Behavioral Inhibition Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Hindi Version of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scale

Abstract: Aim: The Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scale is a popular instrument that assesses an individual's responsiveness to reward and punishment. It is widely translated and validated in different languages. However, the Hindi version of this scale is not yet available. The present study aimed to adapt the BIS/BAS scale into Hindi and examine its psychometric properties and factor structure. Method: The original BIS/BAS scale was translated into Hindi using the translation and back-translation method. The translated Hindi version along with the NEO-FFI and HADS was administered on 200 participants. Psychometric properties, i.e., reliability, validity, and factor structure, were estimated. Result: Cronbach’s α coefficient ranged between .68 and .80, while test–retest reliability ranges between .85 and .92. The validity is also adequate. The findings support the five-factor structure of the BIS/BAS scale. Limitations: The present study has a relatively small sample, which is drawn from only one Hindi-speaking region of India. Conclusion: It was found that the Hindi version of the BIS/BAS scale is a reliable and valid tool with good psychometric properties.

Change in motivational bias during treatment predicts outcome in anorexia nervosa.

Reward and punishment sensitivity are known to be altered in anorexia nervosa (AN). Most research has examined these constructs separately although motivated behavior is influenced by considering both the potential for reward and risk of punishment. The present study sought to compare the relative balance of reward and punishment sensitivity in AN versus healthy controls (HCs) and examine whether motivational bias is associated with AN symptoms and treatment outcomes. Adolescents and adults with AN (n = 262) in a partial hospitalization program completed the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, and Sensitivity to Punishment/Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) at admission and discharge. HCs (HC; n = 90) completed the BIS/BAS and SPSRQ. Motivational Bias Scores were calculated to reflect the dominance of reward versus punishment sensitivity. Individuals with AN demonstrated significantly greater bias toward punishment sensitivity than HC. In AN, a bias toward punishment was associated with higher EDE-Q Global score at admission. Change in motivational bias during treatment predicted EDE-Q Global scores, but not BMI, at discharge, with greater increases in reward sensitivity or greater decreases in punishment sensitivity during treatment predicting lower eating pathology. Similar findings were observed using the BIS/BAS and SPSRQ. Change in motivational bias during treatment is associated with improved outcomes in AN. However, it appears that much of the change in motivational bias can be attributed to changes in punishment sensitivity, rather than reward sensitivity. Future research should examine the mechanisms underlying punishment sensitivity decreases during treatment. Sensitivity to reward and punishment may be important treatment targets for individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). To date, most research has considered reward and punishment sensitivity separately, rather than examining their relationship to each other. We found that the balance of reward and punishment sensitivity (i.e., motivational bias) differs between healthy controlsand those with AN and that this bias is associated with eating disorder symptoms and treatment outcome.

EEG biomarkers of behavioral inhibition in patients with depression who committed violent offenses: a Go/NoGo ERP study.

Understanding the neurobiological correlates of behavioral inhibition in patients with depression who committed violent offenses could contribute to the prediction and prevention of violence. The present study recruited 29 depressed patients with violent offenses (VD group), 27 depressed patients without violent behavior (NVD group), and 28 healthy controls (HC group) to complete a visual Go/NoGo task, during which their responses and electroencephalography were simultaneously recorded using an event-related potentiometer. The results showed that the VD group made more commission errors and responded more slowly relative to the NVD and HC groups. The P3 amplitude of the VD group was reduced in the frontal and central brain regions compared to the HC group and increased in the parietal regions compared to the NVD group. In comparison to Go stimuli, NoGo stimuli induced longer P3 latencies in frontal regions in both the VD and NVD groups; however, this difference was not statistically significant in the HC group. These results provide electrophysical evidence of behavioral inhibition deficits in patients with depression, especially in those with violent behaviors. The reduced P3 amplitude in the frontal-central regions, increased P3 amplitude in the parietal regions, and increased NoGo P3 latency may be potential electrophysiological features that can predict violent behavior in patients with depression.

