Behaviour Of Self-compacting Concrete Research Articles

The Structural Behavior of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Slabs Using Different Types of Reinforcement

The purpose of this study is to examine how the type of reinforcement used in self-compacting concrete (SCC) and lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) affects their structural behavior. There were three forms of reinforcement used: wire mesh, glass fiber-reinforced rebars, and regular steel rebars. To evaluate the mechanical characteristics of reinforced concrete slabs with various types of reinforcement, extensive experiments were carried out. The tensile strength, stiffness, and crack resistance of the concrete were studied in each case. The finite element program Abaqus was utilized in addition to the experimental investigations to create the numerical simulation of the test. The experimental results revealed that the reinforcement type significantly affects the structural behavior of SCC and LWSCC slabs. Conventional steel rebars provided high tensile strength and excellent crack resistance, while glass fiber-reinforced rebars contributed to enhanced flexibility and reduced overall weight of the concrete. On the other hand, the wire mesh exhibited average mechanical and structural properties. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting the appropriate reinforcement type based on specific applications and desired performance requirements. This research provides valuable guidance for architects and civil engineers in choosing optimal reinforcement for SCC and LWSCC. Furthermore, it can contribute to the advancement of techniques and potential improvements in these materials to achieve better performance and enhance sustainability in infrastructure and building construction. From the practical results, it was found that in the case of using lightweight self-compacting concrete and self-compacting concrete, it is preferable to reinforce it with ordinary reinforcement steel, as it gives the best results in terms of maximum load capacity at failure. Although the use of steel reinforcement in self-compacting concrete also gives the best results, but from the laboratory results it is possible to improve the performance of self-compacting concrete by reinforcing it with GFRP or welded wire mesh.

Effects of mineral additions on the rheology of self-compacting concrete: a review

The rheological study of concrete is crucial for the construction sector because of its influences on the casting process and hardened properties. This is even more important when designing and producing self-compacting concrete (SCC). By controlling yield stress and plastic viscosity, it is possible to predict and optimise the flowability of SCC. Understanding the rheological behaviour of SCC is a major step in achieving adequate flow behaviour to fill the formwork without any sign of segregation or blockage and hence yielding satisfactory performance of hardened concrete. This paper provides a critical and detailed review on rheological properties of SCC based on studies published in recent years. The rheological models for characterising the flow behaviour of fresh concrete are briefly assessed. The influence of water to cementitious materials ratio on SCC properties is also discussed. A comprehensive review on the influence of fine additions (i.e. fly ash, ground blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin and limestone powder) on SCC rheology has also been presented in this review.

Forecasting the rheological state properties of self-compacting concrete mixes using the response surface methodology technique for sustainable structural concreting.

It is structurally pertinent to understudy the important roles the self-compacting concrete (SCC) yield stress and plastic viscosity play in maintaining the rheological state of the concrete to flow. It is also important to understand that different concrete mixes with varying proportions of fine to coarse aggregate ratio and their nominal sizes produce different and corresponding flow- and fill-abilities, which are functions of the yield stress/plastic viscosity state conditions of the studied concrete. These factors have necessitated the development of regression models, which propose optimal rheological state behavior of SCC to ensure a more sustainable concreting. In this research paper on forecasting the rheological state properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes by using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique, the influence of nominal sizes of the coarse aggregate has been studied in the concrete mixes, which produced experimental mix entries. A total of eighty-four (84) concrete mixes were collected, sorted and split into training and validation sets to model the plastic viscosity and the yield stress of the SCC. In the field applications, the influence of the sampling sizes on the rheological properties of the concrete cannot be overstretched due to the importance of flow consistency in SCC in order to achieve effective workability. The RSM is a symbolic regression analysis which has proven to exercise the capacity to propose highly performable engineering relationships. At the end of the model exercise, it was found that the RSM proposed a closed-form parametric relationship between the outputs (plastic viscosity and yield stress) and the studied independent variables (the concrete components). This expression can be applied in the design and production of SCC with performance accuracies of above 95% and 90%, respectively. Also, the RSM produced graphical prediction of the plastic viscosity and yield stress at the optimized state conditions with respect to the measured variables, which could be useful in monitoring the performance of the concrete in practice and its overtime assessment. Generally, the production of SCC for field applications are justified by the components in this study and experimental entries beyond which the parametric relations and their accuracies are to be reverified.

