Behavior Patterns In Children Research Articles

동극활동 과정에서 나타난 유아들의 친사회적 행동 양상

동극활동 과정에서 나타난 유아들의 친사회적 행동 양상

Educational magic toys developed with augmented reality technology for early childhood education

Shaping children's experience, enhancing their imagination and affecting their behaviors, toys have great importance. Recently, toys have gained a digital characteristic and many children have tended to use them. For this reason, educational magic toys (EMT) were developed with augmented reality technology in this study. It is called as EMT because virtual objects such as story animations, 3D objects and flash animations appear on the toys. EMT has included puzzles, flash cards and match cards to teach animals, fruits, vegetables, vehicles, objects, professions, colors, numbers and shapes for average 5–6 age children in Early Childhood Education. The aim of this study is to reveal teachers' and children's opinions on EMT, to determine children's behavioral patterns and their cognitive attainment, and the relationship between them while playing EMT. Mix method was used and the sample consisted of 30 teachers and 33 children aged 5–6 in early childhood education. As data collection tools, a survey, an observation and interview form were used. This study revealed that teachers and children liked EMT activity. In addition, children interactively played with these toys but not had high cognitive attainment. From this point, we can say that these toys can be effectively used in early childhood education. However, collaborative and interactive learning with these toys should be provided. Moreover, this study will provide an important contribution, present a new educational AR application, and fill the gap in the educational technology field.

Endothelial antibody levels in the sera of children with autism spectrum disorders

BackgroundThe neurobiological basis of autism remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that endothelial antibodies may be associated with the pathophysiology of autism and may predict intellectual/social developmental abnormalities. MethodsPlasma levels of antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in autistic children (n = 55) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 25). ResultsThe serum level of AECAs in children with autism {n = 55, 306.4 ± 45.6 pg/mL [mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)]} was higher (two-tailed Student t test: p = 0.05) than that of healthy controls [n = 25, 209.6 ± 24.6 pg/mL (mean ± SEM)]. Children with severe autism exhibited significantly higher AECAs than healthy controls (diagnoses of autistic children based on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale score, >40) [n = 20, 369.6 ± 65.6 pg/mL (mean ± SEM)] (p = 0.03). Disease severity and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale score, which represent stereotyped patterns of behavior in children with autism, were positively correlated (r2 = 0.27, p = 0.05). ConclusionElevated AECA serum levels may be implicated in the pathogenesis of autism. However, these data should be interpreted with caution until further investigations are performed using larger sample sizes to determine whether the increase in serum AECA levels is a mere consequence of autism or it plays a pathogenic role in the disease.

Clinical differences in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without food selectivity

Several studies have described the atypical eating behaviors frequently occurring in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and food selectivity is the most frequent of these problems. The everyday management of mealtime behaviors among children with ASD can have a negative impact on family routines and become a significant stressor for families. However, much remains unknown about why food selectivity is so prevalent among individuals with ASD. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical and behavioral features in individuals with ASD with the aim of identifying distinctive clinical profiles in children with and without food selectivity. A total of 158 children with ASD were enrolled in this study: 79 participants with food selectivity (FS) were age and sex matched with 79 participants without food selectivity (No FS). All participants and their parents completed a battery of psychological tests for a comprehensive evaluation of ASD symptoms, cognitive abilities, adaptive skills, behavioral problems and parental stress level. No statistically significant difference on gastrointestinal symptoms and growth adequacy was found between the FS group and the No FS group. Overall, the FS group showed significantly higher rates of ASD symptoms as compared to the No FS group in the questionnaires completed by parents. Furthermore, parents of the FS group reported significantly higher levels of parental stress and a larger degree of their children's behavioral problems as compared to the No FS group. Finally, there were no differences between the FS and the No FS group on any adaptive skill domain. Our findings suggest that the identification of distinctive clinical and behavioral patterns in children with ASD and food selectivity is a crucial issue for parents and therapists in the daily management.