행동활성화체계 및 행동억제체계가 SNS 중독경향성에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of the study examines the effects of the behavioral activation system(BAS) and the be-havioral inhibition system(BIS) on social network service(SNS) addiction proneness, the mediation effect of SNS use motives, and the moderated mediation effect of self-control and distress tolerance in the link between BAS, BIS, SNS use motives, and SNS addiction proneness. Methods BAS, BIS, SNS use motives, self-control, distress tolerance, and SNS addiction proneness of 342 adults were measured online. Results First, BAS and BIS predicted SNS addiction proneness. Second, positive reinforcement motives mediated the relationship between BAS and SNS addiction proneness, and negative reinforcement motives mediated the relationship between BIS and SNS addiction proneness. Third, self-control moderated the mediation effect of positive reinforcement motives between BAS and SNS proneness among passive users. Fourth, distress tolerance moderated the path from negative reinforcement motives to SNS addiction proneness in the mediation model. Conclusions These results expanded the understanding of the effect of the organic and motivational factors on SNS addiction proneness, and suggested that distress tolerance could have a significant role in reducing the effect of BIS on SNS addiction proneness.

Chemical, electrochemical, and surface studies of Rosa damascene extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in sulfuric acid environment

AbstractTo develop an environmentally acceptable corrosion inhibitor Rosa damascene extract (RD) served as the main ingredient in H2SO4 pickling processes. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), technique of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization (PP) curves, and tests of weight loss (WL) have all been utilized to examine the inhibitory behavior of Rosa damascene on C‐steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 environment. The results show that the extract effectively inhibited the Zn′ corrosion in 1 M H2SO4. The inhibition was more effective at higher concentrations and temperatures. The inhibitory efficiency increased to 93.5% at a higher applied temperature (45°C) and higher Rosa damascene concentration (300 ppm). However, utilizing the weight loss method at potassium iodide addition, the inhibitory effectiveness of 300 ppm of Rosa damascene was synergistically increased from 75.0% to 96.1% at 25°C. Temkin isotherm was congruent with the adsorption process that produced the inhibitory impact on the C‐steel. The chemical adhesion of the Rosa damascene extract to the surface of the C‐steel was determined by the free energy of adsorption (ΔGoads = 40.5 kJ/mol.). In H2SO4 solution, corrosion of C‐steel may be prevented by the powerful inhibitor Rosa damascene extract.

Behavioral inhibition in a translational nonhuman primate model: A pilot study of Kagan's behavioral inhibition paradigm modified for use in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Behavioral inhibition (BI), a temperamental trait first described by Jerome Kagan, is characterized by wariness to unfamiliar persons and novel situations. BI is a moderately stable trait, with biological and genetic underpinnings. Kagan's methodology for assessing BI is widely used in humans. Although this paradigm could be readily translated for use in nonhuman primates, thereby increasing generalizability from nonhuman primates to humans and fortifying evidence that BI is evolutionarily conserved, researchers have not done so. To address this, this study utilized a modified version of Kagan's paradigm to assess behaviors and biological markers of BI in nonhuman primates. Over the first 5 weeks of life, nursery-reared rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta; N = 12) were rated using the standardized Infant Behavior Assessment Scale for nonhuman primates on measures related to BI (consolability, irritability, struggle, and predominant state). Three months later, behavioral assessments were made in relation to a novel playroom, an unfamiliar peer, and a variety of attention-grabbing, unfamiliar stimuli, followed by the introduction of a human stranger. Behaviors from Kagan's studies of BI in toddlers (freezing, exploration, and latency to approach) and physiological measures related to BI (heart rate) were assessed. Random effects models showed that subjects rated high in temperamental BI spent less time exploring the environment and socializing with peers and more time freezing (an indication of anxiety in rhesus monkeys). These findings suggest that Kagan's paradigm is readily adapted for use in nonhuman primates and support the utility of rhesus monkeys as translational models for assessing the causes and consequences of human BI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Behavioral Inhibition in a Translational Nonhuman Primate Model: A Pilot Study of Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition Paradigm Modified for Use in Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Supplemental Material for Behavioral Inhibition in a Translational Nonhuman Primate Model: A Pilot Study of Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition Paradigm Modified for Use in Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Child inhibited temperament and caregiver distraction encouragement jointly predict children’s delay of gratification competencies

A cool attentional focus during the classic delay of gratification (DG) task involves shifting attention away from the emotion-arousing features and is a key mechanism that underlies children’s ability to resist temptation and wait. Yet, we know relatively little about what gives rise to individual differences in cool focus in the first place. The current study (N = 162, Mage = 6.86 years) addressed this question by focusing on key aspects of child temperament (i.e., behavioral inhibition, BI) and caregiver emotion socialization (i.e., distraction encouragement) as joint predictors of cool focus. We theorized that because children are left alone in an unfamiliar environment for an undefined duration, the DG task would be especially taxing for children higher in BI, hindering their ability to deploy a cool focus and wait. We also reasoned that caregiver encouragement of distraction would serve as a protective factor by allowing children higher in BI to more easily activate a cool focus even when experiencing a taxing task. Results were partially consistent with these hypotheses, shedding new light on precursors to a central ingredient of DG ability.

