Studies In Behavioral Sciences Research Articles

From hypoxic pockets to daily routines: linking brain oxygenation and cognitive resilience

The discovery of hypoxic pockets within the cortical regions has transformed the understanding of cerebral oxygen dynamics, revealing their dual role as both contributors to neuronal adaptation and potential precursors to dysfunction. These transient oxygen-deprived microenvironments play a pivotal role in neurovascular coupling, synaptic plasticity, and angiogenesis, processes crucial for maintaining cognitive resilience and neuronal health. Investigating hypoxic pockets within cortical regions is particularly relevant in aging populations and individuals with neurodegenerative conditions. Concurrently, research underscores the ability of physical, social, and cognitive activities to modulate brain oxygenation, offering natural, accessible interventions to optimize oxygen delivery and utilization. This study synthesizes findings from neuroimaging, behavioral science, and longitudinal studies, illustrating how daily routines can mitigate hypoxia-induced cognitive decline and promote resilience. By integrating insights from centenarians, hypoxia-adapted species, and multimodal intervention studies, this framework highlights the transformative potential of lifestyle-based strategies in addressing cerebral oxygen deficits. The findings advocate for an interdisciplinary approach to develop targeted interventions for public health, rehabilitation, and personalized cognitive care.

A Framework for Enhancing Behavioral Science Research with Human-Guided Language Models

Many behavioral science studies result in large amounts of unstructured data sets that are costly to code and analyze, requiring multiple reviewers to agree on systematically chosen concepts and themes to categorize responses. Large language models (LLMs) have potential to support this work, demonstrating capabilities for categorizing, summarizing, and otherwise organizing unstructured data. In this paper, we consider that although LLMs have the potential to save time and resources performing coding on qualitative data, the implications for behavioral science research are not yet well understood. Model bias and inaccuracies, reliability, and lack of domain knowledge all necessitate continued human guidance. New methods and interfaces must be developed to enable behavioral science researchers to efficiently and systematically categorize unstructured data together with LLMs. We propose a framework for incorporating human feedback into an annotation workflow, leveraging interactive machine learning to provide oversight while improving a language model's predictions over time.

Patients With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Frequently Misdiagnosed, Face Multiple Challenges

Patients With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Frequently Misdiagnosed, Face Multiple Challenges

Dynamic Pricing for Dual-Channel Supply Chain considering Consumers with Double-Entry Mental Accounting

Based on double-entry mental accounting theory, we explore the effects of different payment schemes in the regular selling period and the sales period of two channels on the firm’s profits. Studies in psychology and behavioral sciences show that strategic consumers have a significant impact on firms’ profits. In this paper, dynamic pricing problems are considered to analyse the effects of strategic consumer double-entry mental accounting on firms’ profits. We first analyse the perceived values of consumers under different payment schemes in the regular selling period and the sales period from two channels. Based on this, we derive the optimal price and optimal profit. The results show that double-entry mental accounting of consumers has a greater impact on the retailer than on the manufacturer. To solve the loss caused by strategic consumers, it is recommended that the retailer lowers the price to stabilize the profit. The postpayment scheme is preferred by the manufacturer, but the high coefficient of pleasure attenuation would hurt the manufacturer. The general payment scheme is preferred by the retailer, but the high coefficient of pain buffering would hurt the retailer.

Power and Sample Size for Contingency Tables

A review of association measures of effect size between two categorical variables in contingency tables is presented. Relationships among measures of effect size are explicated by considering the test statistics of independence, the nominal or ordinal nature of categorical variables, and the size of contingency tables. Tables that contain minimum sample sizes for testing independence between two categorical variables in contingency tables are also presented. Cramer’s V2 was employed as a main measure of association in tabulation. Illustrations are provided using data from 2018 General Social Survey for obtaining test statistics and measures of effect size for contingency tables. Determining appropriate sample sizes for statistical analysis of data in contingency tables is important for studies in behavioral sciences.

