Behavioral Regulation In Sport Questionnaire Research Articles

Sport Specialization and Sport Motivation in Middle School-Aged Athletes.

Sport specialization has been assumed to have psychosocial ramifications for athletes, especially autonomous motivation, which has been associated with continued sport participation. Sport dropout is common in youth athletes, yet it is unknown how sport specialization may affect this population psychosocially. To determine the association of sport specialization with autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation in middle school-aged athletes. Cross-sectional study. An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to athletes via schools, club sports, and social media. A total of 178 athletes (male = 59%; private school = 51%; grade: sixth = 20%, seventh = 32%, eighth = 48%) completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed demographics, sport participation, and motivation using the Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire. Sport specialization was defined using a modified 3-point scale (low, moderate, or high) and multisport versus single-sport athletes. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze the differences among the types of motivation and specialization levels and between multisport and single-sport athletes. Sport specialization categories were not significantly associated with autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, or amotivation. No significant associations were present between multisport or single-sport athletes and any type of motivation. However, multisport athletes had higher scores for intrinsic motivation, a subscale of autonomous motivation, compared with single-sport athletes (single sport: median = 5.00, 25th-75th quartile = 4.50-5.00; multisport: median = 5.00, 25th-75th quartile = 5.00-5.00; P = .04). Sport motivation did not differ between sport specialization groups in middle school athletes. Dropout from sport is common in this age group but is multifactorial in nature. A lack of sport motivation could be a factor for some athletes, but all specialization groups appeared to have similar outcomes. Our exploratory analysis suggests that clinicians may consider having an open dialogue with single-sport athletes, their parents or guardians, and coaches to ensure that athletes are enjoying their sport.

Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of a Chinese Version of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) with University Sport Athletes.

Our aim in this study was to translate and psychometrically evaluate a Chinese version of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). Participants were Chinese collegiate athletes (N = 361) who were competitive in their respective sports. We examined the construct validity of the Chinese BRSQ using alternative structural equation models and evaluated convergent validity, factor score reliability, and measurement invariance of the optimal model. Due to insufficient score reliability for some subscales, our initial Chinese BRSQ was deemed problematic. A modified version of the questionnaire with a four-factor structure (amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, and autonomous motivation) demonstrated excellent construct validity, convergent validity, and score reliability. There was measurement invariance across athlete level and sex. This tool provides a valuable resource for practitioners and sport psychology researchers for assessing sport motivation among competitive university athletes in China.

Validity and reliability evidence for the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire with Romanian professional athletes.

BackgroundDespite the importance attributed to athletes’ motivation in sports performance and well-being; no measures of motivation toward sport were found in the Romanian sport context.ObjectiveGrounded in self-determination theory, this research aimed to adapt and to gather validity and reliability evidence supporting the use of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) in the Romanian sport domain.MethodThe participants were 596 Romanian professional athletes (age: M = 22.91, SD = 5.84; sports experience: M = 11.14, SD = 5.03), who 273 practiced individual sports and 323 team sports. They completed an online questionnaire survey assessing their perception of behavioral regulation, resilience and burnout in sport.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor correlated model, which was invariant across age and sport. Correlations among latent factors configured a simplex structure, underpinning the self-determination continuum. Average variance extracted values from .50 to .70 endorsed convergent validity. Scores for heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations as high as .88, as well as 95% confidence intervals of each interfactor correlation that did not include 1.00 supported discriminant validity. Values over .70 for Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega and Raykov’s coefficients showed a good level of reliability for each factor. Linear regression analysis revealed that while intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation and identified regulation positively predicted resilience, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation positively predicted burnout.ConclusionsThe BRSQ is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the six types of behavioral regulation in the Romanian sport context.

Motivation and Commitment to Sports Practice During the Lockdown Caused by Covid-19.