Adsorption behavior and corrosion inhibition performance of tetrazolium derivatives on electrolytic copper foil surface

The development of chromate-based post-treatment methods has been limited mainly due to their toxicity, thus it is essential to explore environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for electrolytic copper foil. Herein, we evaluated three tetrazolium compounds (tetrazolium, 5-methyl-tetrazolium, and 5-amino-tetrazolium) as potential corrosion inhibitors for electrolytic copper foil, and explored their adsorption behavior onto the copper foil surface and their efficiency in inhibiting corrosion when exposed to a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Density functional theory calculations provide insights into the relationship between the molecular structure of the inhibitors and their corrosion inhibition efficiency. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the adsorption behavior of these inhibitors on copper surfaces under solvation conditions. Notably, the 5-amino-tetrazolium molecule exhibits the most stable chemisorption on the Cu(111) surface. Finally, both electrochemical tests and antioxidation experiments confirm that ATZ is the most effective corrosion inhibitor with a corrosion inhibition efficiency (η) of 93.09%, consistent with theoretical predictions. This study highlights the potential application of the tetrazolium derivative 5-amino-tetrazolium in environmentally friendly and chromium-free post-treatment of electrolytic copper foil surfaces.

Lifespan adversities affect neural correlates of behavioral inhibition in adults.

Growing evidence suggests that adverse experiences have long-term effects on executive functioning and underlying neural circuits. Previous work has identified functional abnormalities during inhibitory control in frontal brain regions in individuals exposed to adversities. However, these findings were mostly limited to specific adversity types such as maltreatment and prenatal substance abuse. We used data from a longitudinal birth cohort study (n = 121, 70 females) to investigate the association between adversities and brain responses during inhibitory control. At the age of 33 years, all participants completed a stop-signal task during fMRI and an Adult Self-Report scale. We collected seven prenatal and postnatal adversity measures across development and performed a principal component analysis to capture common variations across those adversities, which resulted in a three-factor solution. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify links between adversities and brain responses during inhibitory control using the identified adversity factors to show the common effect and single adversity measures to show the specific contribution of each adversity. To find neural correlates of current psychopathology during inhibitory control, we performed additional regression analyses using Adult Self-Report subscales. The first adversity factor reflecting prenatal maternal smoking and postnatal psychosocial adversities was related to higher activation during inhibitory control in bilateral inferior frontal gyri, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and middle temporal gyri. Similar results were found for the specific contribution of the adversities linked to the first adversity factor. In contrast, we did not identify any significant association between brain responses during inhibitory control and the second adversity factor reflecting prenatal maternal stress and obstetric risk or the third adversity factor reflecting lower maternal sensitivity. Higher current depressive symptoms were associated with higher activation in the bilateral insula and anterior cingulate cortex during inhibitory control. Our findings extended previous work and showed that early adverse experiences have a long-term effect on the neural circuitry of inhibitory control in adulthood. Furthermore, the overlap between neural correlates of adversity and depressive symptomatology suggests that adverse experiences might increase vulnerability via neural alterations, which needs to be investigated by future longitudinal research.

Structural basis for the allosteric behaviour and substrate specificity of Lactococcus lactis Prolidase