A fractional model in exploring the role of fear in mass mortality of pelicans in the Salton Sea

The fear response is an important anti-predator adaptation that can significantly reduce prey's reproduction by inducing many physiological and psychological changes in the prey. Recent studies in behavioral sciences reveal this fact. Other than terrestrial vertebrates, aquatic vertebrates also exhibit fear responses. Many mathematical studies have been done on the mass mortality of pelican birds in the Salton Sea in Southern California and New Mexico in recent years. Still, no one has investigated the scenario incorporating the fear effect. This work investigates how the mass mortality of pelican birds (predator) gets influenced by the fear response in tilapia fish (prey). For novelty, we investigate a modified fractional-order eco-epidemiological model by incorporating fear response in the prey population in the Caputo-fractional derivative sense. The fundamental mathematical requisites like existence, uniqueness, non-negativity and boundedness of the system's solutions are analyzed. Local and global asymptotic stability of the system at all the possible steady states are investigated. Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to analyze the local stability of the endemic equilibrium. Fractional Lyapunov functions are constructed to determine the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibrium. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted with the help of some biologically plausible parameter values to compare the theoretical findings. The order $\alpha$ of the fractional derivative is determined using Matignon's theorem, above which the system loses its stability via a Hopf bifurcation. It is observed that an increase in the fear coefficient above a threshold value destabilizes the system. The mortality rate of the infected prey population has a stabilization effect on the system dynamics that helps in the coexistence of all the populations. Moreover, it can be concluded that the fractional-order may help to control the coexistence of all the populations.

Basic behavioral science research priorities in minority health and health disparities.

Achieving health equity among disparity populations has been a national, regional, and local priority for several years. Health promotion and disease prevention behaviors play an important role in achieving health equity; the first generation of behavioral science studies in minority health and health disparities have provided important insights about the nature and distribution of risk exposure behaviors in disparity populations. Interventions have also been developed to enhance health promotion and disease prevention behaviors using behavioral counseling, tailored health communications, and interventions that are developed collaboratively with community stakeholders. Although intervention development and evaluation are components of transdisciplinary translational behavior research, discovery science is a critical first step in translational research. Consistent with this, conceptual models and frameworks of minority health and health disparities have evolved to include multilevel determinants that include basic behavioral mechanisms such as stress responses and stress reactivity that have physiological, psychological, and behavioral components that are relevant to minority health and health disparities. This report describes priorities, opportunities, and barriers to conducting transdisciplinary translational behavioral research during the next generation of minority health and health disparities research.

Changes in Tongue Kissing in Hook-Ups after COVID-19

A growing body of social and behavioral sciences studies are providing evidence on how COVID-19 is influencing changes in society and among individuals. A few of those studies focus on how it is affecting behavioral and habit changes in stable couples. Yet its influence on changes in hook-ups remains understudied. To contribute to filling this gap, this exploratory study analyzes changes related to tongue kissing in hook-ups promoted by increased awareness of tongue kissing certain people as a potential source of transmission. Through pre- and post-test questionnaires given to 20 girls (18–30 years old), potential changes in the memories of past tongue-kissing hook-ups and in intentions and perceptions towards future ones can be observed among 12 participants. The implications of these findings suggest not only how the new normal might affect tongue kissing in hook-ups among these girls but also how these girls might freely decide with whom to engage in sexual-affective relationships in the future.

MODEL PERILAKU ANGGOTA KLUB MOTOR DI BENGKAYANG: PENDEKATAN EKSPLORATORIS

The aim of this study is to explore the antecedents and consequences of people’s intention to join the brand community. Nowdays, brand community has become a new marketing channel for marketers to enter the market. This exploratory research conducted with Qualitative methods with ethnography approach and some motorbike clubs as the participant. This research found a new concept of behavioral models in brand community and it can be use for behavioral sciences studies especially in consumer behavior.

