Levels Of Behavior Research Articles

A Digital Approach for Addressing Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors in Youth Mental Health Services: Observational Study.

Long wait times for mental health treatments may cause delays in early detection and management of suicidal ideation and behaviors, which are crucial for effective mental health care and suicide prevention. The use of digital technology is a potential solution for prompt identification of youth with high suicidality. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a digital suicidality notification system designed to detect and respond to suicidal needs in youth mental health services. Second, the study aimed to characterize young people at different levels of suicidal ideation and behaviors. Young people aged between 16 and 25 years completed multidimensional assessments using a digital platform, collecting demographic, clinical, social, functional, and suicidality information. When the suicidality score exceeded a predetermined threshold, established based on clinical expertise and service policies, a rule-based algorithm configured within the platform immediately generated an alert for treating clinicians. Subsequent clinical actions and response times were analyzed. A total of 2021 individuals participated, of whom 266 (11%) triggered one or more high suicidal ideation and behaviors notification. Of the 292 notifications generated, 76% (222/292) were resolved, with a median response time of 1.9 (range 0-50.8) days. Clinical actions initiated to address suicidality included creating safety plans (60%, 134/222), conducting safety checks (18%, 39/222), psychological therapy (8%, 17/222), transfer to another service (3%, 8/222), and scheduling of new appointments (2%, 4/222). Young people with high levels of suicidality were more likely to present with more severe and comorbid symptoms, including low engagement in work or education, heterogenous psychopathology, substance misuse, and recurrent illness. The digital suicidality notification system facilitated prompt clinical actions by alerting clinicians to high levels of suicidal ideation and behaviors detected among youth. Further, the multidimensional assessment revealed complex and comorbid symptoms exhibited in youth with high suicidality. By expediting and personalizing care for those displaying elevated suicidality, the digital notification system can play a pivotal role in preventing rapid symptom progression and its detrimental impacts on young people's mental health.

Utilization of E-money on the Students Impulsive Buying Behavior Among Students in MMCM

This study investigates the influence of E-money usage on impulsive purchasing behavior among Senior High School students, addressing growing concerns about the effects of evolving financial transaction methods. Using a quantitative research approach and correlational analysis, including Spearman’s Rho, the study examines the relationship between E-money usage and impulsive purchasing tendencies. A representative sample of 100 students was selected through random sampling to provide comprehensive insights. The findings reveal a high level of impulsive buying behavior among the respondents. However, the study found no significant differences in E-money utilization across demographic factors such as strand, age, gender, and grade level. These results emphasize the need for personalized financial education interventions aimed at fostering financial responsibility. The study also recommends expanding research on students’ impulsive buying habits to better understand and mitigate these behaviors. In conclusion, promoting healthy financial habits is essential for addressing the potential risks posed by impulsive spending in an increasingly digital economy. Keywords: Impulsive Buying Behavior, Utilization of E-money, Relationship, Senior High School Students

Perfil emprendedor en estudiantes de educación superior chilenos

(analytical)Entrepreneurship currently has a relevant position in vocational training. This study sought to identify entrepreneurial profiles among students in the Faculty of Business and Administration at the Instituto Profesional de Chile. A non-probabilistic sample of 240 students was used. The results of the research showed a high level of entrepreneurial behaviors, subjective norms, self-belief and entrepreneurial intentions, as well as the identification of four different profiles: natural entrepreneur, informal entrepreneur, entrepreneur due to necessity and non-entrepreneur. These results provide new information about entrepreneurship among young people that can be used to inform educational processes, pedagogical practices, teacher training, developing links with local settings and the design of graduate profiles for business and administration degrees. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; competence development; vocational education; youth; quantitative analysis.