In Spain, the state of alarm declared on March 14, 2020 caused changes in the population in relation to the habits of physical activity and sports practice. This study analyzed what motivational variables predicted the self-efficacy and commitment to sports practice, as well as the differences according to gender, during lockdown and the progressive de-escalation caused by COVID-19, using the theory of self-determination as a theoretical framework. The study sample was conformed of 179 subjects (90 men and 89 women) between 18 and 65 years of age (M = 28.64; SD = 10.28). The Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), the Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE), the Physical Activity Self-Efficacy scale, and the Sport Commitment scale were applied. The most relevant results have showed significant differences in favor of the male gender in terms of levels of controlled motivation and amotivation, as well as higher levels of self-efficacy and basic psychological need of autonomy. Furthermore, the regression analysis has revealed that self-efficacy and current commitment to sports practice were explained by a variance of 57 and 64%, respectively, due to autonomous motivation and the basic psychological need of competence. Therefore, the basic psychological need of competence should be fostered in order to increase the levels of self-determined motivation, self-efficacy, and commitment to sports practice of the population.

Basic Psychological Needs, Burnout and Engagement in Sport: The Mediating Role of Motivation Regulation

The purpose of the present research was to analyze the mediating role of motivational regulation between the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and burnout and engagement in athletes. From different sports 1011 young Spanish athletes participated in the study. Participants completed several measurement instruments concerning: the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs has direct effects on burnout and engagement: a negative effect on athlete burnout (–0.49, p < 0.001) and a positive effect on engagement (0.54, p < 0.001). In addition, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs has a partial indirect effect over these variables in the same direction mediated by the self-determined degree of motivation. Thus, low levels of self-regulated motivation are positively related to burnout, but high levels of self-determined motivation are not. The same was observed with engagement, but vice versa: high levels of self-determined motivation are positively related to athlete engagement, but low levels of self-determined motivation are not. The proposed model explained 37% of the variance of burnout and 51% of the variance of engagement.

Motivation in sport and exercise: a comparison between the BRSQ and BREQ

This study aimed to test whether the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire can measure the same constructs in an equivalent manner. Advanced statistical procedures were used to examine if these scales could be interchangeably applied to the sport and the exercise context. In total, 2256 individuals (athletes = 1099; exercisers = 1157) completed translated and validated questionnaires measuring all types of motivation based on Self-Determination Theory. Several measurement models were tested, such as confirmatory factor models, exploratory structural equation models, and bifactor specifications. The exploratory structural equation modelling approach provided the best fit to the data in both groups. Multigroup analysis was performed within samples and between athletes and exercisers. Measurement model invariance was confirmed between samples from the same context; however, it did not achieve equivalence between scales. We hope this examination of context invariance analysis using specific validated scales can further help advance conceptual understanding of the measurement in sport and exercise.

The Slippery Slope: Can Motivation and Perfectionism Lead to Burnout in Coaches?

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between perfectionism, motivation, burnout, and coaching satisfaction in high school and collegiate coaches (n = 311). Coaches completed the modified Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and an investigator-designed survey to assess satisfaction. As predicted, perfectionism was related to both motivation and burnout. In particular, socially-prescribed perfectionism emerged as the most significant type of perfectionism, showing positive relationships with controlled forms of motivation and burnout and negative relationships with autonomous forms of motivation and feelings of personal accomplishment. Self-oriented perfectionism was related to motivation, but not directly related to burnout, and other-oriented perfectionism was not significantly related to motivation or burnout. Autonomous motivation was strongly associated with coaches’ satisfaction. The influence of socially-prescribed perfectionism on coaches is discussed in relation to the high expectations placed on coaches by programs and communities, perhaps contributing to feelings of low autonomy and external regulation. Controlling forms of social expectations and external regulation may act as a “slippery slope” in which the initial motivation of coaches may move toward burnout.

Relationships between elite adolescent athletes' perceptions of parental behaviors and their motivational processes: Does sex matter?

This study aimed to: (a) examine the relationships between high-level athletes' perceptions of mothers' and fathers' behaviors, their satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and sport motivation and (b) explore whether the sex of the athlete moderated the aforementioned relationships. A total of 333 adolescent athletes involved in intensive training settings completed the Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ), the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) and the Basic Need Satisfaction in Sporting Context Scale (BNSSS). Data were examined using correlational analyses and partial least square path modeling (PLS-PM). The PLS-PM revealed that father's perceived pressure positively predicted maladaptive outcomes (controlled forms of motivation and amotivation). Perceptions of the mothers' and fathers' praise and understanding positively predicted adaptive athletes' outcomes (self-determined forms of motivation and satisfaction of competence and relatedness), whereas the mothers' and fathers' perceived pressure negatively predicted such adaptive outcomes. Furthermore, differences regarding the aforementioned relationships between mother's and father's behaviors and athletes' outcomes were highlighted across their sex. More significant relationships emerged for boys versus girls and between athletes' outcomes and the perceived behaviors of the same-sex parents. In particular, the direction of relationships between introjected regulation and two parental behaviors (i.e. perception of father's directive behaviors and perception of mother's pressure) was reversed for boys and girls. As a whole, this study highlighted that both parent's and child's sex should be evaluated to understand sport parenting.