Measurement in Psycho-Behavioral Science Research

Behavioral science studies human behaviors using scientific methods to solve problems for an individual to live happily and effectively. In doing research, regardless of the field of study, high quality measurement processes and tools are necessary for data collection which will lead to highly reliable results that are beneficial to human and society development. The measurement methods, conditions and samples must be appropriate and be of high quality. For a measurement to have a high standard and be acceptable, one must follow these four steps: planning, creating a measurement, conducting the measurement, presenting the results and improving. Creating a high-quality psycho-behavioral measurement is especially important to ensure reliable results that can be applied to further research. High quality and standard measurement will lead to accurate results that are useful for improving the quality of life and for classifying, selecting, developing and evaluating individuals. Finally, high quality and standard measurement lead to creating an accurate multilayered indicator in psychobehavioral sciences.

Electronic Life Histories: At Home with E-waste Waste Materialities and Meaning

The interdisciplinary Electronic Life Histories Project integrates behavioral archaeology, engineering, anthropology, art, material culture, and science and technology studies to employ a life history model, community-based research and creative engagement to address the making of electronic waste. Focused in the Greater Lafayette area of Indiana, which is home to a major university, this project examines the entanglements among people, electronics and waste-making. Specifically, this paper focuses on a significant interstitial stage between reuse and discard. We consider the stories and meanings affixed to electronic objects once they have entered people’s homes, and the complex lives they have before they are discarded, reused, or repurposed. We find ‘closet fill’ or junk drawers of electronic devices, bits, bytes and peripherals are often unintentional collections that are situationally valued through a constellation of factors that include emotional attachments, technological obsolescence, imagined use-value, as well as discrepancies between perceived value and market value. While the problem of closet fill has been discussed by scholars, how electronics enter this interstitial stage, why they remain and what motivates movement out of this part of the life history of objects have not been closely examined. We suggest a life history approach can make these interstitial phases visible in a way that illuminates the key factors in keeping electronics versus discarding. As opposed to descriptions of waste as disorderly, abject, or disgusting, our work shows that objects at the interstices of wasting practices embody, represent, and express many meanings to participants socially, spatially, and structurally.

Review of measures of social status in experimental studies in behavioral sciences and neurosciences

Social status (SS) has been exhaustively investigated in the field of social psychology, but are recent the contributions of economics and neuroscience to her study in experimental situations. The SS has been operationalized in different ways and this has derived in contradictions within the disciplines involved in her study. In this study we review techniques that used the ability and the chance to generate ES in experimental studies. Our review indicates that in the studies analyzed the use of deception prevails. Amongst the most frequent limitations were highlighted the inappropriate use of feedback and the lack of evaluation of the difficulty of the tasks. Among the strengths were identified aspects that provide more realism the task and using different measurement levels SS. Finally, we propose a technique that seeks to overcome these limitations while integrating the strengths identified in the research conducted.

Consistency of fNIRS parameters: A parallel forms and test-retest reliability study

Consistency of fNIRS parameters: A parallel forms and test-retest reliability study

Outlying Observation Diagnostics in Growth Curve Modeling

ABSTRACTGrowth curve models are widely used for investigating growth and change phenomena. Many studies in social and behavioral sciences have demonstrated that data without any outlying observation are rather an exception, especially for data collected longitudinally. Ignoring the existence of outlying observations may lead to inaccurate or even incorrect statistical inferences. Therefore, it is crucial to identify outlying observations in growth curve modeling. This study comparatively evaluates six methods in outlying observation diagnostics through a Monte Carlo simulation study on a linear growth curve model, by varying factors of sample size, number of measurement occasions, as well as proportion, geometry, and type of outlying observations. It is suggested that the greatest chance of success in detecting outlying observations comes from use of multiple methods, comparing their results and making a decision based on research purposes. A real data analysis example is also provided to illustrate the application of the six outlying observation diagnostic methods.

Mobile based Attendance Management System

The objective of this paper is to enforce some of the emerging technologies like mobile computing, Information and Communication Technology and advances in behavioral science studies to enhance and enrich the current educational system, since education technology in India has been modernizing in the recent years due to the development and penetration of information technology. The mobile technology has been chosen for this study. The methodology of this work is to develop an android based mobile attendance management system where attendance can be recorded via mobile devices using ASP. NET and SQL Server. Findings of this developed software stores, retrieves and deliver the information about the student information such as present or absent through mobile device. Results are very helpful to the organization to keep, track and maintain information about students also easy to deliver the report about the students to the concern parents. Further this work can be extended to keep the student’s information regarding internal marks, semester marks and other activities involved in the organization.