A protocol for a feasibility study of Cognitive Bias Modification training (IVY) countering fatigue in people with breast cancer

BackgroundCancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most prevalent, distressing, and quality of life disturbing symptom during and after cancer treatment for many cancer types including breast cancer. The experience and burden of this symptom can induce a cognitive bias towards fatigue or a fatigue-related self-image, which can further increase the fatigue symptoms and related behaviour. For this, a Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) eHealth app (IVY) has been developed. The app aims to counter the fatigue-related self-image and to modify it towards vitality, which might translate to less experienced fatigue and more experienced vitality. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the IVY CBM training and the research design of a wait-list control trial. If feasibility is judged sufficient, the effectiveness of the CBM app will also be analyzed on (1) underlying mechanisms (cognitive fatigue bias), (2) symptom fatigue (self-reported fatigue and vitality), and (3) related behaviours (avoidance and all-or-nothing behaviour).MethodsThis feasibility study addresses individuals being treated for breast cancer receiving (neo)adjuvant treatment or metastatic care. The number of target participants is 120 (60 (neo)adjuvant, and 60 metastatic) patients. Both groups will be randomized with 30 people in the IVY treatment group and 30 people in the delayed treatment control group. All participants will receive the training via the IVY app, in which participants categorize words related to vitality with words related to ‘I’ and words related to fatigue with words related to ‘other’. If feasibility is judged sufficient, the effects of the training will be explored on 3 levels: (1) self-identity bias, which will be measured with a short computer task based on the Implicit Association Test (IAT), (2) avoidance and all-or-nothing behaviour, and (3) fatigue and vitality levels, which will all be measured with questionnaires.DiscussionThis study aims to evaluate the feasibility of a larger-scale multi-centre Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to investigate a novel eHealth application and, if possible, to give indications on the effectiveness of this intervention to counter fatigue in individuals with breast cancer. Using the IVY CBM app requires very little effort, both in time and cognitive load, which could be especially beneficial for fatigue symptoms.Trial registrationRegistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF; https://osf.io/e85g7/) on October 20, 2023.

PlayDecide teamwork: a discussion game for junior doctors to explore workplace bullying and harassment

BackgroundWorkplace bullying and harassment (WBH) in healthcare settings has been widely described in the literature, although a lack of consensus on the definition of behaviours constituting WBH makes findings difficult to interpret. The consequences for those experiencing WBH can be severe, including burnout, stress, and suicidal ideation, yet formal reporting rates are low, in part due to a lack of understanding of WBH and the support services designed to address it. Those who experience WBH are more likely to reproduce the behaviour, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. There is an urgent need to develop educational tools to help trainees identify behaviours that can constitute WBH, and the support services available to address this issue.MethodsThe study setting was four acute hospital sites in Ireland; participants were interns (junior doctors in their first postgraduate year). A card-based discussion game, PlayDecide: Teamwork was developed with a multidisciplinary team (MDT), piloted, and implemented. Feedback was obtained from participants on the acceptability and educational value of the game via an anonymous online survey. The intervention is presented using the TIDieR framework. Data were analysed and presented using descriptive statistics.ResultsIntern trainers and facilitators expressed satisfaction with the game. Intern attendance at the PlayDecide sessions was estimated at 63.64% (n = 70), with a 57.14% response rate to the survey (n = 40). The majority of interns found the game acceptable, the cards realistic and relevant, and agreed that it was a safe space to discuss workplace issues. Most interns agreed that the learning objectives had been met, although fewer agreed that they had learned about support services.ConclusionPlayDecide: Teamwork is to the best of our knowledge the first intervention of its kind aimed at addressing WBH, and the first aimed at interns. We have shown it to be effective and acceptable to interns and intern trainers in the acute hospital setting. We hypothesised that strong group identification facilitated the discussion, and further, that the cards created cognitive distance, allowing for free discussion of the issues depicted without needing to divulge personal experiences. Further evaluation at behavioural and organisational levels is needed.

Integrating Multiple Theoretical Perspectives on Informal Field-based Learning: The Self-regulated Informal Learning Cycle (SILC)

Informal field-based learning (IFBL)—a subset of work-related learning that is informal, intentional, and self-directed—is a developmental process in which motivational, behavioral, and cognitive mechanisms interact. Despite the consensus on the role of cognitive processing in learning, research on informal learning is dominated by a behavioral focus on learning activities, while the cognitive perspective remains sidelined. In the Self-regulated Informal Learning Cycle we introduce here, we use metacognitive and memory system lenses to zoom into the (meta-)cognitive IFBL processes, considering intention as a motivational starting point of the learning process. Specifically, we draw on self-determination theory, achievement goal theory, memory concepts, and self-regulated learning models. Our cycle distinguishes five phases—preparation, action, encoding and consolidation, performance, and self-appraisal—and elaborates on IFBL processes at the intentional, behavioral, cognitive, and metacognitive level. Theoretical implications for human resource development, including the often-neglected role of time in IFBL, are discussed.

Are Nutrition Literacy and Sustainable Dietary Habits Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Developmental Risks?

Objective This study aimed to examine the association of nutritional literacy levels and sustainable nutritional behaviors with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in the Turkish adult population. Methods Sociodemographic information, disease history, nutritional habits, and physical activity levels of 3146 volunteer individuals (male = 1590, female = 1556) between the ages of 40–75 were collected using a questionnaire form and face-to-face interviews. The sustainable nutritional behaviors of the participants were evaluated using Turkish validated scales for Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behavior (SHE) and nutritional literacy levels with the Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition Literacy on Adults (EINLA). Cardiovascular disease risks of the participants were assessed with the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk Estimator program and the Heart Score (SCORE) scale and type-2 diabetes risk with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Each participant’s 24-h food consumption record was obtained using the retrospective recall method. Results It was determined that ASCVD and SCORE levels were significantly higher in males compared to females. It was observed that individuals with lower cardiovascular and diabetes risk scores had higher educational levels, and the risks increased significantly with age (p < 0.05). Anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, and waist hip circumference were significantly higher in those with higher cardiovascular and diabetes risk scores. Furthermore, in individuals with higher SCORE and FINDRISC levels, SHE and EINLA scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05). It was also observed that SCORE and diabetes risk scores increased with higher energy and macronutrient intakes. Conclusion The risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes was associated with sustainable nutritional behaviors and nutritional literacy. It may be suggested that increasing nutritional literacy and encouraging sustainable nutritional behaviors may be effective strategies in the management and reduction of the prevalence of certain chronic diseases. KEY TEACHING POINTS Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are two major chronic conditions that can be managed and treated through proper nutrition. Increased nutritional literacy levels and sustainable dietary habits may result in reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Nutritionists should assess the patients’ nutrition literacy levels and implement sustainable, health-focused nutrition education programs to enhance their understanding of nutrition.

Implications of neural integration of math and spatial experiences for math ability and math anxiety.

Mathematical and spatial abilities are positively related at both the behavioral and neural levels. Much of the evidence illuminating this relationship comes from classic laboratory-based experimental methods focused on cognitive performance despite most individuals also experiencing math and space in other contexts, such as in conversations or lectures. To broaden our understanding of math-space integration in these more commonplace situations, we used an auditory memory-encoding task with stimuli whose content evoked a range of educational and everyday settings related to math or spatial thinking. We used a multivariate approach to directly assess the extent of neural similarity between activity patterns elicited by these math and spatial stimuli. Results from whole-brain searchlight analysis revealed a highly specific positive relation between math and spatial activity patterns in bilateral anterior hippocampi. Examining individual variation in math-space similarity, we found that greater math-space similarity in bilateral anterior hippocampi was associated with poorer math skills and higher anxiety about math. Integration of neural responses to mathematical and spatial content may not always portend positive outcomes. We suggest that episodic simulation of quotidian contexts may link everyday experiences with math and spatial thinking-and the strength of this link is predictive of math in a manner that diverges from math-space associations derived from more lab-based tasks. On a methodological level, this work points to the value of considering a wider range of experimental paradigms, and of the value of combining multivariate fMRI analysis with behavioral data to better contextualize interpretations of brain data.

A Multi-Dimensional, Multi-Informant Examination of Adolescent Psychopathy and its Links to Parental Monitoring: The Moderating Role of Resting Arousal.