Compression behaviour of self-compacting concrete under dynamic loading at different ages

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is widely used in reinforced concrete buildings, owing to its ability to consolidate by weight and its lack of requirement for external vibration. Reinforced concrete buildings can be subjected to high strain rate loading during the early days of construction or in their service life. Thus, it is critical to understand the behaviour of concrete under high strain rate loadings at different ages. Minimal studies have previously focused on the early-age behaviour of concrete under high strain rates. This study tries to fill this gap. It focuses on the behaviour of M40 grade SCC under three levels of strain rate loading at ages of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 d. The split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used to test 45 SCC specimens of diameter 100 m and thickness 50 mm at high strain rates, ranging from 30 s−1 to 110 s−1, and the determined compressive strength, peak strain and elastic modulus results are compared with quasistatic test results of SCC specimens. The dynamic increase factor (DIF) determined in the SHPB experiment is compared with the CEB-fib code model. The results indicate that the DIF reduces as the concrete's strength and age increase.

Sustainable self-Compacting concrete with marble slurry and fly ash: Statistical modeling, microstructural investigations, and rheological characterization

The escalating generation of marble waste and the substantial carbon footprint associated with cement production pose significant environmental challenges. Thus, by substituting fly ash for supplementary cementitious material and using leftover marble waste for fine aggregate in concrete can reduce cost and carbon emissions that may lead to sustainable development. The presented paper aims to study the effect of partial substitution of marble slurry with natural fine aggregates and fly ash as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) on Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) based superplasticizer (SP) was added in the concrete mix, to decrease the demand of higher water to binder (w/b) ratio. After developing SCC, fresh state properties and compressive strength (CS) at the curing age of 7 and 28 days were evaluated. To maximize the utilization of marble slurry and fly ash, mixture optimization was performed using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), a robust technique within the response surface methodology (RSM) framework. Rheological analysis was performed to analyse the fresh state behaviour of the SCC with the help of the Bingham and Modified Bingham (MB) models. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were also carried out to study the behaviour of the marble slurry and fly ash in the concrete. Carbon emission and cost analysis of SCC was evaluated at different replacement level of the marble slurry and fly ash. It was inferred that marble slurry and fly ash can be used in the certain percentages without compromising any strengthen and flowability properties of the SCC. The rheological behaviour also confirmed that linear and nonlinear behaviour of SCC in the certain mix proportion may results in the formation of the stable SCC. The analysis of cost and carbon emission confirmed that sustainable SCC mixture achieved substantial reductions of 21.44 % in cost and a remarkable 47.71 % decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to conventional concrete.

Self-compacting concrete with reduced formwork pressures

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is normally characterized with high pressures exerted on the formwork during casting. The pressures can easily exceed bearing capacity of a regular formwork when casting a high structural member in one step. The contribution shows new ways of reducing the pressures using mineral additives based on calcinated clay minerals and clay nanoparticles whose addition together with interrupted casting process leads to a substantial reduction of the formwork pressures. Short interruptions in the casting lead to microstructural changes and flocculation, thixotropy and early strength evolution. The positive effects are studied systematically in microstructural studies performed on modified cement pastes using microscopy and viscosimetry. Rheological behavior of standard SCCs is improved towards thixotropy of the mixture by using the mineral additives. The newly developed recipes are tested on SCCs used on real construction sites. Examples of their practical utilization and on-site measurements show on up to 50 % pressure reductions in enriched SCCs compared to ordinary SCCs.

