Behavioral Modeling Of RF Power Amplifiers Research Articles

Special issue on power amplifier linearization

We are honored to be the guest editors of this Special Issue on linearization and modeling of RF power amplifiers (PAs). In recent years, there has been an upsurge in interest in the behavioral modeling of high-power RF amplifiers, and applying these modeling techniques to the linearization of the PAs using pre-distortion methods, usually applied at baseband frequencies, in the digital domain: hence digital pre-distortion or DPD. This increased interest has been evident in several workshops and focus sessions at the International Microwave Symposium, the European Microwave Conference, and the Radio andWireless Symposium in recent years. To our knowledge, this is the first special issue of a learned journal devoted to the behavioral modeling and linearization of RF PAs. Linearization as a topic is well established, in many fields of endeavor. Notably mathematical in nature, and often in pure form, it is often abstracted from a real application. But here we have a very practical use for the nonlinear mathematics, so it is therefore not a surprise that most of the tools for the linearization of PAs are found in the mathematics of nonlinear dynamical systems, and applied specifically to this interesting problem. Of significant importance, PAs are the backbone of wireless telecommunications systems. They are also the most power hungry devices among the transmitter subsystems. To reduce the power consumption, or, alternatively, to reduce the distortion produced by the PA, not only benefits directly billions of people worldwide using mobile communications by increasing the time of life of their batteries, but also shrinks the bill of the energy consumed in base-stations. This is achieved not only by improving the energy efficiency of the PA itself but also by reducing or removing the need for air conditioning systems in the base-stations, again reducing the energy costs and the carbon footprint of the base station: the behavioral modeling and linearization of PAs support a greener environment. As the demand for increased data over wireless continues to increase, the signal bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and modulation complexity have also increased, and this has raised the interest in PA linearizers significantly, making predistortion a commercial reality. The continued increase in signal bandwidth to cope with this increased data requires a similar increase in the bandwidth of the linearizer, and has promoted research on different technologies and strategies to overcome these bandwidth demands and produce more compact yet effective modeling and linearizing schemes. Such approaches see compromises between bandwidth, memory depth, and overall model complexity to achieve optimum model accuracy and a level of linearization that is sufficient for the given practical application. In this Special Issue of IJMWT, we bring together a collection of papers detailing various aspects of modeling and linearization, from a review of recent model developments and characterization and test methods, to new approaches for model parameter identification and implementation in DPD systems, in the face of the many and varied challenges to deliver more voice and data information, without compromising the quality of service. Such challenges, what is new in PA linearization, and the inventive and robust techniques for defeating them, form the thread of this issue. There are several papers that focus on the fundamentals of the behavioral modeling of RF PAs, with the goal being to produce compact yet effective DPD algorithms. The papers of Braithwaite [1] and Boumaiza [2] both address the issue of determining the appropriate memory description for the PA. Braithwaite analyses the sampling rate requirements, using a Gaussian channel model to make the mathematical treatment tractable, enabling the number and separation of the delay taps to be traded off against the model accuracy to achieve a practical PA model, and hence a pre-distorter that is compact and effective. Boumaiza employs the mathematical method of embedding to determine the memory tap spacing and memory depth, using a variety of techniques to estimate memory characteristic. Again, a compact and effective DPD linearizer is constructed and demonstrated. The paper by Mehdi et al. [3] applies model-order reduction techniques such as Akaike and Bayesian information criteria to reduce the number of model parameters in a systematic manner, again trading off model complexity against accuracy to arrive at the optimum model. This approach has been applied to build pre-distorters for traditional single input– single-output PAs and also multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) PA systems. In Sombrin’s paper [4], non-analytic functions that are invariant elements of the Chebyshev Transform are used to generalize the polynomial nonlinearity theory, producing models that exhibit intermodulation behavior significantly different from that of classical polynomial models, giving theoretical foundation for nonlinearities such as threshold and hard limiter functions. The final modeling paper is by Maziere et al. [5], who used a different approach Corresponding author: John Wood and Eduard Bertran Emails: john.wood@maximintegrated.com; bertran@tsc.upc.edu Maxim Integrated, San Jose, California, USA Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain