Behavioral Compatibility Research Articles

TRAUMA FOR CHILDREN AT THE SEPARATION OF THE COUPLE POST-CRISIS TURMOIL

This study is a descriptive analytical studies pattern, which aims to describe and analyze PTSD for children exposed to the crisis of the separation of the couple, this study is one of the descriptive studies that measure the relationship between two variables independent variable, a post-traumatic stress and the dependent variable disorder is the children exposed to the crisis of separation of the spouses. The study relied on the pattern of ecological theory, the theory of the pressures of cognitive behavioral theory and the theory as a starting point the theory of the study. The study attempts to test the following hypotheses Health: no statistically significant differences in the psychological and social pressures between male and female children of the post-traumatic separation of the parents. No statistically significant differences in the consensual behavior between male and female children of the post-traumatic separation of the parents. No statistically significant differences in the social compatibility between male and female children to the events of the post-traumatic separation of the parents. There is an inverse relationship strong statistically significant between the psychological and social pressures and behavior harmonic of the children of the post-traumatic separation of the parents. There is an inverse relationship strong statistically significant between psychological stress and social and social compatibility of the children of the post-traumatic separation of the parents. The study relied on the social survey sample of children disturbed curriculum beyond the shock of separation of the parents, the study identified the tools in the psychological and social pressures scale, harmonic behavior scale, social harmony scale, and consisted of the study sample in intentional sample of children who suffer from mental disorders beyond the separation of the parents of both sexes crisis and is estimated at (150) Single divided into (75) Single male, 75 single females. The most important results of the study it confirmed the existence of a strong inverse relationship is statistically significant at the level of 0:05 moral behavioral compatibility between the psychological and social pressures. as well as the existence of a strong inverse relationship is statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance between social consensus and psychological and social pressures.

A Checking Service Composition Approach based on Model Transformation

The service oriented architecture (SOA) approach constitutes an ideal solution for distributed application development. However, its success is conditioned by a solution to the problem of dynamic service composition. The formal-based tools are ones of the promising solutions to this problem, because of their mathematical-basis who can provide possibility of doing computation on services behavior in order to confirm the existence or not of some particular behaviours. In this paper, the authors present an approach based on model transformation (MT) for checking behavioural compatibility between services. Elementary services behaviours, modelled as OWFNet, an extenstion of Petri Nets, are automatically translated to a LOTOS specification. The translation is done by a two-fold transformation, model to model (M2M) and model to text (M2T). The resulting Lotos text specification is submitted to a LOTOS toolkit to check service composability.

Fitness Benefits of Mate Choice for Compatibility in a Socially Monogamous Species.

Research on mate choice has primarily focused on preferences for quality indicators, assuming that all individuals show consensus about who is the most attractive. However, in some species, mating preferences seem largely individual-specific, suggesting that they might target genetic or behavioral compatibility. Few studies have quantified the fitness consequences of allowing versus preventing such idiosyncratic mate choice. Here, we report on an experiment that controls for variation in overall partner quality and show that zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) pairs that resulted from free mate choice achieved a 37% higher reproductive success than pairs that were forced to mate. Cross-fostering of freshly laid eggs showed that embryo mortality (before hatching) primarily depended on the identity of the genetic parents, whereas offspring mortality during the rearing period depended on foster-parent identity. Therefore, preventing mate choice should lead to an increase in embryo mortality if mate choice targets genetic compatibility (for embryo viability), and to an increase in offspring mortality if mate choice targets behavioral compatibility (for better rearing). We found that pairs from both treatments showed equal rates of embryo mortality, but chosen pairs were better at raising offspring. These results thus support the behavioral, but not the genetic, compatibility hypothesis. Further exploratory analyses reveal several differences in behavior and fitness components between “free-choice” and “forced” pairs.

What Java developers know about compatibility, and why this matters

Real-world programs are neither monolithic nor static--they are constructed using platform and third party libraries, and both programs and libraries continuously evolve in response to change pressure. In case of the Java language, rules defined in the Java Language and Java Virtual Machine Specifications define when library evolution is safe. These rules distinguish between three types of compatibility--binary, source and behavioural. We claim that some of these rules are counter intuitive and not well-understood by many developers. We present the results of a survey where we quizzed developers about their understanding of the various types of compatibility. 414 developers responded to our survey. We find that while most programmers are familiar with the rules of source compatibility, they generally lack knowledge about the rules of binary and behavioural compatibility. This can be problematic when organisations switch from integration builds to technologies that require dynamic linking, such as OSGi. We have assessed the gravity of the problem by studying how often linkage-related problems are referenced in issue tracking systems, and find that they are common.

Becoming more like your mate: hormonal similarity reduces divorce rates in a wild songbird

In animals with biparental care, maintaining a pair bond is of adaptive value because it increases reproductive success and reduces costs, such as energy and time, for finding a new mate. Hormones are important mediators of social behaviours as well as parental care, and endocrine mechanisms are therefore likely to be involved in the decision whether to stay with the same mate or separate after a breeding season. Because behavioural compatibility has been shown to increase fitness and hormones have been shown to regulate behavioural traits, here we examined whether the degree of endocrine similarity is also related to reproductive success and pair bond longevity. We used a 3-year study on free-living great tits, Parus major, to test whether mates had similar hormone levels during the parental phase. We tested specifically whether the metabolic hormone corticosterone was related to pair bond longevity and reproductive success. Baseline, but not stress-induced, corticosterone concentrations were highly correlated among members of a pair and became more similar among members of pairs that stayed together for multiple years. Pairs that increased their hormonal similarity within a season (from prebreeding to breeding) had the highest reproductive success. Pairs with more similar baseline corticosterone levels and higher reproductive success were also more likely to remain together after the breeding season. The results of this study suggest that pair bond longevity is related to endocrine similarity and reproductive success, and raise the possibility that hormonal mechanisms may be under sexual selection.

Repository and meta-data design for efficient component consistency verification

Composing a complete component-based application as well as updating a subset of its components may involve complex issues of maintaining application consistency. Its verification is a computationally-intensive problem, especially for behavioural compatibility or extra-functional property assessment. This poses serious challenge on resource-constrained devices which represent an important future computing platform. This work describes an approach that addresses this challenge by separating the tasks of obtaining the results of component consistency evaluation and using them in deployment and update processes. The first task in our approach is performed by a repository with sufficient computational resources. The results are transformed into rich, remotely accessible meta-data which are easily checked by the component frameworks and application management agents on the devices. Experiences with a prototype implementation called CRCE as well as validation measurements suggest that the approach can make application consistency evaluation feasible in resource-constrained scenarios.

Personality traits of pair members predict pair compatibility and reproductive success in a socially monogamous parrot breeding in captivity

While pair behavioral compatibility seems to be a determinant of reproductive success in at least some species of monogamous birds, the specific factors underlying among-pair variation in behavioral compatibility remain poorly understood. However, recent research on the relationship between personality traits and reproductive success in several species of socially monogamous birds suggests that the fit between mates' personality traits might play a role in determining behavioral compatibility. To test this hypothesis, we used ten pairs formed by free choice from a captive population of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) to investigate whether personality ratings could be used to predict pair compatibility and reproductive success in pairs breeding for the first time. We found that pairs that ultimately hatched eggs paired disassortatively for agreeableness (an aggregate measure of social style which measures birds' tendency to be aggressive vs. gentle, submissive, and tolerant of others' behavior), and, as predicted, showed lower intrapair aggression and better coordination during incubation. Conversely, unsuccessful pairs paired assortatively for agreeableness, showed higher levels of intrapair aggression, and showed poorer coordination during incubation. Our results suggest that personality measurements may provide a useful adjunct to other information currently used in selecting mates for birds breeding in captivity.

Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes

Using artificial insemination we attempted to produce hybrids between captive, male, western, gray wolves (Canis lupus) and female, western coyotes (Canis latrans) to determine whether their gametes would be compatible and the coyotes could produce and nurture offspring. The results contribute new information to an ongoing controversy over whether the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) is a valid unique species that could be subject to the U. S. Endangered Species Act. Attempts with transcervically deposited wolf semen into nine coyotes over two breeding seasons yielded three coyote pregnancies. One coyote ate her pups, another produced a resorbed fetus and a dead fetus by C-section, and the third produced seven hybrids, six of which survived. These results show that, although it might be unlikely for male western wolves to successfully produce offspring with female western coyotes under natural conditions, western-gray-wolf sperm are compatible with western-coyote ova and that at least one coyote could produce and nurture hybrid offspring. This finding in turn demonstrates that gamete incompatibility would not have prevented western, gray wolves from inseminating western coyotes and thus producing hybrids with coyote mtDNA, a claim that counters the view that the eastern wolf is a separate species. However, some of the difficulties experienced by the other inseminated coyotes tend to temper that finding and suggest that more experimentation is needed, including determining the behavioral and physical compatibility of western gray wolves copulating with western coyotes. Thus although our study adds new information to the controversy, it does not settle it. Further study is needed to determine whether the putative Canis lycaon is indeed a unique species.

Long-life partners or sex friends? Impact of parental pair bond on offspring personality.

Previous investigations reported that some traits of parental relationships, including pair-bond duration or mate behavioural compatibility, influence subsequent offspring fitness by acting on their behaviour and growth and thus their early survival. We hypothesized that the development of a pair bond between sexual partners would have a prenatal influence. This study investigated the impact of two pairing managements on the egg characteristics and development of offspring of Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica). Thirty males and 30 females were paired either continuously (C; mates together all the time) or non-continuously (NC; pairs met only three times a week for 5 min). Separation-reunion tests evaluated parental pair bond. Egg yolk testosterone and androstenedione levels were evaluated, and the somatic and behavioural development of C and NC chicks was assessed. Our results revealed that members of C pairs were attached to their mates and, although no significant differences in androgen levels could be evidenced between egg sets, a higher proportion of C pairs' eggs were fertilized and their chicks appeared less emotive and more social. Our results revealed that the parental relationship can modulate the behavioural development of their offspring, probably via non-genetic effects, and this could play a major role in the emergence of inter-individual variability.

An Empirical Study of Implications of Cloud Computing Applications in Libraries using Diffusion of Innovation Theory: Determining Factors of Adoption

This paper reports the findings of a study of librarian's adoption of cloud computing technology in central university libraries of India. The study draws upon the Diffusion of Innovation Theory in determining the librarian's intention to adopt cloud computing applications for library operations. Data collected through a survey questionnaire was used to examine librarian's perceptions regarding various attributes of the cloud computing as a facilitator to library works. Findings reveal that behavioural compatibility with cloud computing, relative advantage, compatibility, image, visibility, ease of use, results demonstrability and trialability are positively associated with the intention to use cloud computing. In addition, the findings also confirmed the influence of intentions on the use of cloud computing.

A hierarchical functional solving framework with hybrid mappings for supporting the design process in the conceptual phase

Inheritance and innovation play important roles in the conceptual design phase. Inheritance can achieve rapid design by reusing existing design knowledge, while innovation can realize innovative design by developing creative ideas and concepts. Thus, an ideal conceptual design model should administer to the implementation of inheritance and innovation. Considering rational design domains and mapping relations is beneficial to knowledge representation and inheritance. According with the thinking process of humans it is propitious to human intervention and innovation. To meet these requirements, this article proposes a hierarchical functional solving framework with hybrid mappings. In this framework, there are four design domains including function, working principle, behaviour and structure. The reasoning process of product function design consists of four mapping patterns, which are solving mapping pattern, reformulation mapping pattern, decomposition mapping pattern and derivative mapping pattern, totalling 15 basic mapping relations. The evolutionary logic of these mapping relations is developed in this article. In addition, the flow of the solving process from each design domain is established. The procedure in applying the proposed framework to the conceptual design is presented subsequently. Moreover, several embodiment strategies ensuring the effectiveness of identified design solutions are also proposed, including performance match analysis, behavioural compatibility analysis and structural compatibility analysis. Finally, a design case of the telescopic shuttle mechanism of an automatic storage/retrieval machine is studied to illustrate and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework.

On model compatibility with referees and contexts

A model-based engineering discipline presupposes that models are organised by creating relationships between them. While there has been considerable work on understanding what it means to instantiate one model from another, little is known about when a model should be considered to be a specialisation of another one. This article motivates and discusses ways of defining specialisation relationships between models, languages, and transformations respectively. Consideration is given to both structural and behavioural compatibility concerns. Several alternatives of defining a specialisation relationship are considered and discussed. The article furthermore discusses the notions of referee and context in order to validate and define specialisation relationships. The ideas and discussions presented in this article are meant to provide a further stepping stone towards a systematic basis for organising models.

A Petri Net Approach to Analyzing Behavioral Compatibility and Similarity of Web Services

Web services have become the technology of choice for service-oriented computing implementation, where Web services can be composed in response to some users' needs. It is critical to verify the compatibility of component Web services to ensure the correctness of the whole composition in which these components participate. Traditionally, two conditions need to be satisfied during the verification of compatibility: reachable termination and proper termination. Unfortunately, it is complex and time consuming to verify those two conditions. To reduce the complexity of this verification, we model Web services using colored Petri nets (PNs) so that a specific property of their structures is looked into, namely, well structuredness. We prove that only reachable termination needs to be satisfied when verifying behavioral compatibility among well-structured Web services. When a composition is declared as valid and in the case where one of its component Web services fails at run time, an alternative one with similar behavior needs to come into play as a substitute. Thus, it is important to develop effective approaches that permit one to analyze the similarity of Web services. Although many existing approaches utilize PNs to analyze behavioral compatibility, few of them explore further appropriate definitions of behavioral similarity and provide a user-friendly tool with automatic verification. In this paper, we introduce a formal definition of context-independent similarity and show that a Web service can be substituted by an alternative peer of similar behavior without intervening other Web services in the composition. Therefore, the cost of verifying service substitutability is largely reduced. We also provide an algorithm for the verification and implement it in a tool. Using the tool, the verification of behavioral similarity of Web services can be performed in an automatic way.

Interface theories for concurrency and data

We present a compositional approach for specifying concurrent behavior of components with data states on the basis of interface theories. The dynamic aspects of a system are specified by modal input/output automata, whereas changing data states are specified by pre- and postconditions. The combination of the two formalisms leads to our notion of modal input/output automata with data constraints (MIODs). In this setting we study refinement and behavioral compatibility of MIODs. We show that compatibility is preserved by refinement and that refinement is compositional w.r.t. synchronous composition, thus satisfying basic requirements of an interface theory. We propose a semantic foundation of interface specifications where any MIOD is equipped with a model-theoretic semantics describing the class of its correct implementation models. Implementation models are formalized in terms of guarded input/output transition systems and the correctness notion is based on a simulation relation between an MIOD and an implementation model which relates not only abstract and concrete control states but also (abstract) data constraints and concrete data states. We show that our approach is compositional in the sense that locally correct implementation models of compatible MIODs compose to globally correct implementations, thus ensuring independent implementability.

Behavioral Compatibility Analysis of Component-based Real-time System

For verification of component behavior compatibility in component-based real-time system, we make use of the timed automata to formally describe the component. In this way, the problem of component behavior compatibility is equivalent to whether the complementary actions can really synchronize over common channels on the system’s TA models. We then use the verification function of UPPAAL to automatically generate result, and finally conduct a case study to demonstrate how our technique works.

Checking Behavioral Compatibility between Objects by Extending the Methods Rule

Behavioral compatibility between subtypes and supertypes in object-oriented systems is a very important issue to enable the substitution between object types since it supports the extension and evolution of an object oriented system. In other words, the subtype must be guaranteed that it can provide all behaviors (operations) of the supertype for replacing the supertype with the subtype. Invocation consistency checking is one of techniques to verify behavioral compatibility between two object types. The technique confirms weather an object type can accept all sequence of operations of the other object type or not. The classical methods rule checks behavioral compatibility by verifying invocation consistency of two object types. The rule argues that subtypes meet behavioral compatibility with supertypes if the subtypes' preconditions of inherited operations are weakened and postconditions are strengthened. Noting that the classical methods rule is not sufficient for checking behavioral compatibility between objects, we propose an extended methods rule on the basis of the classical methods rule. Based on the proposed extended methods rule, we have implemented a tool, BCCT, to automatically check behavioral compatibility between two objects.

Property specifications for workflow modelling

Previously we provided two formal behavioural semantics for the Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) in the process algebra CSP. By exploiting CSP’s refinement orderings, developers may formally compare their BPMN models. However, BPMN is not a specification language, and it is difficult and sometimes impossible to use it to construct behavioural properties against which other BPMN models may be verified. This paper considers a pattern-based approach to expressing behavioural properties. We describe a property specification language P L for capturing a generalisation of Dwyer et al.’s Property Specification Patterns, and present a translation from P L into a bounded, positive fragment of linear temporal logic, which can then be automatically translated into CSP for simple refinement checking. We present a detailed example studying the behavioural properties of an airline ticket reservation business process. Using the same example we also describe some recent results on expressing behavioural compatibility within our semantic models. These results lead to a compositional approach for ensuring deadlock freedom of interacting business processes.

A Petri Net Approach to Analysis and Composition of Web Services

Business process execution language for Web services (BPEL) is becoming the industrial standard for modeling Web-service-based business processes. Behavioral compatibility for Web service composition is one of the most important topics. The commonly used reachability exploration method focuses on verifying deadlock freeness. When this property is violated, the states and traces in the reachability graph only give clues to redesign the composition. The redesign must then repeat itself until no deadlock is found. In this paper, multiple Web service interaction is modeled with a Petri net called composition net (C-net for short). The problem of behavioral compatibility among Web services is hence transformed into the deadlock structure problem of a C-net. If services are incompatible, a policy based on appending additional information channels is proposed. It is proved that the policy can offer a good solution that can be mapped back into the BPEL models automatically.

Social segregation in male, but not female yearling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Males and females of many species sex-segregate, ranging from complete separation of habitats to social segregation within the same space, sometimes varying across seasons and lifespan development. Mechanisms for such segregation are not well understood, though some have suggested that sex differences in preferred juvenile behaviors lead to greater behavioral compatibility within than between sexes. This within-sex behavioral compatibility may be the source of sex-segregation. As juvenile behavioral sex differences are well-documented in rhesus monkeys, we examined sex-segregation patterns of yearling rhesus monkeys engaged in three different types of behavior: rough play, parallel play, and grooming. We observed male and female rhesus yearlings from five stable long-term age-graded social groups of 67-183 animals. Behavioral observations were designed to collect equal numbers of rough play, grooming, and parallel play bouts. In addition, sex composition and proximity to adults was recorded for each bout. Across all behaviors, more all-male groups and fewer mixed sex-groups were observed than expected by chance. All-female groups occurred at the level expected by chance. Thus, males sex-segregated regardless of type of behavior, while females did not sex-segregate. Female groups were observed in proximity to adults more often than expected by chance. These results suggest that behavioral compatibility may produce sex-segregation in male yearling rhesus monkeys, possibly preparing males and females for different social roles and segregation as adults.

Computing compatibility in dynamic service composition

Dynamically composing services requires mechanisms to ensure component services compatible with each other both at all of the syntax, semantic and behavioral level. This paper focuses on the issue of behavioral compatibility in a service composition. It adopts the π-calculus to model service behaviors and interactions in a formal way. Based on the formalization, it proposes a method to automatically check the behavioral compatibility in a qualitative way. Furthermore, it presents an algorithm to compute the compatibility degree in a quantitative way. The algorithm is implemented in a prototype and its performance analysis is also carried out to show that it can help composing services on the fly and ensure the services compatible with each other to provide functions with newly-added values.