Household Factors, Family Behavior Patterns, and Adherence to Dietary and Physical Activity Guidelines Among Children at Risk for Obesity

ObjectiveTo describe the proportion of children adhering to recommended physical activity and dietary guidelines, and examine demographic and household correlates of guideline adherence. DesignCross-sectional (pre-randomization) data from a behavioral intervention trial designed to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children. ParticipantsA total of 421 children (aged 5–10 years) at risk for obesity (body mass index percentile, 70–95). Main Outcomes MeasuredPhysical activity (accelerometry), screen time (parent survey), and fruit and vegetable and sugar-sweetened beverage intake (24-hour dietary recall). AnalysisProportions meeting guidelines were calculated. Logistic regression examined associations between demographic and household factors and whether children met recommended guidelines for (1) physical activity (≥ 60 min/d), (2) screen time (≤ 2 h/d), (3) fruit and vegetable intake (≥ 5 servings/d), and (4) sugar-sweetened beverage avoidance. ResultsFew children met more than 1 guideline. Only 2% met all 4 recommended guidelines and 19% met none. Each guideline had unique sociodemographic and domain-specific household predictors (ie, availability of certain foods and beverages, media, and active play and exercise equipment). Conclusions and ImplicationsFamilies equipped to promote healthy child behavior patterns in 1 activity or dietary domain may not be in others. Results have implications for the development of interventions to affect children's weight-related behaviors and growth trajectories.

Graphical interface design for children seeking information in a digital library

Abstract Background Children are very curious. They like to play games but lack reading fluency. Conventional interfaces for information-seeking in digital libraries are unsuitable for children because they are rigid, text-based, and task-oriented. Thus, this study developed a customized interface for a digital library. To facilitate children in online searches, the design concepts included user-friendly target icons, icon recognition, and way-finding in a two-dimensional visualized environment. Methods In this study, the criteria used to develop visualization tools that children can use for information retrieval were based on theories of human perception related to graphical interfaces for information visualization systems, including iconic representations and information density on visualized displays. Databases widely used by children in the National Library of Public Information were linked to the suggested database frame. The database frame was classified into five major subject categories: Natural Sciences, Fine Arts and Music, Health and Athletics, History and Culture, and Treasure of Knowledge. The web interface was designed according to way-finding concepts and map-structure hierarchies. Information searches in the main frame, sub-frames, and linked database were designed to be simple and intuitive for use by children. Results Information search efficiency was measured in 104 children assigned to search the virtual environment for icons (databases) that adequately supported their studies. Statistical analyses showed that, compared to the text-lined interface, the graphical interface improved the success and speed of searches by children. Conclusions Incorporating theories of spatial memory and representative icons in designs for visualized retrieval systems helps children to recognize different categories of knowledge content and improves their efficiency in information retrieval. To improve database search efficiency in children, information recommendation issues require further study. However, further research is also needed to identify factors that affect patterns of information-seeking behavior in children.

Comparison of neuropsychological performances and behavioral patterns of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation

We aimed to investigate the similarities and differences in neuropsychological test performance, demographic features and behavioral patterns of children and adolescents with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined type (ADHD-C), and the severe mood dysregulation (SMD). Study includes 112 children: 67 with ADHD-C, 24 with SMD and 21 healthy controls. These groups were identified by using the schedule for affective disorders, and schizophrenia for the school-age children-present and lifetime version (KSADS-PL) and the K-SADS-PL-SMD Module. Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scale-revised long form (CPRS-R:L and CTRS-R:L) and neuropsychological tests were administered to the research groups. ADHD-C group's performances in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test TBAG form and Controlled Oral Word Association Test were significantly poorer than the control group's performances (p < 0.05). Performance of the SMD group was only descriptively intermediate between performances of the ADHD-C and control group. In the "Oppositional", "Hyperactivity", "Social Problems", "Impulsive", "Emotional Lability" and "Conners' Global Index" subscales of CPRS-R:L, the average scores of the SMD group were significantly higher than the ADHD-C and control group's average scores (p < 0.05). ADHD-C group (but not SMD) could be significantly differentiated from healthy controls with the neuropsychological tests used. SMD group could be differentiated from the ADHD-C and healthy control groups with CPRS-R:L; i.e., ADHD-C versus SMD could be differentiated at the behavioral level only.

Oral Diphenhydramine-Midazolam Versus Oral Diphenhydramine for Pediatric Sedation in the Emergency Department

Background: Sedation is defined as the attenuation of CNS reflexes following usage of some medications; this can be used to provide patient comfort with no undesirable loss of consciousness. Objectives: This study focused on the efficacy of oral diphenhydramine-midazolam versus oral diphenhydramine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department. Patients and Methods: One hundred children up to 13 years, referred to the emergency department for suturing their wounds, were randomized into two groups. Group I received 1.25 mg/kg diphenhydramine and group II received 1.25 mg/kg diphenhydramine plus 0.5 mg/kg midazolam, orally. Later, the drug compliance and anxiety were categorized. Child behavior patterns such as crying, consciousness and movement were recorded. Two weeks after discharge, subjects were followed-up for any experience of complication. Results: The maximum time to achieve the optimal sedation was 16.13 ± 4.78 minutes in group I and 7.1 ± 2.49 minutes in group II (P < 0.0001). Behavior study of the children was obtained by phone calls to their parents 2 weeks after discharge; restlessness and insomnia were less frequently seen in group II in comparison with group I (P < 0.0001) Conclusions: Combination of diphenhydramine-midazolam in comparison with only diphenhydramine, provides a higher quality of sedation, with fewer complications before diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children.