BEHAVIORAL REGULATION IN SPORT QUESTIONNAIRE (BRSQ): USE IN YOUNG BRAZILIAN ATHLETES

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) was originally proposed in English in order to identify sports motivation regulations according to the self-determination theory. Objectives: To translate into Portuguese, to perform cross-cultural adaptation, and to examine the psychometric properties of the BRSQ in a sample of young Brazilian athletes. Methods: The original version was translated according to international recommendations. A panel of judges analyzed the translated versions of the questionnaire, using semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence as analysis criteria. The final version of the translated questionnaire was administered in a sample of 1217 young athletes (410 girls and 807 boys) aged 12 to 17 years. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out to identify initial psychometric properties, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the internal consistency of each factor associated with the BRSQ. Results: After minor changes identified in the translation process, the panel of judges was of the opinion that the Portuguese version of the BRSQ had semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence. The factor analysis confirmed the structure of the eight factors proposed originally, through the statistical indicators χ2/gl = 1.87, CFI = 0.940, GFI = 0.945, AGFI = 0.958 and RMSR = 0.052 (95% CI 0.043 – 0.062). The Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.71 to 0.85. Conclusions: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric qualities of the BRSQ were satisfactory, facilitating its application in future studies involving young athletes in Brazil. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.

Longitudinal Sport Motivation Among Young Athletes in Intensive Training Settings: Using Methodological Advances to Explore Temporal Structure of Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire Scores.

This study aimed to examine the factor structure, the simplex structure, and the self-determination continuum of the Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (YBRSQ); to test longitudinal invariance of the YBRSQ and to examine differential item functioning in the YBRSQ responses as a function of sex, type of sport, and competitive level; and to explore the dynamics of change and stability of motivational regulation across the competitive season in a sample of 736 adolescent athletes involved in intensive training settings across 3 measurement points (beginning, middle, and end). Results provided evidence of a simplex structure of YBRSQ scores and revealed differences between self-determination-theory-based measures of motivation in various contexts. Results revealed partial strict temporal invariance of the YBRSQ and did not reveal differential item functioning. Finally, the results demonstrated an increase in amotivation and external regulation and a decrease in intrinsic motivation across the season, probably because of daily pressures.

The mediating role of sport self-motivation between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement.

Engagement could constitute a frame of reference for promoting positive experiences in sport, hence the importance of learning about what precedes it in order to promote its development. This study was conducted to examine the role of self-motivation as a mediator between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement. A sample of 426 male and female athletes from different sports were asked to complete three questionnaires measuring each of the study variables: The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire and the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. A structural relationships model between the constructs analyzed was specified and implemented. High levels of self-motivation increased levels of athlete engagement and vice versa. Basic psychological needs satisfaction has a direct positive effect on athlete engagement and in turn, an indirect effect mediated by athletes' self-motivation.

Exploring longitudinal measurement invariance and the continuum hypothesis in the Swedish version of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): An exploratory structural equation modeling approach

ObjectivesThe aims of the present study were to: (a) examine longitudinal measurement invariance in the Swedish version of the Behavioral Regulations in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) and (b) examine the continuum hypothesis of motivation as postulated within self-determination theory. DesignTwo-wave survey. MethodYoung competitive athletes (N = 354) responded to the BRSQ early in the season (November) and at the end of the athletic season (April). Data were analyzed using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor ESEM. ResultsWe found support for strict longitudinal measurement invariance in the BRSQ. Latent mean comparisons showed an increase in external regulation and amotivation across the season. The latent factor correlations indicated some deviations from a simplex pattern related to amotivation, external regulation, and introjected regulation. In the bifactor model, intrinsic motivation items had negative factor loadings on the global factor, identified regulation items had factor loadings approaching zero, and introjected and external regulation and amotivation items all had moderate to strong positive factor loadings. ConclusionThe present study adds longitudinal measurement invariance to the psychometric evidence of the BRSQ. Research on why the latent means of the behavioral regulations changed over the athletic season is warranted. The continuum hypothesis was partially supported. Latent factor correlations and factor loadings on the global factor in the bifactor ESEM highlighted that the discriminant validity of the controlled regulations and amotivation needs further investigation.