Recent work indicates clinically meaningful differences in domains of psychopathic personality - such as grandiose-manipulative (GM), callous-unemotional (CU), and daring-impulsive (DI) traits - and parenting factors. Yet, different domains of parenting and reports from multiple informants may vary in their associations to psychopathic traits. This study examined psychopathic traits and their links with parental monitoring behaviors, parental knowledge, and adolescent disclosure. Further, we evaluated whether adolescents' self-reported resting arousal moderated these associations. A mixed clinic-referred/community sample of 134 adolescent-parent dyads (Mage = 14.49; SD = 0.50; 66.4% female) completed multi-dimensional measures of psychopathy, parental monitoring behaviors, parental knowledge, and adolescent disclosure; adolescents also self-reported on their resting arousal. Results indicated links between: (a) increased parent-reported GM traits and decreased parent-reported parental knowledge, and (b) increased parent-reported DI traits and lower parent-reported monitoring behaviors, which were attenuated at high levels of adolescent-reported resting arousal. Associations between elevated dimensions of psychopathic traits and lower levels of parental monitoring behaviors, parental knowledge, and adolescent disclosure were most consistent within-informants, with some cross-informant associations identified for links between elevated GM and DI and lower levels of parental monitoring behaviors and parental knowledge. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how to assess and prevent psychopathy and associated externalizing problems, and suggest that targeting modifiable environmental and psychophysiological factors may be particularly important.

Can emphasis on temporal processing inform literacy intervention design?

The aim of this minireview is to explore the relationship between auditory (AP) and phonological processing and to probe potential ‘cascade effects’ on literacy development. The overall purpose of this study is to specify auditory deficits in language and literacy outcomes to inform intervention. Important underpinnings of language and literacy development and characteristics of AP, phonological processing, and phonological awareness in children with literacy disorders in light of auditory processing skills. Children with language and literacy impairments experience difficulties processing temporal and/or spectral changes in acoustic stimuli resulting from atypical neural synchronization. On a behavioural level, studies have revealed a relationship between temporal processing skills (e.g., rise time discrimination, frequency modulation sensitivity) and literacy development. While research remains inconclusive on intervention efficacy centred on auditory processing, this review serves as the stepping stone for investigating intervention methods focused specifically on temporal processing. Frameworks associated with literacy deficits and interventions may benefit from auditory modality-specific assessment and interventions.

Potential categories and influencing factors of problem behaviours in high school students: Based on latent profile analysis.

To explore the potential categories of problem behaviours among high school students and their relationships with parental support and optimism-pessimism, a cluster sampling method was utilized to survey 682 first- and second-year high school students. The results of the latent profile analysis indicated: (1) There were differences between male and female students across various dimensions of problem behaviours, with males scoring significantly higher in aggressive behaviour and delinquency, whereas females scored significantly higher in withdrawal behaviour, neuroticism and exam anxiety. (2) The study identified three latent categories of high school students based on their problem behaviours: the low-risk group, the moderate-risk group and the high-risk group. The majority of students with problem behaviours belong to the low and moderate-risk groups, suggesting that most high school students exhibit problem behaviours at a moderate or low level. (3) As environmental and individual factors, respectively, parental support and optimism-pessimism have a correlation with problem behaviours among high school students. The above research findings can assist educators in developing more targeted prevention and intervention strategies for different categories of high school students based on their levels of problem behaviours.

The mental association between subjective vitality, energy conservation motivation, and cognitive effort motivation according to the schema model of self-control

AbstractAccording to the schema model of self-control, repetitive self-control efforts falter due to the activation of a reduced vitality schema, resulting in increased motivation to conserve energy and reduced cognitive efforts. Building on these assumptions, we conducted two randomized controlled studies to examine the mental associations individuals form between subjective vitality, motivation to conserve energy, and motivation for cognitive effort. In both studies, the participants were presented with vignettes featuring fictitious characters described as either vital or non-vital. In Study 1 (N = 487), participants attributed higher motivation to conserve energy and lower cognitive motivation to the character described as having low subjective vitality. This finding indicates that participants seem to hold a vitality schema, in which perceived levels of vitality influence how cognitive resources are allocated. Furthermore, the motivation to conserve energy was found to partially mediate the relationship between subjective vitality and cognitive motivation, aligning with the schema model’s predictions. Study 2 (N = 449) successfully replicated the findings of Study 1 using different measures. Overall, the empirical evaluation of this sub-component of the schema model adds a crucial piece to the postulated causal chain, emphasizing the importance of schema-based approaches in self-control research and opening new perspectives for investigating the mechanisms of cognitive resource allocation. Our results provide a promising foundation for future studies to investigate the schema model at a behavioral level, as mental representations can be viewed as precursors that prompt individuals to translate their cognitive concepts into corresponding actions.