Predicting 28-Day Compressive Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Using Gene Expression Programming (GEP)

SCC is an innovative building material which can flow and compact itself without the use of external vibrations. It is an effective material to enhance the use of industrial waste products such fly ash and silica fume etc in concrete to reduce the carbon emissions from construction industry. Despite the many advantages of SCC over conventional concrete, there are very few methods which can effectively forecast compressive strength of SCC. It is due to the non-linear behaviour of SCC in relation to its mixture components. Thus, an innovative Machine Learning technique called Gene Expression Programming (GEP) is employed to estimate the strength of SCC. For this purpose, a database consisting of 231 datapoints is constructed using extensive literature search. The algorithm resulted in an empirical equation that relates compressive strength with seven most influential parameters: cement, fly ash, silica fume, coarse and fine aggregate, water, and superplasticizer. The dataset is split into two sets called the training and validation datasets having 70% and 30% of the data respectively. The training and validation data will be used to train and validate the algorithm respectively. The algorithm’s accuracy is checked by calculating the four commonly used error metrices: mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of correlation (R) and performance index (ƿ) for both datasets. The statistical evaluation revealed that the errors are within the ranges specified in the literature. The accuracy of the algorithm is also verified by plotting scatter and series plots of training and validation datasets. Thus, the developed equation by GEP algorithm can be effectively used to forecast the 28-day compressive strength of SCC having fly ash and silica fume as mineral admixtures.

Shrinkage behaviour of self-compacting concrete with a high volume of fly ash and slag experimental tests and analytical assessment

This study assesses the effectiveness of the high-volume replacement of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by non-clinker binders in terms of shrinkage behaviour. Fly ash (FA) or granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) was used as a partial replacement for OPC at 60% by volume of the paste in self-compacting concrete (SCC). SCC having both FA (30%) and GBFS (30%), as well as SCC only with OPC, were also investigated. In all tested self-compacting concretes, the volume of the paste, which determines the shrinkage strains, was preserved. The shrinkage behaviour of SCCs was tested in shrinkage drains, bending drains and shrinkage rings. The total effect of autogenous and drying shrinkage under different drying conditions, also with the additional heating of the concrete samples was analysed. The strains were registered in the early stage of concrete curing, directly after mixing all concrete components, as well as in the later period, up to 28 days. The results indicate that the applied high volume of supplementary cementitious materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) significantly reduces the shrinkage strains in comparison to SCC only made of OPC. Simultaneously, fly ash replacement is found as the most effective in reducing the free shrinkage of self-compacting concrete. The registered shrinkage development also shows the significant role and the level of very early shrinkage, which decided the values of 28-day strains. In the analytical part, the results from three used testing devices were compared with each other to confirm the effect of the non-clinker components on the shrinkage behaviour. Additionally, the results have been related to the Eurocode 2 and ACI shrinkage models, as well as the method for calculation of the differences in the shrinkage strains between the bottom and top surface of the sample based on measurements in the bending drain was presented.

Self-compacting concrete produced with recycled concrete aggregate coated by a polymer-based agent: A case study

Understanding the effects of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and polymer impregnation on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is crucial for the construction industry's efforts to reduce environmental impact and utilise recycled materials. This study aims to examine the impact of RCA inclusion and polymer impregnation on the properties of SCC, in response to the urgent demand for sustainable construction practices. Two different methods of polymer impregnation were evaluated to assess their impact on the workability and hardened characteristics of SCC. The SCC mixtures were prepared using river sand (natural fine aggregate (NFA)), natural crushed limestone (natural coarse aggregate (NCA)) and a polymer impregnation level of 0.05 wt% of the water content, with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.34. RCA was used as a complete replacement for NFA and NCA, adhering to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C33 standards for recycled fine concrete aggregate (RFCA) and recycled coarse concrete aggregate (RCCA)The workability of the SCC mixtures was evaluated based on the criteria set by the European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). Among the hardened properties, the compressive strength of the hardened properties was tested at four different time intervals (1, 3, 7 and 28 days), and the integrity of the SCC specimens was assessed using ultrasonic pulse velocity. The polymer impregnation process resulted in a slower compressive strength development rate compared to that observed in the control concrete. However, combining polymer impregnation type 1 with either RFCA and NCA or RCCA and NFA significantly increased the 28-day compressive strength by 5.02% and 1.80%, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the behaviour of SCC incorporating RCA and polymer impregnation. Optimising the selection and combination of materials can enhance the performance and sustainability of SCC in construction applications.