자기결정성이론에 근거한 스포츠행동조절척도(BRSQ-6)의 교차타당도 검증

자기결정성이론에 근거한 스포츠행동조절척도(BRSQ-6)의 교차타당도 검증

Análisis de las relaciones entre variables motivacionales y ansiedad en judocas competidores

El judo de alto rendimiento se encuentra en continua evolución, explorándose nuevas formas de enseñanza y entrenamiento, que faciliten conducir al judoca hacia el éxito.&#x0D; El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las relaciones que se establecen entre los diferentes tipos de motivación autodeterminada, necesidades psicológicas básicas, ansiedad cognitiva, ansiedad somática y autoconfianza en judocas competidores.&#x0D; Se analizó una muestra de 124 judocas competidores, 36 mujeres y 88 hombres pertenecientes a 16 clubes de toda España, cuyas categorías iban desde infantil hasta senior, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 37 años.&#x0D; Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio, se pasaron los cuestionarios de Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, para medir el nivel de motivación autodeterminada; el Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale, para medir la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory, para medir el estado de ansiedad.&#x0D; Los resultados mostraron que la motivación intrínseca, correlacionó de forma positiva y significativa con la necesidad psicológica básica de competencia además de la autoconfianza en su dimensión intensidad. Por otro lado, la desmotivación, la regulación externa y la ansiedad somática en su dimensión intensidad, correlacionaron negativa y significativamente con la motivación intrínseca.&#x0D; Por consiguiente, los entrenadores tendrían que satisfacer las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los judocas, con el fin de provocar un aumento de las formas de motivación más autodeterminadas, pudiendo originar ello una mejora de la autoconfianza y una reducción de los niveles del estado de ansiedad.

Self-determined motivation and life satisfaction in Portuguese veterans athletes

The aims of this work were to determine correlations and predictive variables, between the levels of motivation, basic psychological needs and life satisfaction of Portuguese veteran athletes. The sample consisted in 684 Portuguese veteran athletes of both genders, aged between 30 and 90 years (M = 43.78 DP = 8.61), competitors of various modalities. As instruments we used the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), the Basic Psychological Needs Scale Exercise (BPNES), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Positives and Negatives Affections Scale (PANAS). It was applied the bivariate Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression.The results showed that the veteran athletes present a good self-determination for the sport practice, being their welfare levels in life satisfaction related to the same self-determination, but rather dependent on the affections produced by sports. This study is presented as a contribution to understanding the role of sport in promoting wellness in veteran sports population.

Examination of the internal structure of the behavioural regulation in sport questionnaire among dancers

Within sport, physical education and dance literature there is inconsistency in how individuals' motivation regulations for engagement are statistically modelled. This has implications for the interpretation of results and the testing and advancement of theory. Furthermore, despite the popularity of dance, there is a paucity of research examining the correlates of dancers' motivation due to there being no dance-specific measure of motivation. Hence, the purpose of this study was twofold: first to examine the utility of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ [Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. A. (2008). The behavioural regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 323–355. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/jsep]) for measuring motivation in dance contexts and, second, to explore the tenability of using different scoring protocols to model the motivation regulations. To address these aims, a comprehensive examination of the hypothesised factor structure of the BRSQ when completed by recreational (n = 344) and vocational (n = 868) dancers was conducted. The data demonstrated good fit to the BRSQ, and invariance across dance level (recreational and vocational), age (<18 and ≥18 years of age) and gender was supported. Findings support the use of the six-factor BRSQ in dance contexts. The tenability of employing alternative scoring protocols for modelling the motivation regulations is discussed.