Clinical benefits of modifying the evening light environment in an acute psychiatric unit: A single-centre, two-arm, parallel-group, pragmatic effectiveness randomised controlled trial.

The impact of light exposure on mental health is increasingly recognised. Modifying inpatient evening light exposure may be a low-intensity intervention for mental disorders, but few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) exist. We report a large-scale pragmatic effectiveness RCT exploring whether individuals with acute psychiatric illnesses experience additional benefits from admission to an inpatient ward where changes in the evening light exposure are integrated into the therapeutic environment. From 10/25/2018 to 03/29/2019, and 10/01/2019 to 11/15/2019, all adults (≥18 years of age) admitted for acute inpatient psychiatric care in Trondheim, Norway, were randomly allocated to a ward with a blue-depleted evening light environment or a ward with a standard light environment. Baseline and outcome data for individuals who provided deferred informed consent were used. The primary outcome measure was the mean duration of admission in days per individual. Secondary outcomes were estimated mean differences in key clinical outcomes: Improvement during admission (The Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Improvement, CGI-I) and illness severity at discharge (CGI-S), aggressive behaviour during admission (Broset Violence Checklist, BVC), violent incidents (Staff Observation Aggression Scale-Revised, SOAS-R), side effects and patient satisfaction, probabilities of suicidality, need for supervision due to suicidality, and change from involuntary to voluntary admission. The Intent to Treat sample comprised 476 individuals (mean age 37 (standard deviation (SD) 13.3); 193 (41%) were male, 283 (59%) were female). There were no differences in the mean duration of admission (7.1 days for inpatients exposed to the blue-depleted evening light environment versus 6.7 days for patients exposed to the standard evening light environment; estimated mean difference: 0.4 days (95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.9, 1.9]; p = 0.523). Inpatients exposed to the blue-depleted evening light showed higher improvement during admission (CGI-I difference 0.28 (95% CI [0.02, 0.54]; p = 0.035), Number Needed to Treat for clinically meaningful improvement (NNT): 12); lower illness severity at discharge (CGI-S difference -0.18 (95% CI [-0.34, -0.02]; p = 0.029), NNT for mild severity at discharge: 7); and lower levels of aggressive behaviour (difference in BVC predicted serious events per 100 days: -2.98 (95% CI [-4.98, -0.99]; p = 0.003), NNT: 9). There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. The nature of this study meant it was impossible to blind patients or clinical staff to the lighting condition. Modifying the evening light environment in acute psychiatric hospitals according to chronobiological principles does not change duration of admissions but can have clinically significant benefits without increasing side effects, reducing patient satisfaction or requiring additional clinical staff. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03788993; 2018 (CRISTIN ID 602154).

Multisensory integration enhances audiovisual responses in the Mauthner cell.

Multisensory integration (MSI) combines information from multiple sensory modalities to create a coherent perception of the world. In contexts where sensory information is limited or equivocal, it also allows animals to integrate individually ambiguous stimuli into a clearer or more accurate percept and, thus, react with a more adaptive behavioral response. Although responses to multisensory stimuli have been described at the neuronal and behavioral levels, a causal or direct link between these two is still missing. In this study, we studied the integration of audiovisual inputs in the Mauthner cell, a command neuron necessary and sufficient to trigger a stereotypical escape response in fish. We performed intracellular recordings in adult goldfish while presenting a diverse range of stimuli to determine which stimulus properties affect their integration. Our results show that stimulus modality, intensity, temporal structure, and interstimulus delay affect input summation. Mechanistically, we found that the distinct decay dynamics of FFI triggered by auditory and visual stimuli can account for certain aspects of input integration. Altogether, this is a rare example of the characterization of MSI in a cell with clear behavioral relevance, providing both phenomenological and mechanistic insights into how MSI depends on stimulus properties.