Tutorial on use of intraclass correlation coefficients for assessing intertest reliability and its application in functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based brain imaging.

Test-retest reliability of neuroimaging measurements is an important concern in the investigation of cognitive functions in the human brain. To date, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), originally used in interrater reliability studies in behavioral sciences, have become commonly used metrics in reliability studies on neuroimaging and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). However, as there are six popular forms of ICC, the adequateness of the comprehensive understanding of ICCs will affect how one may appropriately select, use, and interpret ICCs toward a reliability study. We first offer a brief review and tutorial on the statistical rationale of ICCs, including their underlying analysis of variance models and technical definitions, in the context of assessment on intertest reliability. Second, we provide general guidelines on the selection and interpretation of ICCs. Third, we illustrate the proposed approach by using an actual research study to assess interest reliability of fNIRS-based, volumetric diffuse optical tomography of brain activities stimulated by a risk decision-making protocol. Last, special issues that may arise in reliability assessment using ICCs are discussed and solutions are suggested.

Organizational Routine and Coordinated Imitation

IntroductionThe concept of organizational routine has been used in the management science domain to explain the source of actions of firms and organizations (Becker, 2004; Feldman, 2000; Feldman & Pentland, 2003, etc.). Although the origin of the concept is unclear, the study of Nelson and Winter (1982) made this a well-known concept in the management science domain (Becker, 2004, 2005; Becker, Lazaric, Nelson & Winter, 2005).1 In business management studies, Nelson and Winter (1982) are almost always cited when discussing the concept of organizational routine, and the concept of organizational routine is considered to be synonymous with the concept of production functions.2However, this study notes the following differences in the concept of organizational routine between the evolutionary economics studied by Nelson and Winter (1982) and the management science domain that frequently cites their study.When the concept of organizational routine is used in evolutionary economics, it is understood that (a) one organizational routine as a whole is retained as one organization, and (b) change occurs stochastically. However, the management science domain uses the term differently. For example (a) components of an organizational routine are considered to be divided among the members of the organization, who are thus responsible for that portion, and (b) changes to an organizational routine are considered intentional.This study first reviews the studies on organizational routine and subsequently analyzes the case of Company A that implements a production method used by Toyota. Thereafter, this paper asserts that (c) coordination is necessary when changing or transplanting an organizational routine and that such a perspective of coordination is the key to identify the relation between organizational change and business performance in management science.Concept of Organizational Routine in Evolutionary EconomicsIn An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Nelson and Winter (1982) presented the concept of organizational routine based on their review of numerous behavioral science studies, such as the Carnegie School's Simon, March, and Cyert.3Organizational routine-as used by Nelson and Winter-decides the production functions of a firm4 and mostly has the same meaning as production function (Wakabayashi, Higuma, & Okamoto, 2010). Each industry does not have just one production function, as assumed in neoclassical economics; rather, production functions differ across firms. Each firms (i.e., organization)5 will have only one organizational routine to determine its production function. Nelson and Winter (1982) used the concept of organizational routine to explain that each company in an industry has a different production function and asserted that organizational routines undergo a process of natural selection within industries (rather than corporations). Because corporate organizations with relatively superior production functions win out over other firms, the losing firms choose either to imitate the superior organizational routine or to exit the market. Nelson and Winter (1982) claimed that this theory explained the source of Schumpeter-type innovation,6 which improves the overall average production function of an industry (or of a country's economy, which is the aggregate of multiple industries) (Nelson, 1991).7Variations in organizational routines in the study by Nelson and Winter (1982) are determined by random variables ranging between 0 and 1, and the discovery of superior routines through a search routine is also a random variable. In other words, change in an organizational routine occurs randomly (spontaneously).Concept of Organizational Routine in Organizational ScienceIn contrast, researchers of management science and those of organizational science differ in their view of organizational routine on several points. For example, Stene (1940), a political scientist and researcher of organizational theory, defined organizational routine as follows: Organization routine is that part of any organization's activities which has become habitual because of repetition and which is followed regularly without specific directions or detailed supervision by any member of the organization (Stene, 1940, p. …

