have higher screen time than girls, but they also accumulate more time in outdoor play; the time spent in different activities was determined by a set of family sociodemographic factors, such as urbanization and parental employment; and exists some inter-relation between leisure activities with high screen time being significantly associated with less sport participation and less sleep duration. Identifying time spent in multiple activities that differ by sex (and associated determinants) is critical for the development of activity promotion strategies, and may help to inform evidence-based policies designed to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior in young children. Present findings highlight the growing importance of electronic media in children’s life and how they can displace other leisure activities.

Linking social determinants of health to mental health, movement behaviors, and cognitive function among U.S. youth

BackgroundFew studies have focused on a comprehensive view of social determinants of health (SDOH) domains as influences on the health of young people. This study aimed to investigate the associations between the Healthy people 2030 SDOH-related domains (i.e., economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context) with mental health, movement behaviors, and cognitive function among U.S. youth. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used nationally representative data from the 2020–2021 National Survey of Children's Health, covering 54,595 youth aged 6–17 years. The associations of indicators of SDOH-related domains with mental health (depression and anxiety), movement behaviors (physical activity and screen-based sedentary behavior), and cognitive function were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, and race. ResultsEconomic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, and social and community context were associated with at least one outcome measure of mental health, movement behaviors, and cognitive function, while neighborhood and built environment was associated with mental health and movement behaviors. The social and community context domain stood out, with friendship difficulty and household-based adverse childhood experiences being associated with poorer outcomes on most health indicators. ConclusionAll five SDOH-related domains are related to aspects of youth health, with the social and community context domain showing the most associations, highlighting the need for interventions to improve social connection and address adverse childhood experiences, which may be more impactful in ameliorating many health-related challenges.

Move more today, sleep better tonight? Daily associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior with sleep among young adults with and without insomnia symptoms

ObjectiveAt the between-person level, it is well-documented that individuals with more physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB) tend to have better sleep outcomes than their peers. However, the associations at the within-person level remain unclear. This study investigated the daily associations between PA and SB with nighttime sleep among young adults with and without insomnia symptoms. MethodsData was collected through activity trackers and online questionnaires for 7 consecutive days among 147 university students, including time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), and SB, along with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality. Participants were classified into two subgroups according to the presence of insomnia symptoms, which were determined by a self-reported insomnia scale. Multilevel compositional data analysis was conducted on the total sample, and separately on subsamples characterized by the presence and absence of insomnia symptoms. ResultsIn the total sample and subsample without insomnia symptoms, substitutions among MVPA, LPA, and SB were not associated with changes in sleep outcomes at the daily level. However, in the subsample with insomnia symptoms, days with more MVPA or SB and less LPA were associated with higher sleep efficiency, while days with more LPA at the expense of MVPA or SB were associated with lower sleep efficiency. ConclusionsFor young adults with insomnia symptoms, replacing LPA with MVPA on a given day may improve their sleep efficiency that night.

Genetically-predicted effects of lifestyle factors on frailty: Evidence from Mendelian randomization study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the causal relationships between genetically predicted lifestyle factors and frailty using Mendelian randomization(MR). MethodsWe extracted summary data from genome-wide association studies conducted among individuals of European ancestry, examining lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. The outcomes were assessed using Fried Frailty Score (FFS) and Frailty Index (FI). We conducted 2-sample single-variable Mendelian randomization (SVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) to simultaneously assess the independent causal effects were primarily estimated using inverse variance weighted methods. Multiple sensitivity and validation analyzes were used. ResultsThe IVW analyzes indicated that smoking increased frailty risk (FFS: β = 0.107, 95 % CI = 0.057 to 0.156, P < 0.001; FI: β = 0.899, 95 % CI = 0.016 to 0.191, P = 0.020.), this effect was amplified in the MVMR analysis after adjusting for alcohol consumption. Strenuous sports or other exercise(SSOE) reduced frailty risk (FFS: β = -0.473, 95 % CI = -0.646 to -0.299, P < 0.001; FI: β = -0.423, 95 % CI = -0.692 to -0.154, P = 0.002). Vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activities were significantly related to lower FFS, although no effects were observed on FI. Increased television watching was linked to higher frailty incidence (FFS: β = 0.227, 95 % CI = 0.197 to 0.257, P < 0.001; FI: β = 0.297, 95 % CI = 0.249 to 0.346, P < 0.001), the impact remained persistent in MVMR adjusting for driving and computer use. ConclusionThis study suggests that modifications in smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity may help prevent or manage frailty.