Prolidase (EC 3.4.13.9) is an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes Xaa-Pro dipeptides into free amino acids. We previously studied kinetic behaviours and solved the crystal structure of wild-type (WT) Lactococcus lactis prolidase (Llprol), showing that this homodimeric enzyme has unique characteristics: allosteric behaviour and substrate inhibition. In this study, we focused on solving the crystal structures of three Llprol mutants (D36S, H38S, and R293S) which behave differently in v-S plots. The D36S and R293S Llprol mutants do not show allosteric behaviour, and the Llprol mutant H38S has allosteric behaviour comparable to the WT enzyme (Hill constant 1.52 and 1.58, respectively). The crystal structures of Llprol variants suggest that the active site of Llprol formed with amino acid residues from both monomers, i.e., located in an interfacial area of dimer. The comparison between the structure models of Llprol indicated that the two monomers in the dimers of Llprol variants have different relative positions among Llprol variants. They showed different interatomic distances between the amino acid residues bridging the two monomers and varied sizes of the solvent-accessible interface areas in each Llprol variant. These observations indicated that Llprol could adapt to different conformational states with distinctive substrate affinities. It is strongly speculated that the domain movements required for productive substrate binding are restrained in allosteric Llprol (WT and H38S). At low substrate concentrations, only one out of the two active sites at the dimer interface could accept substrate; as a result, the asymmetrical activated dimer leads to allosteric behaviour.

The longitudinal impact of reinforcement sensitivity on internet addiction among college students: the mediating role of self-control.

As the rapid expanding of internet technology, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that predict Internet addiction. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal impact of reinforcement sensitivity on internet addiction among college students and the mediating role of self-control. The study involves two follow-up assessments with a 5-month interval. 383 college students' reinforcement sensitivity, self-control, and internet addiction were measured at two-time points. ①The revised Behavioral Approach System (r-BAS) at Time Point 1 (T1) could predict both T1 and Time Point 2 (T2) internet addiction through the complete mediation of T1 self-control. ②The revised Behavioral Inhibition System (r-BIS) at T1, along with the Fight/Flight/Freeze System (FFFS), can predict T1 and T2 internet addiction through the partial mediation of T1 self-control. Reinforcement sensitivity can predict current and future internet addiction, with self-control playing a mediating role. This study provides longitudinal experimental evidence for the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST), further revealing the underlying mechanisms through which reinforcement sensitivity influences internet addiction. Additionally, it has implications for clinical intervention.

Methane emissions and the microbial community in flooded paddies affected by the application of Fe-stabilized natural organic matter

Redox chemistry involving the quinone/phenol cycling of natural organic matter (NOM) is known to modulate microbial respiration. Complexation with metals or minerals can also affect NOM solubilization and stability. Inspired by these natural phenomena, a new soil amendment approach was suggested to effectively decrease methane emissions in flooded rice paddies. Structurally stable forms of NOM such as lignin and humic acids (HAs) were shown to decrease methane gas emissions in a vial experiment using different soil types and rice straw as a methanogenic substrate, and this inhibitory behavior was likely enhanced by ferric ion–NOM complexation. A mechanistic study using HAs revealed that complexation facilitated the slow release of the humic components. Interestingly, borohydride-based reduction, which transformed quinone moieties into phenols, caused the HAs to lose their inhibitory capacity, suggesting that the electron-accepting ability of HAs is vital for their inhibitory effect. In rice field tests, the humic–metal complexes were shown to successfully mitigate methane generation, while carbon dioxide emissions were relatively unchanged. Microbial community analysis of the rice fields by season revealed a decrease in specific cellulose-metabolizing and methanogenic genera associated with methane emissions. In contrast, the relative abundance of Thaumarchaeota and Actinomycetota, which are associated with NOM and recalcitrant organics, was higher in the presence of Fe-stabilized HAs. These microbial dynamics suggest that the slow release of humic components is effective in modulating the anoxic soil microbiome, possibly due to their electron-accepting ability. Given the simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and soil-friendly nature of complexation processes, Fe-stabilized NOM represents a promising approach for the mitigation of methane emissions from flooded rice paddies.

Explaining the flaws in human random generation as local sampling with momentum.

In many tasks, human behavior is far noisier than is optimal. Yet when asked to behave randomly, people are typically too predictable. We argue that these apparently contrasting observations have the same origin: the operation of a general-purpose local sampling algorithm for probabilistic inference. This account makes distinctive predictions regarding random sequence generation, not predicted by previous accounts-which suggests that randomness is produced by inhibition of habitual behavior, striving for unpredictability. We verify these predictions in two experiments: people show the same deviations from randomness when randomly generating from non-uniform or recently-learned distributions. In addition, our data show a novel signature behavior, that people's sequences have too few changes of trajectory, which argues against the specific local sampling algorithms that have been proposed in past work with other tasks. Using computational modeling, we show that local sampling where direction is maintained across trials best explains our data, which suggests it may be used in other tasks too. While local sampling has previously explained why people are unpredictable in standard cognitive tasks, here it also explains why human random sequences are not unpredictable enough.