Adapting BRSQ to Assess Coach's Perception of Athletes’ Motivation: Internal Structure Analysis

This study was aimed to adapt the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire to assess coach's perception of athletes’ motivation in a sample of 153 Spanish coaches of both genders. This questionnaire is made up of 24 items that measure the behavioral regulation factors expected by the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan. Results showed that a model of four factors provided the best fit to the data in the confirmatory factor analysis. The factors were: (1) intrinsic regulation, (2) integrated regulation, (3) identified regulation, (4) controlled regulation. Three out of four subscales have acceptable internal consistency coefficients. The accumulation of evidence leads to the conclusion that this version of BRSQ shows an internal structure according to the theoretical predictions, and the autonomous regulation factors show discriminant validity whereas the controlled regulations form a single factor.

Comparing sport motivation scales: A response to Pelletier et al.

ObjectivesPelletier, Rocchi, Vallerand, Deci, and Ryan (2013) proposed a new version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS; Pelletier, Fortier, Vallerand, Tuson, & Blais, 1995) as a measure of different types of behavioral regulations in sport, as outlined in self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000). They examined various aspects of reliability and validity of scale scores, and concluded that the new scale performs better than the original version. They also claimed that the SMS-II is superior to other measures of motivation in sport, including the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) developed by Lonsdale, Hodge, and Rose (2008). By comparing the evidence presented in papers by Pelletier et al. and Lonsdale et al., our objective was to examine the relative merits and shortcomings of the two measures and suggest directions for future research into sport motivation measurement. ConclusionsBoth the SMS-II and BRSQ have shown relative strengths and weaknesses. Overall, the construct validity evidence of scores derived from the two measures was similar. There is insufficient information to support the claim that one scale is superior to the other. Researchers are encouraged to make direct comparisons by administering both measures to the same group of participants in future studies.

Self-determined motivation in sport predicts anti-doping motivation and intention: a perspective from the trans-contextual model.

Motivation in sport has been frequently identified as a key factor of young athletes' intention of doping in sport, but there has not been any attempt in scrutinizing the motivational mechanism involved. The present study applied the trans-contextual model of motivation to explain the relationship between motivation in a sport context and motivation and the social-cognitive factors (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention) from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in an anti-doping context. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Questionnaire data was collected from 410 elite and sub-elite young athletes in Australia (Mean age [17.7±3.9 yr], 55.4% male, Years in sport [9.1±3.2]). We measured the key model variables of study in relation to sport motivation (Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire), and the motivation (adapted version of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire) and social cognitive patterns (the theory of planned behavior questionnaire) of doping avoidance. The data was analyzed by variance-based structural equation modeling with bootstrapping of 999 replications. The goodness-of-fit of the hypothesized model was acceptable. The bootstrapped parameter estimates revealed that autonomous motivation and amotivation in sport were positively associated with the corresponding types of motivation for the avoidance of doping. Autonomous motivation, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in doping avoidance fully mediated the relationship between autonomous motivation in sport and intention for doping avoidance. The findings support the tenets of the trans-contextual model, and explain how motivation in sport is related to athletes' motivation and intention with respect to anti-doping behaviors.

Temporal Ordering of Motivational Quality and Athlete Burnout in Elite Sport

Using self-determination theory as the theoretical framework, we conducted a longitudinal investigation of the relationships between motivation and athlete burnout. We tested four hypotheses: H0: low self-determination (SD) does not precede burnout, and burnout does not precede low SD; H1: low SD precedes burnout; H2: burnout precedes low SD; and H3: burnout and motivation have a reciprocal relationship. We used a two-wave design, with the follow-up assessment 4 months after baseline. Elite New Zealand athletes (n=119, mean age=24.74 yr (standard deviation=8.54 yr); 57.14% of whom were females) completed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling of cross-lagged panel models was used to test the hypotheses. The relationship between motivation and burnout varied depending on the type of motivation assessed. Analyses related to overall levels of self-determined motivation, amotivation, and controlled forms of extrinsic motivation provided support for H1: low SD precedes burnout. When compared with external regulation, introjected regulation seemed to be a clearer antecedent of athlete burnout. Analyses related to the self-determined forms of extrinsic motivation provided support for H2: burnout precedes low SD. The only analyses in which the null hypothesis could not be rejected were those relating to intrinsic motivation. Finally, there was little support for a reciprocal effects model. Low levels of self-determination may lead to increases in athlete burnout, whereas athlete burnout may precede decrements in self-determined extrinsic motivation. Particular efforts could be made to help support the basic psychological needs of athletes with controlled forms of motivation, thereby leading to an internalization of motivation and decreased risk of burnout.