Lower Verbal Ability in Japanese Delinquents Using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition: A Preliminary Investigation

The relationship between juvenile delinquency and psychometric intelligence is supported by studies in behavioral sciences. In this literature, lower verbal ability is reported as an intellectual characteristic that is common in juvenile delinquents, based on assessment using the Wechsler scales. These scales incorporate the dual intelligence model, which includes both a Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) and a Performance IQ (PIQ). A meta-analysis conducted by Isen (2010) analyzed 131 studies to examine the discrepancy between PIQ and VIQ on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), WISC-R, and WISC-III among antisocial adolescents and children. The results revealed that the PIQ score of antisocial individuals was six points higher than their VIQ score in adolescents, and did not differ significantly from their VIQ score in young children. The lowest subtests were Vocabulary and Information on the WISC for delinquent adolescents. The most current version of the Wechsler series test (i.e., WISC-IV) was excluded from the meta-analysis because the WISC-IVadopted the four factors model instead of the traditional dual intelligence model. A few researchers have studied the intelligence of populations with criminal histories using the WISC-IV (e.g., Lopez-Leon and Rosner 2010; Sinclair et al. 2013). Lopez-Leon and Rosner (2010) examined the evaluation of clinical history in 27 adolescent defendants after committing violent crimes. Their cognitive abilities were assessed using the WISC-IV. The Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) and four composite scores of the defendants were compared with the norm of the standardization sample (M=100, SD=15). Results showed that violent juveniles had lower scores on the FSIQ (M=82.9), a score of 78.5 on the Processing Speed Index (PSI), a Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) score of 87.8, and a Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) score of 86.7. However, there was no difference when comparing the defendants to the standardized sample on the Working Memory Index (WMI; M=90.8). Perhaps, these results were due to the low statistical power of only 27 participants. In another study, Sinclair et al. (2013) investigated the relationship among neuropsychological deficits, antisocial behavior, and intelligence using the WISC-IV. Participants were 28 adolescents and children between 9 Asian Criminology (2014) 9:323–328 DOI 10.1007/s11417-014-9195-5

The evolution and analysis of action switching in embodied agents

The dynamical systems approach in the cognitive and behavioral sciences studies how systems made of many coupled components across brain, body, and environment self-organize to generate behavior. This approach has mostly focused on models of single actions and has not addressed how a dynamical system can engage in multiple different directed actions. In this paper, we introduce a family of artificial life models that demonstrate how dynamical agents can engage in multiple different actions and autonomously switch between them. These described agents engage in a food foraging task, and are driven by both internal, metabolic variables and external, sensory variables. The analysis of one of these agents demonstrates how different actions can arise through transient modes of sensorimotor coordination, in which a subset of the available sensors and effectors become engaged while others are ignored. Transitions between actions are analyzed and shown to correspond to rapid movements through the agent’s state space. In these transitions, some of the previously controlling sensors and effectors disengage, and new sets of sensors and effectors are engaged.

Does Tort Law Deter Individuals? A Behavioral Science Study

For nearly four decades, economic analysis has dominated academic discussion of tort law. Courts also have paid increasing attention to the potential deterrent effects of their tort decisions. But at the center of each economic model and projection of cost and benefit lies a widely accepted but grossly undertested assumption that tort liability in fact deters tortious conduct. This article reports the results of a behavioral science study that tests this assumption as it applies to individual conduct. Surveying over 700 first‐year law students, the study presented a series of vignettes, asking subjects to rate the likelihood that they would engage in a variety of potentially tortious behaviors under different legal conditions. Students were randomly assigned one of four surveys, which differed only in the legal rules applicable to the vignettes. In summary, the study found that although the threat of potential criminal sanctions had a large and statistically significant effect on subjects' stated willingness to engage in risky behavior, the threat of potential tort liability did not. These findings call into question widely accepted notions about the very foundations of tort law.