A Theoretical Framework for the Detrimental Effects of Media Violence Exposure on Young People

Multiple forms of violence have emerged in the media over recent decades, and their impact on the public has been the focus of extensive global research. This research often links media violence to an increase in aggression, particularly among young people and children. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework and highlight significant conclusions regarding the effects of media violence through various forms of content, including television (cartoons, horror movies, news), video games, music lyrics, and social media platforms. It explores how the public can be affected by less friendly, even violent content and what disadvantages arise, offering some suggestions in this regard. Studies have demonstrated that media violence can shape children's behaviors, emotions, and perceptions of the world, often in troubling ways. Some concerning outcomes associated with exposure to violent content include increased aggression, desensitization to violence, distorted worldviews, health problems, and addictions. Not only the effects at the level of behavior were taken into consideration, but also the role of parental involvement. The study contributes to a better understanding of the nature of the media phenomenon and the impact of its content. Other implications were discussed.

Atypical oscillatory and aperiodic signatures of visual sampling in developmental dyslexia

Temporal processing deficits in Developmental Dyslexia (DD) have been documented extensively at the behavioral level, leading to the formulation of neural theories positing that such anomalies in parsing multisensory input rely on aberrant synchronization of neural oscillations or to an excessive level of neural noise. Despite reading being primarily supported by visual functions, experimental evidence supporting these theories remains scarce. Here, we tested 26 adults with DD (9 females) and 31 neurotypical controls (16 females) with a temporal segregation/integration task that required participants to either integrate or segregate two rapidly presented displays while their EEG activity was recorded. We confirmed behaviorally a temporal sampling deficit in DD, which affected specifically the rapid segregation of visual input. While the ongoing alpha frequency and the excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio (i.e., an index of neural noise quantified by the aperiodic exponent) were differently modulated based on task demands in typical readers, DD participants exhibited an impairment in alpha speed modulation and an altered E/I ratio that affected their rapid visual sampling. Nonetheless, an association between visual temporal sampling accuracy and both alpha frequency and the E/I ratio measured at rest were evident in the DD group, further confirming an anomalous interplay between alpha synchronization, the E/I ratio and active visual sampling. These results provide evidence that both trait- and state-like differences in alpha-band synchronization and neural noise levels coexist in the dyslexic brain and are synergistically responsible for cascade effects on visual sampling and reading.

Understanding inconsistencies in risk attitude elicitation games: Evidence from smallholder farmers in five African countries

Recent empirical studies eliciting farmers’ risk attitudes through lab-in-the-field experiments have reported high levels of inconsistency in responses. We investigate inconsistencies in risk attitudes elicitation games using data from incentivized lotteries involving 2,319 smallholder farmers from Eastern Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania) and Northern Africa (Tunisia, Morocco). Our sample demonstrates high levels of inconsistent behavior, with 48% of the farmers exhibiting some type of inconsistency. Depending on the country, inconsistencies are explained by poverty, gender, and/or the interaction of gender and level of education. We find no significant impact (negative or positive) of education alone in all but one country model. Furthermore, we find session fixed effects to significantly explain inconsistencies in many cases, suggesting that session-specific circumstances, including inconsistencies across enumerators, play a crucial role in the successful implementation of these experiments. Our findings suggest that using risk attitude parameters without accounting for the presence and the potential causes of inconsistency may lead to unreliable results. This study may guide practitioners in identifying farmer typologies more prone to inconsistent decisions and inform policymakers about factors influencing operators’ choices.

