Aspects Of Behavior Research Articles

P209 A TEAM-BASED APPROACH TO MANAGE BLOOD PRESSURE BETWEEN COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PHYSICIANS BY MEANS OF VASCULAR AGE (RIESCO/TOGETHER)

Background and Objective: Estimating arterial stiffness in Community Farmacies (CPh) has been shown to improve hypertension (HTN) management in Portugal, Austria and Spain. TOGETHER aims to evaluate whether empowering hypertensive subjects by determining arterial stiffness in CPh increases HTN control, establishing paths of lasting cooperation between Primary Care (PC) doctors and CPh. Methods: TOGETHER is a cluster-randomized, prospective study in Portugal, Austria and Spain. All consecutive expected 1260 subjects entering CPh will be offered BP measurement and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) for those with high values. CPh will be randomly grouped into a usual care arm (health education associated with HTN and communication of the results to PC). In the experimental care group, early vascular aging (EVA) will additionally be assessed estimating oscillometric pulse wave velocity. The therapeutic options of EVA will be explained to patients/PC. HTN will be treated by PC according to usual clinical practice. A second evaluation with ABPM will be performed after 6 months and HTN control will be compared between the arms. The degree of patient-doctor interaction will be determined through validated surveys. Results Five fundamental unmet needs will be addressed by TOGETHER: 1) lack of HTN screening programs; 2) Implementation of the simpler and more informative EVA concept (“Your arteries are 10 years older than you”); 3) understanding CV risk on an individual basis (individual EVA) should improve patient adherence and reduce physician inertia; 4) Implementation of health educational programs, combined with the concept of EVA; 5) Higher collaboration and development of a team-based approach to HTN care between CPh and PC. Conclusions: The complementary organizational settings and strengths of CPh and PC will allow TOGETHER to create new strategies for early identification and intervention in HTN, ranging from lifestyle to medical treatment, taking social, economic, and behavioral aspects into account.

Single grain K-feldspar MET-IRSL sediment transport determination: bleaching patterns and rates

This paper describes ways that Infra-Red Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) signals from K-feldspar grains can be used to determine patterns and rates of sediment transport. In particular, it focusses on the potential provided by single grains to reveal their individual exposure and burial histories by the application of multiple elevated temperature (MET) IRSL measurements. We examine similarities and differences in bleaching behaviour with different light sources and introduce the concept of an equilibrium bleach. We present data on the variability of bleaching parameters for grains from single sediment samples, and discuss different analysis approaches to best determine individual grain histories. We describe a single grain “bleach recovery” experiment, and the application of a combined growth-bleach protocol designed to allow optimal data collection of both aspects of grain behaviour. We discuss the development of a burial-bleach model using numerical simulations based on direct observations of sample characteristics.

On executive functioning and childcare: The moderating role of parent-child interactions.

Childcare services are widely used by families and thereby exert an important influence on many young children. Yet, little research has examined whether childcare may impact the development of child executive functioning (EF), one of the pillars of cognitive development in early childhood. Furthermore, despite persisting hypotheses that childcare may be particularly beneficial for children who have less access to optimal developmental resources at home, research has yet to address the possibility that putative associations between childcare and EF may vary as a function of family factors. Among a sample of 180 mostly White middle-class families (91 girls), we examined if childcare participation in infancy was related to two aspects of EF (Delay and Conflict) at 3 years, and whether two aspects of maternal parenting behavior (sensitivity and autonomy support) moderated these associations. The results showed positive associations between participation in group-based childcare and Delay EF specifically among children of relatively less autonomy-supportive mothers. These findings suggest that out-of-home childcare services may play a protective role for children exposed to parenting that is less conducive to their executive development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Little research has considered effects of childcare in infancy on executive functioning (EF). Long-standing hypothesis that childcare is more beneficial for children exposed to less sensitive and supportive parenting. We test interactions between maternal parenting and childcare participation in infancy in relation to EF at age 3 years. We find positive associations between participation in group-based childcare and Delay EF specifically among children of relatively less autonomy-supportive mothers.

Activity of forkhead box P2-positive neurons is associated with tadpole begging behaviour.

Motor function is a critical aspect of social behaviour in a wide range of taxa. The transcription factor forkhead box P2 (FoxP2) is well studied in the context of vocal communication in humans, mice and songbirds, but its role in regulating social behaviour in other vertebrate taxa is unclear. We examined the distribution and activity of FoxP2-positive neurons in tadpoles of the mimic poison frog (Ranitomeya imitator). In this species, tadpoles are reared in isolated plant nurseries and are aggressive to other tadpoles. Mothers provide unfertilized egg meals to tadpoles that perform a begging display by vigorously vibrating back and forth. We found that FoxP2 is widely distributed in the tadpole brain and parallels the brain distribution in mammals, birds and fishes. We then tested the hypothesis that FoxP2-positive neurons would have differential activity levels in begging or aggression contexts compared to non-social controls. We found that FoxP2-positive neurons showed increased activation in the striatum and cerebellum during begging and in the nucleus accumbens during aggression. Overall, these findings lay a foundation for testing the hypothesis that FoxP2 has a generalizable role in social behaviour beyond vocal communication across terrestrial vertebrates.

Research regarding the simulation of the autonomy for the electric vehicles in the case of the WLTC test cycle

Abstract In current mainstream research, energy consumption and autonomy are just a few of the the major objectives anticipated for electric road vehicles. The production of electric vehicles is continuously expanding, offering to the market a large variety of constructive variants in order to satisfy the requirements for their exploitation. Also, in the current energy context, it is expected from the electric car manufacturers, to deliver high quality models which can be characterized as the actual alternatives to actual existing solutions equipped with an internal combustion engine. Under these circumstances, the continuous research it is a high priority for everyone electric vehicle producers, where simulation on the computer is basically not absent as a go-between step prior to the validation of the final draft proposals. According to these assumptions, in the first part of the article you will find the AMESim simulation platform points, where it describes the model made with it and the simulated test cycle. In the second part of the article, as a consequence of the simulation of the experimental electric vehicle, are highlighted some aspects of the autonomy behaviour in the case of simulation on the World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC), for all four speed zones specific to it.

Standardization in Tribology

This paper presents an analysis of standards applied in tribology, especially concerning materials, test methods and failures of machine components, related to exploitation under load and motion. By the help of their own research and based on open literature, the authors justify the use of standards in tribology, but also the researchers’ initiative to develop new and more particular test methods and materials with application in tribology, starting from the already standardized ones. The market asks for products that could be rapidly and efficiently assessed by standards, but laboratory work ask for standards in order to compare old and new, original solutions. Thus, using standards does not block the researchers’ work, but helps to point out the new solution and even to develop new materials and test methods that accelerates the introduction of these new solution in actual applications. There are given examples of applying standards in tribology laboratories and how they are used or extend in order to point out a beneficial aspect of the tribological behavior.

The Role of Digital Marketing as a Company Strategy to Gain a Competitive Advantage in Dealing with Consumer Behavior in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, companies are forced to adapt their marketing strategies to meet the challenges posed by shifting consumer behavior. This article explores the critical role of digital marketing as a strategic tool for companies looking to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage in this transformative era. Using a qualitative research approach, this study explores aspects of consumer behavior and the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies. By gathering information from various sources, including journals related to the theme of digital marketing. By focusing on qualitative aspects, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which digital marketing contributes to building brand awareness, driving customer engagement and shaping consumer loyalty in the context of Industry 4.0. The research also investigates the adaptability of companies in adjusting their digital marketing strategies to align with changing consumer behavior. The research conclusion states that the complexity of challenges and opportunities in digital marketing practices requires a deep understanding and innovative approaches. Digital marketing is poised to take a leading role, with numerous marketers exploring innovative methods for online sales, cost-effective lead generation, enhanced click-through and conversion rates, and the exploration of emerging trends in the digital marketing landscape. This article delves into comprehending the concepts of digital marketing and how companies can attain a competitive advantage. While the data may not cover all of the available literature, this research remains the foundation for further understanding and development of more effective marketing strategies in the ever-evolving digital age.

Differential Functions of Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus in Social Stress Responses: Induction of Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Behaviors

The flexibility to adjust actions and attitudes in response to varying social situations is a fundamental aspect of adaptive social behavior. Adaptive social behaviors influence an individual's vulnerability to social stress. While oxytocin has been proposed to facilitate active coping behaviors during social stress, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. By using a social defeat stress paradigm in male mice, we identified the distribution of oxytocin receptor (OXTR)-expressing neurons in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (vlVMH) that are activated during stress by detection of c-Fos protein expression. We then investigated the role of vlVMH OXTR-expressing neurons in social defeat stress responses by chemogenetic methods or deletion of local OXTRs. The social defeat posture was measured for quantification of adaptive social behavior during repeated social stress. Social defeat stress activated OXTR-expressing neurons rather than estrogen type 1-expressing neurons in the rostral vlVMH. OXTR-expressing neurons in the vlVMH were glutamatergic. Chemogenetic activation of vlVMH OXTR-expressing neurons facilitated exhibition of the social defeat posture during exposure to social stress, while local OXTR deletion suppressed it. In contrast, over-activation of vlVMH-OXTR neurons induced generalized social avoidance after exposure to chronic social defeat stress. Neural circuits for the social defeat posture centered on OXTR-expressing neurons were identified by viral tracers and c-Fos mapping. VlVMH OXTR-expressing neurons are a functionally unique population of neurons that promote an active coping behavior during social stress, but their excessive and repetitive activation under chronic social stress impairs subsequent social behavior.

Markers of predicting discharge from forensic psychiatric hospitals in Czechia.

Secure forensic hospital treatments are resource-intensive, aiming to rehabilitate offenders and enhance public safety. While these treatments consume significant portions of mental health budgets and show efficacy in some countries, their effectiveness in Czechia remains underexplored. Previous research has highlighted various factors influencing the likelihood of discharge from these institutions. Notably, the role of sociodemographic variables and the length of stay (LoS) in the context of forensic treatments has presented inconsistent findings across studies. The study, part of the 'Deinstitutionalization project' in Czechia, collected data from all inpatient forensic care hospitals. A total of 793 patients (711 male, 79 female and 3 unknown) were included. Data collection spanned 6 months, with tools like HoNOS, HoNOS-Secure, MOAS, HCR-20V3 and AQoL-8D employed to assess various aspects of patient health, behaviour, risk and quality of life. The study revealed several determinants influencing patient discharge from forensic hospitals. Key assessment tools, such as HoNOS secure scores and the HCR-20 clinical subscale, showed that higher scores equated to lower chances of release. Furthermore, specific diagnoses like substance use disorder increased discharge odds, while a mental retardation diagnosis significantly reduced it. The type of index offense showed no influence on discharge decisions. Factors like reduced risk behaviours, absence of mental retardation diagnosis, social support and secure post-release housing plans played significant roles. The results underscored the importance of using standardized assessment tools over clinical judgement. A standout insight was the unique challenges faced by patients diagnosed with mental retardation, emphasizing a need for specialized care units or tailored programmes.

The post-non-classical university’s identity: an axiological aspect

Introduction. The relevance of the university’s role reconsideration is a consequence of the classical university foundations “ruinization” in the contemporary functioning conditions, characterized as highly dynamic, fluid and complex. The identity of the post-non-classical university is not perceived as something integral or self-evident, it is represented the essence of multifaceted identity, lying in the opposition of the idea of university modeling to the destructive postmodern conditions in which the contemporary university transforms. The aim of the study is to conceptualize the post-non-classical university’s image in its axiological foundations Research methods. To reach the aim of the study, the authors applied a methodology comprising philosophically and culturologically determined methods of qualitative analysis to explore issues in the relevant knowledge domains and the direct praxeological aspect of visible manifestations of the modern university’s identity. In their argumentation, the authors rely on philosophical and cultural comparative analysis, use the techniques of systemic functional and axiological approaches, the method of conceptualizing the university’s image. Research results. The article considers the transition from the classical to the non-classical and post-non-classical model of the university. The reflexive (convergent) consciousness is regarded as an essential condition the identity of contemporary university constructing crisis overcoming, and the glocalization argued as the strategy of the university as a sociocultural institute. The post-non-classical university multifaceted identity integrates cultural, behavioral and representational aspects, remaining in its globalized structure the regional particularities. The graduate, possessing the possibility of self-image constructing to achieve integrity and additivity, becomes the axiological foundation of the post-non-classical identity. Conclusion. The study has shown that the contemporary university independently determines the reflexive modernization of the axiological foundations of self-identity. It does not react to external circumstances and challenges, but rather absorbs external conditions and circumstances, and actively transforms and pragmatically uses them for its own advancement. The post-non-classical identity of the university, on the one hand, is a product of postmodernity. On the other hand, its contemporary reflexive modeling overcomes the deconstructing and ruining foundations of postmodernity, and can be considered as a foresight technology

Cognitive performance of grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) during a discrimination learning task: Effect of the emotional valence of stimuli.

Emotions are omnipresent in many animals' lives. It is a complex concept that encompasses physiological, subjective, behavioural and cognitive aspects. While the complex relationship between emotion and cognition has been well studied in humans and in some nonhuman primates, it remains rather unexplored for other nonhuman primate species, such as lemurs. In our study, we evaluated the performance of N = 48 grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in a discrimination learning task using visual emotional stimuli. We tested whether the type of visual stimulus (positive, negative or neutral) influenced the cognitive performance of mouse lemurs. Individuals had to learn to discriminate between two platforms according to the associated visual stimuli and to jump to the target platform (leading to a reward). Our main finding was that emotional stimuli, whether positive or negative in valence, impaired cognitive performance when used as a target. Specifically, the lowest success rate occurred when the target was associated with the emotional stimuli, and the highest success rate occurred when it was associated with neutral stimuli. Our results show a similar pattern to that found in other primate species and support the adaptive role of emotion. Our results also support that individual differences could be a factor impacting the relation between emotion and cognition. This study is the first to explore how emotions interfere with the cognitive abilities of a lemur species and highlights the importance of acknowledging emotion in mouse lemurs as well as studying the emotion-cognition interaction in a wider range of primate species.

INTIMASY-TBI Guideline: Optimization of INTIMAcy, SexualitY, and Relationships Among Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can negatively impact intimacy, relationships, and sexual functioning through changes in physical, endocrine, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional function. Without intervention, diminished intimacy and/or sexual functioning in individuals with TBI may persist. Although most health care professionals agree that sexuality and intimacy in relationships are significant concerns and should be addressed in rehabilitation, these concerns are not typically discussed during rehabilitation and discharge planning for people with TBI. To address this gap, an expert panel of North American clinicians and researchers convened to develop evidence-informed recommendations to assist clinicians in providing a framework and guidance on how clinicians can support individuals after TBI. A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted to identify relevant evidence published from 2010 to 2023. The INTIMASY-TBI Expert Panel developed recommendations for optimizing discussions and interventions related to intimacy and sexuality for people with TBI in rehabilitation and community-based programs. For each recommendation, the experts evaluated the evidence by examining the study design and quality to determine the level of evidence. A total of 12 recommendations were developed that address the following topic areas: (1) interprofessional team training, (2) early education on the effects of TBI on intimacy, relationships, and sexuality, (3) creating individualized interventions, (4) education, assessment, and management of the causes of sexual dysfunction, and (5) providing written materials and relationship coaching to persons with TBI and their partners. Two recommendations were supported by Level A evidence, 1 was supported by Level B evidence, and 9 were supported by Level C (consensus of the INTIMASY-TBI Expert Panel) evidence. A decision algorithm was developed to assist clinicians in navigating through the recommendations. The INTIMASY-TBI Guideline is one of the first comprehensive clinical practice guidelines to offer strategies to trained clinicians to discuss the physical, psychosocial, behavioral, and emotional aspects of intimacy and sexuality with persons with TBI.

A behavioral analysis system MCFBM enables objective inference of songbirds’ attention during social interactions

Understanding animal behavior is crucial in behavioral neuroscience, aiming to unravel the mechanisms driving these behaviors. A significant milestone in this field is the analysis of behavioral reactions during social interactions. Despite their importance in social learning, the behavioral aspects of these interaction are not well understood in detail due to the lack of appropriate tools. We introduce a high-precision, marker-based motion-capture system for analyzing behavior in songbirds, accurately tracking body location and head direction in multiple freely moving finches during social interaction. Focusing on zebra finches, our analysis revealed variations in eye use based on individuals presented. We also observed behavioral changes during virtual and live presentations and a conditioned-learning paradigm. Additionally, the system effectively analyzed social interactions among mice. This system provides an efficient tool for advanced behavioral analysis in small animals and offers an objective method to infer their focus of attention.

The Influence of Brazilian Culture on Organizational Structure, Employee Motivation and Recruitment and Selection Practices, While Considering German Practices, is Significant

Organizational behavior (OB) focuses on studying the behavior of people within organizations. It aims to understand, predict, and influence human behavior an structure to enhance organizational performance. Globalization refers operating and competing in the global economy while upholding social responsibilities and business ethics. There is a prediction by French that the global shortage of workers may decrease in the future. Additionally, adopting cross-cultural approach in OB helps in recognizing variations in workplace attitudes and behavior among individuals and groups (Christy, 11th edition, 2016). Geert Hofstede identified four cultural dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity, Additionally, Fon Trompenaars, Charles Hampden- Turner identified seven areas in which cultural differences affect aspects of organizational behavior. These areas include relationships and roles, individual oriented societies, the display of emotions in public, the significance of building relationships in diffuse cultures, and the value of achievements within societies, the shift from collectivism towards individualism in Brazil validates Hofstede’s assumption about cultural change due to global economic growth. (Podrug, et al., n.d.).

Exploring interactive behaviours of urban and rural teachers in blended synchronous classrooms: Insights from a proposed interaction analysis framework

Blended synchronous classrooms (BSCs) play a critical role in narrowing the educational gap between urban and rural areas in China, promoting educational equity. In BSCs, the quantity and quality of interactive teaching behaviours of urban and rural teachers may significantly influence the learning experiences of students in both urban and rural settings, and they are supposed to be different from interactive teaching behaviours that happen in traditional classrooms. However, there is limited research on the characteristics of such interactive teaching behaviours in BSCs. To address the gap, this study first proposed an interaction analysis framework for BSCs (IAF4BSCs) and then examined the interactive teaching behaviours of urban and rural teachers in BSCs using this framework, along with various learning analytics methods including lag sequential analysis, frequent sequence mining and thematic analysis. The data analysis yielded the following results: (1) Urban teachers exhibited more speech behaviours such as lecturing and providing immediate feedback, whereas rural teachers engaged more in non-speech behaviours like classroom patrols. (2) Despite the expectation for urban teachers to interact equally with urban and rural students in BSCs, they predominantly focused on urban students. (3) Urban teachers demonstrated diverse interaction sequences with both urban and rural students, whereas rural teachers primarily interacted with rural students. (4) Interviews with teachers and students revealed both positive and negative aspects of interactive teaching behaviours in BSCs. Based on these findings, the study proposed three pedagogical recommendations to enhance interactive teaching behaviours in BSCs: increasing interactive participation, integrating technology more effectively and emphasizing post-class assessment.

Simple methodology to score micropattern quality and effectiveness.

Micropatterns (MPs) are widely used as a powerful tool to control cell morphology and phenotype. However, methods for determining the effectiveness of how well cells are controlled by the shape of MPs have been inconsistently used and studies rarely report on this topic, indicating lack of standardization. We introduce an evaluation score that quantitatively assesses the MP fabrication quality and effectiveness, which can be broadly used in conjunction with all currently available MP design types. This score uses four simple and quick steps: (i) scoring MP and (ii) background fabrication quality, (iii) defining the type(s) of MP of interest, and (iv) assigning so-called efficiency descriptors describing cell behavior. These steps are based on visual inspection and quick categorization of various aspects of MP fabrication quality and cell behaviour, presented in illustrations and microscopy image examples intended to serve as a reference "atlas". To illustrate the advantage of using this score, we determined differences in cell morphology and F-actin intensity between scored vs. non-scored cells. These measurements, which could be different in other studies, were chosen because both are understood as markers of cell phenotype and function. We combined intensity-calibrated immunofluorescence microscopy and image-based single cell protein analysis. Importantly, significant differences in cell morphology and cytoskeletal protein content between scored vs. non-scored cells were noted: the unconditional inclusion of all experimental read-outs (i.e., all MP data regardless of MP quality and effectiveness) into the final results significantly misjudged the experimental readouts vs. only including experimental read-outs of quality-controlled and effective MPs, identified by scoring. Specifically, non-scoring underestimated the F-actin intensity per cell and quantitative cellular morphometric descriptors circularity and solidity and overestimated aspect ratio. Scoring improved the precision of cellular readouts, advocating the use of a MP quality and efficiency score as a quantitative decision-supporting tool in deciding whether or not particular MPs should be used for experiments, saving time and money. This simple scoring methodology can be used for improving MP fabrication, comparing results across studies, benefiting basic science studies and potential future clinical use of MPs by introducing standardization.

Novel strategies in HPV‑16‑related cervical cancer treatment: An in vitro study of combined siRNA-E5 with oxaliplatin and ifosfamide chemotherapy

BackgroundCervical cancer, primarily caused by HPV infection, remains a global health concern. Current treatments face challenges including drug resistance and toxicity. This study investigates combining E5-siRNA with chemotherapy drugs, Oxaliplatin and Ifosfamide, to enhance treatment efficacy in HPV-16 positive cervical cancer cells, targeting E5 oncoprotein to overcome limitations of existing therapies. MethodsThe CaSki cervical cancer cell line was transfected with E5-siRNA, and subsequently treated with Oxaliplatin/Ifosfamide. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to assess the expression of related genes including p53, MMP2, Nanog, and Caspases. Cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell viability were evaluated using Annexin V/PI staining, DAPI staining, and MTT test, respectively. Furthermore, stemness ability was determined through a colony formation assay, and cell motility was assessed by wound healing assay. ResultsE5-siRNA transfection significantly reduced E5 mRNA expression in CaSki cells compared to the control group. The MTT assay revealed that monotherapy with E5-siRNA, Oxaliplatin, or Ifosfamide had moderate effects on cell viability. However, combination therapy showed synergistic effects, reducing the IC50 of Oxaliplatin from 11.42 × 10−8 M (45.36 μg/ml) to 6.71 × 10−8 M (26.66 μg/ml) and Ifosfamide from 12.52 × 10−5 M (32.7 μg/ml) to 8.206 × 10−5 M (21.43 μg/ml). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated a significant increase in apoptosis for combination treatments, with apoptosis rates rising from 11.02 % (Oxaliplatin alone) and 16.98 % (Ifosfamide alone) to 24.8 % (Oxaliplatin + E5-siRNA) and 34.9 % (Ifosfamide + E5-siRNA). The sub-G1 cell population increased from 15.7 % (Oxaliplatin alone) and 18 % (Ifosfamide alone) to 21.9 % (Oxaliplatin + E5-siRNA) and 27.1 % (Ifosfamide + E5-siRNA), indicating cell cycle arrest. The colony formation assay revealed a substantial decrease in the number of colonies following combination treatment. qRT-PCR analysis showed decreased expression of stemness-related genes CD44 and Nanog, and migration-related genes MMP2 and CXCL8 in the combination groups. Apoptosis-related genes Casp-3, Casp-9, and pP53 showed increased expression following combination therapy, while BAX expression increased and BCL2 expression decreased relative to the control. ConclusionThe study demonstrates that combining E5-siRNA with Oxaliplatin or Ifosfamide enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in HPV-16 positive cervical cancer cells. This synergistic approach effectively targets multiple aspects of cancer cell behavior, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and stemness. The findings suggest that this combination strategy could potentially allow for lower chemotherapy doses, thereby reducing toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. This research provides valuable insights into targeting HPV E5 as a complementary approach to existing therapies focused on E6 and E7 oncoproteins, opening new avenues for combination therapies in cervical cancer treatment.

Longitudinal studies of leadership development: a scoping review

Although various reviews about leadership development (LD) have been published in recent years, no one has attempted to systematically review longitudinal LD studies, which is arguably the most appropriate way to study LD (Day, Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 561–571, 2011). In this way, the focus of the present scoping review is to understand how true longitudinal LD studies have been investigated and what inconsistencies exist, primarily from a methodological perspective. Only business contexts and leadership-associated outcomes are considered. To achieve this, ample searches were performed in five online databases from 1900 to 2021 that returned 1023 articles after the removal of duplicates. Additionally, subject experts were consulted, reference lists of key studies were cross-checked, and handsearch of leading leadership journals was performed. A subsequent and rigorous inclusion process narrowed the sample down to 19 articles. The combined sample contains 2,776 participants (67% male) and 88 waves of data (average of 4.2). Evidence is mapped according to participants, setting, procedures, outcomes, analytical approach, and key findings. Despite many strengths, a lack of context diversity and qualitative designs are noticed. A thematic analysis indicates that LD authors are focused on measuring status, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Implications for knowledge and future research paths are discussed.

Activity of FoxP2-positive neurons is associated with tadpole begging behavior.

Motor function is a critical aspect of social behavior in a wide range of taxa. The transcription factor FoxP2 is well studied in the context of vocal communication in humans, mice, and songbirds, but its role in regulating social behavior in other vertebrate taxa is unclear. We examined the distribution and activity of FoxP2-positive neurons in tadpoles of the mimic poison frog (Ranitomeya imitator). In this species, tadpoles are reared in isolated plant nurseries and are aggressive to other tadpoles. Mothers provide unfertilized egg meals to tadpoles that perform a begging display by vigorously vibrating back and forth. We found that FoxP2 is widely distributed in the tadpole brain and parallels the brain distribution in mammals, birds, and fishes. We then tested the hypothesis that FoxP2-positive neurons would have differential activity levels in begging or aggression contexts compared to non-social controls. We found that FoxP2-positive neurons showed increased activation in the striatum and cerebellum during begging and in the nucleus accumbens during aggression. Overall, these findings lay a foundation for testing the hypothesis that FoxP2 has a generalizable role in social behavior beyond vocal communication across terrestrial vertebrates.

Perilaku Organizational Citizenship Behavior pada Karyawan

Every company is required to be able to improve company performance maximally and effectively, especially to improve individual performance. The low quality of human resources will certainly have a negative impact on the company, while successful companies need employees who are willing to do more than just their formal duties and are willing to provide performance that exceeds expectations. The purpose of this research is to determine organizational citizenship behavior in employees. This research was conducted on 72 permanent employee subjects. The research uses a quantitative approach with saturated sampling techniques. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire with measurements based on organizational citizenship behavior variables. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis and determines the calculated average for each aspect. The results of data processing show that the minimum value for the organizational citizenship behavior variable is 82.00 with a maximum value of 134.00 and a mean value of 108.36. The standard deviation value is 10.57809. As for aspects of organizational citizenship behavior, the average obtained was the altruism aspect of 3.15. The average courtesy aspect is 3.31. The average sportsmanship aspect is 3.18. The average conscientiousness aspect is 3.21. The Civic Virtue aspect averages 3.09.