Evidence-based interventions targeted at behavioral inhibition, shyness, and anxious withdrawal during the preschool years: A rapid review

High and stable behavioral inhibition (BI) during early childhood may place individuals at increased risk of experiencing anxiety during the COVID-19 crisis. Prior knowledge syntheses showed that selective prevention interventions were effective in reducing child BI and anxiety. However, the effectiveness of preschool-based universal and selective prevention interventions targeted at BI to improve child social outcomes remains unclear. Due to the vulnerability of highly inhibited children, this rapid review aimed to (1) synthetize the characteristics of evidence-based interventions targeted at BI, and (2) summarize intervention outcomes in domains of child individual and social functioning. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between january 1991 and december 2021, conducted with highly inhibited children aged 3 to 5 years, were included in the review. Thirteen RCTs on four evidence-based interventions targeted at BI were retained. Most studies were conducted in samples of married/cohabitating and highly educated mothers and almost half of them described parent-only interventions. Three pilot RCTs on child-only and multimodal interventions found significant post-intervention improvements in observed child social competence and positive peer interactions. Pre-to-post intervention changes in parent and teacher ratings on child social outcomes were less consistent across studies. Further large-scale RCTs with medium-to-long term follow-ups are needed to examine intervention outcomes in domains of child social functioning, using a multi-informant and multi-method approach. After the COVID-19 crisis, preschool-based universal interventions targeting BI may enhance the engagement of inhibited children from diverse communities and contribute to the generalization of intervention effects to naturalistic peer settings.

Personality Traits and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Individuals with Internet Use Disorder - A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Aim: The aim is to evaluate the association of personality traits, online activities, and psychiatric comorbidities with the Internet use disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 481 professional college students (18–25 years) pursuing graduation. Participants responded to an online questionnaire consisting of Young’s Internet addiction test, Internet Gaming Disorder scale-short form, Big Five inventory and behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system scales (BIS/BAS) scales, and subsequent in-clinic evaluation using MINI 7.0.2 questionnaire. Results: Of 481 college students, 175 (36.38%) had Internet use disorder. Of these, 115 were found to have mild, 57 moderate, and 3 severe Internet use disorders with a mean age of 20.85 ± 1.84 years and sex ratio of M:F: 0.9:1. The prevalence of Internet gaming disorder was found to be 0.42%. On multivariate logistic regression, use of chat rooms (odds ratio [OR] - 1.24), instant messaging (OR - 1.33), Internet gaming (OR - 1.25), and recreational surfing (OR - 1.25) were independent predictors for Internet use disorder. Among the personality traits, on multivariate logistic regression, neuroticism (OR - 1.06) and openness to experience (OR - 1.09) were positive predictors for the presence of Internet use disorder and moderate–severe Internet use, while conscientiousness (OR - 0.87) was negative predictor. 19.4% (34/175) of students had psychiatric comorbidities (1 comorbidity – 21 students, >1 comorbidities – 13 students); the most common being major depression (alone or in combination). Conclusions: In this study, neuroticism and openness to experience were found to be predictors of Internet use disorder as well as moderate–severe Internet use. In addition, the use of chat rooms, instant messaging, online gaming, and recreational surfing was associated with higher Internet use disorder. A large proportion of psychiatric comorbidities with Internet use disorder were found.

Testing an Integrated Model of Social Anxiety Disorder Based on Influencing Factors: Biological, Familial, Cognitive, Behavioral, Emotional, and Social in Female Students

Objective: Social anxiety is characterized by the fear of being observed and judged by others in social situations. Methods and Materials: The present study aimed to investigate the relationships among early maladaptive schemas, behavioral inhibition, and social anxiety, considering the mediating role of social situation evaluation, safety behaviors, emotion regulation, social beliefs and thoughts, and self-related beliefs. This descriptive study was of a correlational type. The statistical population included all female medical students at Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz. The research sample consisted of 483 female students who were selected through convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Social Phobia Inventory, the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, the Social Situations Evaluation Scale, the Safety Behaviors Questionnaire, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Social Beliefs and Thoughts Scale, the Self-Related Beliefs Scale, and the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire. Findings: Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Fit indices indicated that the hypothetical model of the study had a good fit with the data (CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.07). The results showed that except for emotion regulation, all mediator variables affect social anxiety disorder (SAD). Conclusion: Given the role of the factors proposed in the research model, it can be utilized in designing interventions for SAD among female medical students.