Effect of fine aggregate/coarse aggregate ratio on the fresh and hardened properties of self compacting concrete

This study examines the effect of the fine-to-coarse aggregate ratios on the fresh properties and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The mixture design was guided to highlight the changes in the behavior of SCC in terms of; flowability, relative viscosity, stability, compressive strength, splitting strength, and flexural strength. Three ratios of fine-to-coarse aggregate were used: ratio 1; 44%: 56%, ratio 2; 47%: 53%, and ratio 3; 50%: 50%. Results indicate that the slump flow increases with the increase in the coarse aggregate content. Stability, slump flow, are relative viscosity are the key parameters that govern the behavior of fresh concrete. The ratio 47% fine to 53% coarse satisfied those parameters and recorded 680 mm slump flow with t50 equals 3.6 sec. The visual stability index was 0, which indicates the high stability of this mix. An excellent correlation (R2 = 1) was found between the viscosity index (t50) and V-funnel time (tv). The compressive strength of ratio 1 was 79.4 MPa, and slightly increased to 81.5 MPa and 83.4 MPa for ratio 2 and 3, respectively. The splitting tensile strength was found to be 8% of the compressive strength, and the flexural strength was 19% of the compressive strength for all ratios.

Numerical simulation of effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on damage evolution behavior of self-compacting concrete under compressive loading

The preparation of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to replace part of natural coarse aggregate can realize efficient recycling of resources and have achieved good economic benefits. However, the mechanism of the effect of RAP on the mechanical properties of concrete is still not clear. Therefore, a discrete element model (DEM) of SCC with different RAP contents is established. The bonding characteristics between RAP and cement paste were considered and the crushable aggregate was generated to improve the model reliability. Based on the DEM, the influence of RAP on mechanical behavior and failure mode of SCC under uniaxial compression load was analyzed. The results indicated that RAP significantly affects the total number and growth character of microcracks. The microcracks appear earlier and the total crack number decreases with RAP content ranging from 0% to 100%. Cracks are more curved and formed network damage with RAP content increase. Furthermore, the simulation result shows that RAP affects concrete's crack type under compression load. This study helps to understand effects of RAP on the damage evolution behavior of SCC and the related mechanism.

Rubber aggregates' effect on the rheological and mechanical behavior of self-compacting concrete

This research work aims to study the effect of the incorporation of aggregates from the recycling of used tires on the rheological and mechanical behavior of self-compacting concrete (SCC). In this regard, rubber particles with diameters of 0–4 mm were used in the SCC mixture as a partial substitution at 10, 20, 25, and 30% of the volume of sand.The rheological behavior of SCCs based on rubber aggregates is characterized by empirical tests (namely, slump flow, L-box, and V-Funnel) and by measuring the plastic viscosity and yield stress using a concrete rheometer. Furthermore, mechanical behavior is characterized by measuring the compressive strength and the density in the hardened state.Based on the experimental and statistical data, adding more rubber to SCCs makes it more likely that the mixtures will get stuck, making them harder to work with and less resistant to being compressed. Based on this analysis, a suggestion has been made for the best amount of rubber to use so that the mixtures meet the requirements to be called SCC.

Mechanical Behaviour of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Ceramic Waste

The use of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) which has high workability is the current choice to facilitate casting work so that it can pass through denser reinforcement areas without compaction. The rapidly increasing demand for concrete can cause damage to nature due to the overexploitation of minerals used for concrete such as crushed stone and lime. Construction waste can be an alternative to substitute the use of natural coarse and fine aggregate and an option to reduce gas emissions resulting from processing construction materials such as crushing work and cement production. Moreover, it can increase the efficiency of waste. In this study, ceramic waste is used as a substitute for coarse aggregate, which has the same characteristics as natural aggregate and is usually only dumped in landfill. This study aims to determine the mechanical behavior of SCC using ceramic waste as coarse aggregate substitution with a diameter of 9,52 mm. The mix design uses the Indonesian standard, SNI 7656-2012 with a maximum coarse aggregate size of 9.52 mm and Sika viscocrete 1003 as a superplasticizer. The concrete specimen is 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height cylinder of as many as 25 specimens. Design concrete strength is f’c = 25 MPa at 28 days old. The variation of the coarse aggregate substitution of ceramic waste is 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, and the 1.5% superplasticizer by the weight of cement. It is obtained that the maximum compressive strength of SCC is a variation of 50% ceramic waste, 25.98 MPa. It showed that the compressive strength did not experience a significant increase, which was only 0.06% increase from the design concrete strength. The stress value also showed a slight increase of 50% ceramic waste variation at 9.42 MPa with a 0.00254 strain value. The modulus of elasticity of concrete at maximum stress is 30,045.89 MPa. It can be concluded that ceramic waste can be used as a substitute for coarse aggregate in SCC. Although it cannot significantly increase the strength of the concrete as well as its stress and modulus of elasticity, ceramic waste substitution for natural aggregate in concrete can minimize the exploitation of minerals in nature and the strength also can exceed the design concrete strength.

Behavior of self-compacting concrete by the addition of recycled aggregates and nano-silica

The construction industry is growing rapidly all over the world and busy in inventing the new construction materials. The existing construction materials which are used for constructions from past decades were accumulating on the land as a waste, due to lack of reutilizing the used materials. In this experimental work, efforts were made to re-utilize the recycled aggregates which are also called demolition waste aggregates. The current study is divided into two stages. The first stage of work examines the influence of recycled aggregates on the characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The second stage includes the substitution of cement by nano silica and replacement of normal aggregates by recycled aggregates (RA) in the SCC mix. In this study, natural aggregates are replaced by 10%, 20%, 35% and 50% with recycled aggregates by the weight of total aggregates. Nano silica (NS) is used in this study, which replaces the 0.5% and 1% by weight of cement for each partial replacement level of recycled aggregates. The workability tests were performed on prepared SCC mix. The workability properties were satisfying the requirements of SCC. The compressive, split tensile and flexural strength tests were conducted on hardened concrete. The microstructural configuration of SCC containing with and without RA & NS mixtures were examined using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The RCPT test was conducted to understand the durability of the SCC. The outcomes of mechanical properties were optimum at 35% replacement of RA in first stage of work. Similarly, mechanical properties were optimum at 1% of NS and 35% of RA in second stage of work. The SEM analysis reveals the micro structure of mixes, the nano silica replaced concrete mix exhibit the lesser voids compared to RA replaced concrete. It results shows that voids were filled with nano particles and enhances the performance of SCC mix.

Rheology of self-compacting concrete: A critical review and future perspective

In this article, a critical review of the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been presented. The rheological parameters such as shear yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropic index have been shown to be quite effective in controlling the flowability and stability of SCC. The mixing, placing, pumping, finishing, pressure formwork, multi-layer casting, and segregation resistance of SCC can be controlled using these rheological parameters. Therefore, the rheological properties of SCC involving paste, aggregates, mineral admixtures, chemical admixtures, and fibers have been analyzed critically. Additionally, the applicability of different rheological models to the rheology of SCC is discussed. Moreover, this paper also provides directions for further research to the technical community on the rheological behavior of SCC.

Greener and sustainable self-compaction concrete: A review on performance at elevated temperatures

Self-compacting concrete (SCC), highly flow-able engineer-friendly concrete that have moderate viscosity, low yield stress, good segregation resistance, and high deformability. SCC is a composition of high amounts of cement, mineral admixtures, fine aggregate, water, super-plasticizer, and coarse aggregate. Mineral admixtures obtained from agricultural and industrial by-products and or waste materials are primarily used as filler materials and or pozzolanic materials for increasing the slurry or cementitious paste in SCC. Many high-rise concrete structures or plain concrete structures and or reinforced concrete structures are nowadays constructed by using SCC. Hence, considering its fresh and hardened properties, materials used, and importance in the construction industry, understanding the behaviour of SCC after exposure to elevated or high temperatures is of utmost importance and gaining attention. In SCC, explosive spalling was mainly caused by the stress developed, water to binder ratio and cement binder ratio. Higher amounts of powder content in SCC reduced the porosity and made SCC more vulnerable and susceptible to spalling. The strain values of SCC are enhanced by the increase in temperature. Higher reduction in strength values are observed with non-destructive testing than destructive tests. The scanning electron microscope of SCC revealed that the stiffness ratio between aggregates and cement matrix reduced with elevated temperature, which results in reducing the interaction transition zone. Finally, from the literature review, it may be concluded that the degradation mechanism of SCC when subjected to elevated temperatures is similar to the conventional concrete.

Effect of the Incorporation of Recycled Rubber Aggregates on the Behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete

Effect of the Incorporation of Recycled Rubber Aggregates on the Behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete

Improved mechanical models for self-compacting concrete in the paste rheological thresholds theory considering the pressure between particles

Based on the mix design method for self-compacting concrete (SCC) established from the rheological threshold theory, SCC's flowability can be predicted through a simple paste rheological test. But this method may have poor prediction accuracy when materials changed. The original theoretical mechanical models of paste threshold theory were set up from the behavior of SCC in slump flow test, more testing situations should be considered. V-funnel test was a classical test method that can reflect both yield stress and plastic viscosity of SCC. This work studied the improvement of the rheological threshold theory by new mechanical models set up from the V-funnel test, considering the flowing state of mortar under the pressure of gravel particles. To verify the models, we conducted 36 paste tests and 36 SCC tests with different powders including cement, fly ash, and limestone powder. The self-compacting zone of paste and SCC, which can reveal the prediction of workability, were obtained by a bilinear interpolation method. We also designed a new assessment method for prediction accuracy. The evaluation of the overlap area and relative position was achieved by two parameters, including the relative accuracy ε and the accuracy index ε’. According to the results, ε of the modified model ranges from 0.84 to 0.96, while that of the original method was between 0.28 and 0.78. ε′ was increased from 0.14–0.89 to 0.54–0.99. This modified method can handle powder changes.

Multi-parametric flowability classification of self-compacting concrete containing sustainable raw materials: An approach to real applications

Adding sustainable raw materials to Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) modifies its flowability behavior. Furthermore, the use of these raw materials may at the same time even improve one fresh property while worsening another. An accurate flowability description of SCC containing sustainable raw materials therefore requires a multi-parametric classification that simultaneously covers all fresh properties (slump flow, viscosity, and blocking ratio) for an accurate description of its potential applications. Existing classifications consider each fresh property independently. In this paper, a multi-parametric flowability classification of SCC containing sustainable raw materials is proposed. The effects of multiple sustainable raw materials on SCC flowability are compiled in a dataset serving as a knowledge base with information on 663 SCC mixes containing sustainable aggregates and binders. The statistical analysis of the dataset led to the definition of three types of flowability zones. Firstly, the overall-flowability zones, in which SCC flowability is described in absolute terms: the better the in-fresh properties, the better the overall-flowability zone. Secondly, the flowability-balance zones reflect the balance between free flow (slump flow and slump-flow viscosity) and flow around obstacles (V-funnel emptying time and L-box blocking ratio). Finally, SCC is classified within flowability-predominance zones, which define the main characteristic of SCC flowability, rate of flow (viscosity) or uniformity of flow (spreading). The variability of the effect of each sustainable raw material on the flowability of SCC makes this classification useful, in so far as it offers a complete picture of the fresh behavior of SCC in which all fresh properties are simultaneously considered. Furthermore, based on the description in the proposed classification of overall flowability and the balance between free flow and flow around obstacles, the application fields are defined for which the use of each SCC mix with sustainable raw materials is recommended.

Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Blended Hydraulic Cement (BHC) on the Behaviour of Self-Compacting Concrete

"ENGINEER", established in 1973 by The Institution of Engineers, is a Journal for dissemination of Engineering knowledge, published quarterly.If you are interested in contributing an Original Technical Paper based on research by the author(s) (intended for Section I) or an Original Article of Professional or Technical interest related to Engineering. (Section II) to this journal please go through the publication checklist which can be downloaded from here.Cover DescriptionCover images show a few views of the Maduru Oya reservoir and construction of right bank canal. The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, acknowledges Eng. L.D. Amila Sanjeewa of the Department of Irrigation for providing images and related information of the project.