Role of family in establishment of recreational behaviour patterns in children and young people

Role of family in establishment of recreational behaviour patterns in children and young people

Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Dietary Patterns among Children

Energy balance-related behavioral patterns find their origin in early childhood. The current paper provides an overview of studies that have examined such behavioral patterns, i.e., the clustering of dietary behaviors, physical activity, and/or sedentary behavior. The paper discusses the importance of examining energy balance-related behavioral patterns in children, outlines methods to examine these patterns, and provides examples of patterns that have been found (e.g., the universal sedentary-snacking and healthy intake patterns, as well as more unique or local patterns), child and parental characteristics predicting such patterns (e.g., child gender and maternal educational level), and the relationship of these patterns with overweight and related measures.

An Assessment of Schoolyard Features and Behavior Patterns in Children’s Utilization and Physical Activity

Careful research that elucidates how behavior relates to design in the context of elementary school grounds can serve to guide cost-efficient design with the goal of encouraging physical activity (PA). This work explores patterns in children's PA behavior within playground spaces with the specific goal of guiding healthy playground design. Data on children's utilization and PA behavior in 6 playgrounds divided into 106 observation zones were collected in 2005 and 2006 at Denver elementary school playgrounds using the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth. Analyses of variance and t tests determined whether there were differences in utilization and behavior patterns across observations zones and between genders. This study provides evidence that children prefer to use certain types of playground zones and that they are more likely to practice moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in some zones. The authors observed statistically significant differences between genders. Boys were more likely to engage in MVPA in zones without equipment, girls were more likely to use zones with equipment. This work suggests that the inclusion or omission of specific playground features may have an impact on the way that children use the spaces.

A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

One in 110 children in the US have autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a debilitating and life-long disorder that affects the health, relationships, and learning of affected children. Existing research on the etiology, contributing factors, and treatment for ASD is limited and controversial. Studies suggest that GI symptoms are related to behavior issues in children with ASD, which may be improved by a gluten-free, casein-free (GFCF) diet. To evaluate the relationship between a GFCF diet and gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with ASD. Cross-sectional design in which parents completed an online survey regarding general health, diet (adapted food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ)), gastrointestinal symptoms, and behavior patterns of their children with ASD. Scores on the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Seven of thirteen children (median age 9years) were on a GFCF diet, consuming significantly fewer gluten- and casein-containing foods than those not on a GFCF diet. GSRS and CARS scores did not differ significantly according to diet. Parents of all the children on a GFCF diet reported improved GI symptoms and behavior patterns. This study provides evidence that the adapted FFQ is an effective tool for evaluating adherence to a GFCF diet. Continued well-controlled research is necessary to elucidate the gut-brain relationship in ASD.

Urban Environment and Children's Active Lifestyle: SoftGIS Revealing Children's Behavioral Patterns and Meaningful Places

To determine the relationship between (1) urban structure characteristics, (2) children's environmental experiences and active behavioral patterns, and (3) perceived health and body mass index (BMI). Cross-sectional study. City of Turku, western coast of Finland, 175,000 inhabitants. Average residential density of the studied settings was 17 housing units per hectare, proportion of green structure 43%, and proportion of population under 15 years old 17%. One thousand eight hundred thirty seven fifth (10-12 years old) and seventh (13-15 years old) graders from 54 schools in Turku. Self-reported behavioral patterns (activity of school travel mode, territorial range, mobility licenses, and distance to meaningful places) and environmental experiences (localized meaningful places, likability index, environmental fears) were gathered on the basis of locality with an Internet-based softGIS method. Self-reported BMI, perceived health, and daily symptoms were also queried. Geographic information system-based measures of urban structure (residential density, proportion of green structure, proportion of children), calculated within a 500-m buffer of each respondent's home, were used as independent variables. Mainly logistic regression analysis. After controlling for gender, age, and neighborhood socioeconomic status (proportion of academically educated), residential density was significantly associated with active travel mode to school and short distances to the meaningful places of children. The proportions of green structure and children had an association with nonactive transport, long distance to meaningful places, and small territorial range. We also found significant associations between active school travel mode and reduced risk of being overweight when controlled for gender and age but not when the proportion of academically educated was also controlled. The negative association between likability index and daily symptoms and positive association with perceived health remained significant after controlling for all three background variables. The only urban structure variable directly associated with good perceived health was the proportion of green structure around the child's home. Moderate urban density seems to have child-friendly characteristics such as an ability to promote active school journeys and to guarantee a short distance to meaningful places. The studied Finnish children expressed very few environmental fears, and the possibilities for them to independently use the opportunities of the urban environment were very high. The limitation of the study was that the socioeconomic background variables were extracted from register-based geographic grid data rather than from respondents. More refined measures of urban structure are also needed in future studies.

The Children's Behavior Questionnaire very Short Scale: Psychometric Properties and Development of a One-Item Temperament Scale

Little research has been conducted on the psychometrics of the very short scale (36 items) of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, and no one-item temperament scale has been tested for use in applied work. In this study, 237 United States caregivers completed a survey to define their child's behavioral patterns (i.e., Surgency, Negative Affectivity Effortful Control) using both scales. Psychometrics of the 36-item Children's Behavior Questionnaire were examined using classical test theory, principal factor analysis, and item response modeling. Classical test theory analysis demonstrated adequate internal consistency and factor analysis confirmed a three-factor structure. Potential improvements to the measure were identified using item response modeling. A one-item (three response categories) temperament scale was validated against the three temperament factors of the 36-item scale. The temperament response categories correlated with the temperament factors of the 36-item scale, as expected. The one-item temperament scale may be applicable for clinical use.

INTERACCIONES SOCIALES DE NIÑOS CON NECESIDADES EDUCATIVAS ESPECIALES: UN ENFOQUE FUNCIONAL

The stategy presented in this study integrates sociometry and behavioral information to evaluate the stability or change of the social behavior of children with special needs. This work compares proximal and contextual factors that explain the patterns of interaction of children with and without special needs. We analyze the implementation of this strategy with respect to the social behavior of elementary school children of different grades. The participants were 15 children considered as children with special needs, ea eh one matched with another child without special needs. Target children displayed less social interactions, a lower academic persistence, a lower number of social episodes, and a higher frequency of leisure episodes than comparison children. Functional indices of social effectiveness and responsivenesss helped to elucidate the mechanisms that control the children's behavior patterns. We discuss the stability of the children's social network and its function with respect to adaptation difficulties in integrated classrooms.

Associations between Sleep Architecture, Dietary Intake and Physical Activity in Children: A Systematic Review.

Review Objective The primary objective of this review is to investigate whether sleep insufficiency and / or sleep inefficiency is associated with poor dietary intake and behaviours in children and therefore increasing the risk of overweight and obesity. The second objective of this review is to investigate whether sleep insufficiency and / or sleep inefficiency is related to sub-optimal physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns in children and therefore increasing the risk of overweight and obesity. Criteria for Inclusion Population This review will consider studies which include otherwise healthy children of pre-school, primary school and secondary school age. For purposes of the review, this will be defined as being 3-18year old. Studies will be excluded if the population has known co-morbidities. Phenomenon of interest The phenomenon of interest is the association between sleep architecture and dietary patterns. For the purposes of this review, sleep architecture is defined as the quantitative portions of the sleep cycle, including non-rapid eye movement / rapid eye movement (NREM/REM) sleep. Sleep insufficiency is defined as the amount of sleep that is less than the normal expected amount for a person of a given age. Sleep inefficiency refers to the quality of the sleep. It can refer to the ratio of time spent asleep to the time available for sleep; the level of disturbance during sleep e.g. arousal index, respiratory disturbance index or number of nocturnal awakenings; or the ability of sleep to support daytime wakefulness, alertness and normal functioning. Dietary patterns are defined as the type and portion of foods consumed as part of a whole diet, as well as the behaviours and environment surrounding the food consumption. This includes the selection and preparation of foods, the timing of food consumption, and the setting and context in which the food is consumed. Outcome Measures Studies eligible for consideration in this review will includes those with the following outcome measures of interest: I. Sleep quantity / quality measure outcomes: sleep duration (minutes / hours); sleep efficiency(%); nocturnal awakenings. TRUNCATED AT 350 WORDS

Associations between Sleep Architecture, Dietary Intake and Physical Activity in Children: A Systematic Review.

Review Objective The primary objective of this review is to investigate whether sleep insufficiency and / or sleep inefficiency is associated with poor dietary intake and behaviours in children and therefore increasing the risk of overweight and obesity. The second objective of this review is to investigate whether sleep insufficiency and / or sleep inefficiency is related to sub-optimal physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns in children and therefore increasing the risk of overweight and obesity. Criteria for Inclusion Population This review will consider studies which include otherwise healthy children of pre-school, primary school and secondary school age. For purposes of the review, this will be defined as being 3-18year old. Studies will be excluded if the population has known co-morbidities. Phenomenon of interest The phenomenon of interest is the association between sleep architecture and dietary patterns. For the purposes of this review, sleep architecture is defined as the quantitative portions of the sleep cycle, including non-rapid eye movement / rapid eye movement (NREM/REM) sleep. Sleep insufficiency is defined as the amount of sleep that is less than the normal expected amount for a person of a given age. Sleep inefficiency refers to the quality of the sleep. It can refer to the ratio of time spent asleep to the time available for sleep; the level of disturbance during sleep e.g. arousal index, respiratory disturbance index or number of nocturnal awakenings; or the ability of sleep to support daytime wakefulness, alertness and normal functioning. Dietary patterns are defined as the type and portion of foods consumed as part of a whole diet, as well as the behaviours and environment surrounding the food consumption. This includes the selection and preparation of foods, the timing of food consumption, and the setting and context in which the food is consumed. Outcome Measures Studies eligible for consideration in this review will includes those with the following outcome measures of interest: I. Sleep quantity / quality measure outcomes: sleep duration (minutes / hours); sleep efficiency(%); nocturnal awakenings. TRUNCATED AT 350 WORDS

Prenatal and Perinatal Complications: Is It the Link Between Race and SES and Childhood Sleep Disordered Breathing?

Recent evidence has suggested that low socioeconomic status (SES), race, prematurity, and maternal smoking during pregnancy are associated with childhood sleep disordered breathing (SDB). We investigated (1) the association of SDB with a wide range of risk factors, including prenatal and perinatal complications; (2) the association of these complications with SES and race; and (3) the association of SDB with developmental milestones. Six hundred thirteen school-aged children (105 clinically referred and 508 community control subjects) underwent overnight polysomnography and had a complete history and physical examination. A comprehensive child development questionnaire was completed by a parent. We compared clinically referred children with SDB to population-based control children without SDB from The Penn State Children's Cohort. Maternal smoking during pregnancy; maternal age and weight gain during pregnancy; prenatal complications, such as maternal high blood pressure and gestational diabetes; perinatal complications related to prematurity; delayed motor milestones; race and SES were significantly associated with the presence of childhood SDB. Most of the risk factors became nonsignificant when analyses controlled for race and SES. Delayed motor milestones remained significantly associated with SDB after controlling for race and SES. These data suggest that there is a significant association between children who experience prenatal or perinatal distress and the development of moderate to severe childhood SDB. SES and race may be mediating the impact on SDB through increased prenatal and perinatal risks. The significant delay in motor milestones suggests that prenatal and perinatal distress may result in neurologic insult, which could influence the development of SDB in later childhood.

Sleep patterns and behaviour in typically developing children and children with autism, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and intellectual disability

Sleep problems have often been reported in children with intellectual disabilities (ID). How anomalies in 24-h sleep patterns relate to behaviour difficulties in children with different types of ID remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to assess 24-h sleep and behaviour patterns in children with a variety disorders including autism ( n = 34), Down syndrome (DS, n = 12), Prader-Willi syndrome ( n = 12), and children with intellectual impairments due to unknown etiologies ( n = 24). 33 typically developing (TD) children served as a control group. 24-h sleep and behavioural data were accumulated over a 14-day period using diary methodology. Group differences in daytime behaviour and sleep patterns were noted with children with DS being quieter, having higher levels of daytime sleepiness, and being better behaved than children with autism. Daytime napping was significantly more prevalent in children with PWS than children with autism and TD children. At bedtime children with autism were less likely to be sleepy, and were poorly behaved, which was reflected in a longer sleep latency and later time asleep. Poorer night-time sleep quality and reduced 24-h sleep time were also noted in the autism group. These findings are of clinical importance, as they indicate that different interventions may be required to treat sleep and behaviour problems in children with different developmental disabilities.

The Relationship Between Divorce and Children with AD/HD of Different Subtypes and Comorbidity: Results from a Clinically Referred Sample

This study investigated the relationship between divorce and the symptom profile of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). The files of 1,201 children from a pediatric practice in Sydney, Australia were used in this study. Children were aged 6 to 18 years, and were diagnosed with either the inattentive or combined type of AD/HD. Results show that 213 children had parents who were divorced. Children with the combined type, and especially boys with comorbid conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder (CD/ODD) were more common in the divorced group, and children of the inattentive type with comorbid learning disabilities were overrepresented in nondivorced families. Results suggest that divorce is associated with disruptive behavior patterns in children with AD/HD. The importance of including marital status as an important correlate in AD/HD treatment outcomes is discussed.