Responses to the activation of different intranasal trigeminal receptors: Evidence from behavioral, peripheral and central levels

AimThere are various receptors that mediate intranasal trigeminal sensations. However, few studies compare the response patterns across different receptor activations. MethodsWe recorded negative mucosal potentials (NMPs) in 24 healthy participants and event-related potentials (ERPs) in 17 participants during exposure to five odors that trigger trigeminal sensations and one olfactory stimulus. Additionally, 10 participants completed a continuous odor intensity rating task. ResultsWe observed a significant effect of odor type on NMP amplitudes (F=13.51 to 21.88, p’s<0.01), with cyclohexanone (TRPV1) and CO2 (TRPV1+A1) inducing greater N1 and/or P1N1 amplitudes than other stimuli (t=3.28 to 7.54, p’s<0.05). Similar differences were seen in ERP amplitudes (F=3.69 to 12.25, p’s<0.05), with cyclohexanone showing greater P2 and/or N1P2 amplitudes than PEA (odorant), carvacrol (TRPV3+A1), and perillaldehyde (TRPA1) (t=3.13 to 4.10, p’s<0.05). CO2 also produced greater amplitudes than carvacrol (t=3.53 to 4.42, p’s<0.05). In the odor intensity rating task, cyclohexanone, CO2, and isopulegol (TRPM8+TRPA1) had higher peak ratings, steeper slopes, and/or shorter latencies (F=6.15 to 13.86, p’s<0.01; t=3.14 to 7.76, p’s<0.05). ConclusionsActivation of different intranasal trigeminal receptors yields varied responses. Notably, stimuli involving TRPV1 activation, linked to irritation or pain, elicited stronger behavioral and neural activity compared to stimuli involving other receptors, even when controlling for rated stimulus intensity. This emphasizes TRPV1’s significance in survival adaptation. Future studies should test different sets of stimulants to verify the robustness of these findings.

Classroom Leadership Behavior and Teacher Professionalism Development in Public Elementary Schools

The study aimed to determine the level of teachers' leadership behavior and teacher professionalism. It utilized a non-experimental quantitative research design, specifically employing a correlational method. The study involved 188 respondents, comprising 136 teachers from various public schools. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: the level of teachers' leadership behavior was found to be high, indicating that leadership behaviors are clearly exhibited by the teachers. Similarly, the level of teacher professionalism was also high, demonstrating that the teachers consistently demonstrate professionalism in their roles. The null hypothesis, which posited that there is no significant relationship between teachers' leadership behavior and teacher professionalism, was rejected. This suggests that there is a positive correlation between teachers' leadership behavior and teacher professionalism, implying that effective leadership among teachers is associated with a high level of professionalism. Since teachers' leadership behavior and professionalism are significantly related, it is recommended that policymakers and human resource managers consider these variables when formulating policies, designing training programs, and organizing seminars aimed at enhancing the professionalism of teachers. Additionally, teachers may be encouraged to actively participate in school programs, training sessions, and other activities that foster both their professional growth and social learning, further strengthening their leadership capabilities and commitment to professionalism.

Academic Self-Concept, Efficacy, and Procrastination Behavior among College Students in China

The study aims to explore the relationship among academic procrastination behavior among college students, academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy. It examines the effect mechanism of academic self-concept on academic procrastination behavior. This study enriched relevant research on college students ‘academic procrastination behavior, and provide a corresponding theoretical basis for improving college students’ learning habits and learning efficiency. This study utilizes 437 survey questionnaires through the combination of the Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic Procrastination and the General Academic Self-Concept Scale of Young People and College Students. Descriptive statistical analysis, and regression analysis were completed using SPSS software The results of the study show the overall level of academic self-concept of contemporary college students is relatively general while the level of academic self-concept shows significant age differences. The overall level of academic self-efficacy of contemporary college students is relatively general, and the level of academic self-efficacy shows significant age differences. Nowadays, students in Chinese colleges and universities have academic procrastination behavior, and the level of academic procrastination behavior shows significant differences between sexes. Students ‘academic self-efficacy plays a partial intermediary role between academic procrastination behavior and academic self-concept, college students’ academic self-concept can affect their level of academic self-efficacy, thus affecting their academic procrastination behavior. A training program was suggested to improve the academic procrastination of Chinese college students.