Structural Modeling of Risky Behaviors Based on Attention, Memory, and Inhibition Systems with the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation in Female Drug Users

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the structural model of risky behaviors based on attention, memory, and inhibition systems with the mediating role of emotion regulation in female drug users. Methods: This research was descriptive-correlational and employed structural equation modeling. The study population consisted of all drug users (marijuana) in Isfahan who visited addiction treatment centers during 2023. The sample included 200 female drug users (marijuana) selected through convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Attention and Memory Improvement Software, Wechsler's Clinical Memory Test, the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scales (Carver & White, 1994), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006), and the Risk-Taking Behavior Questionnaire (Lejuez, 2002). In this study, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to organize, summarize, and describe the characteristics of the participants and research variables. In the inferential statistics section, structural equation modeling and Pearson correlation methods were employed for data analysis using SPSS.22 and AMOS.22 software. Findings: Fit indices 0.599=PCFI, 0.611=PNFI, 2.88=CMIN/DF, 0.072=RMSEA, 0.913=IFI, 0.920=CFI, and 0.909=GFI indicated a good fit of the proposed model with the data. Hence, the proposed model is suitably fitted. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the structural model of risky behaviors based on the attention system with the mediating role of emotion regulation fits well for drug-using individuals.

Current and emerging trends of inorganic, organic and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors.

Effective corrosion control strategies are highly desired to reduce the fate of corrosion. One widely adopted approach is the use of corrosion inhibitors, which can significantly mitigate the detrimental effects of corrosion. This systematic review provides a thorough analysis of corrosion inhibitors, including both inorganic and organic compounds. It explores the inhibition mechanisms, highlighting the remarkable inhibitive efficiency of organic compounds attributed to the presence of heteroatoms and conjugated π-electron systems. The review presents case studies and investigations of corrosion inhibitors, shedding light on their performance and application potential. Moreover, it compares the efficacy, compatibility, and sustainability of emerging environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors, including biopolymers from natural resources as promising candidates. The review also highlights the potential of synergistic impacts between mixed corrosion inhibitors, particularly organic/organic systems, as a viable and advantageous choice for applications in challenging processing environments. The evaluation of inhibitors is discussed, encompassing weight loss (WL) analysis, electrochemical analysis, surface analysis, and quantum mechanical calculations. The review also discusses the thermodynamics and isotherms related to corrosion inhibition, further improving the understanding of inhibitor's behavior and mechanisms. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners involved in corrosion control, offering insights and future directions for effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibition strategies.

Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in intertemporal choice

Abstract We often forego a larger future reward in order to obtain a smaller reward immediately, known as impatient intertemporal choice. The current study investigated the role of Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) as a mechanism contributing to impatient intertemporal choice, following a theoretical framework proposing that cues associated with immediate gratification trigger a Pavlovian approach response, interfering with goal-directed (instrumental) inhibitory behavior. We developed a paradigm in which participants first learned to make instrumental go/no-go responses in order to win rewards and avoid punishments. Next, they learned the associations between Pavlovian cues and rewards varying in amount and delay. Finally, we tested whether these (task-irrelevant) cues exerted transfer effects by influencing instrumental actions while participants again completed the go/no-go task. Across two experiments, Pavlovian cues associated with larger (versus smaller) and immediate (versus delayed) rewards were evaluated more positively, reflecting the successful acquisition of Pavlovian cue–outcome associations. These findings replicated the previously reported classical transfer effect of reward amount on instrumental behavior, as large (versus smaller) cues increased instrumental approach. In contrast, we found no evidence for the hypothesized transfer effects for reward delay, contrary to the proposed role of PIT in impatient intertemporal choice. These results suggest that although both reward amount and delay were important in the evaluation of cues, only the amount associated with cues influenced instrumental choice. We provide concrete suggestions for future studies, addressing instrumental outcome identity, competition between cue–amount and cue–delay associations, and individual differences in response to Pavlovian cues.