Scale Behavior Research Articles

Aberrant Driving Behavior Prediction for Urban Bus Drivers in Taiwan Using Heart Rate Variability and Various Machine Learning Approaches: A Pilot Study

Objective: Aberrant driving behavior (ADB) decreases road safety and is particularly relevant for urban bus drivers, who are required to drive daily shifts of considerable duration. Although numerous frameworks based on human physiological features have been applied to predict ADB, the research remains at an early stage. This study used heart rate variability (HRV) parameters to establish ADB occurrence prediction models with various machine learning approaches. Methods: Twelve Taiwanese urban bus drivers were recruited for four consecutive days of naturalistic driving data collection (from their routine routes) between March and April 2020; driving behaviors and physiological signals were obtained from provided devices. Weather and traffic congestion information was determined from public data, while sleep quality and professional driving experience were self-reported. To develop the ADB prediction model, several machine learning models—logistic regression, random forest, naive Bayes, support vector machine, and gated recurrent unit (GRU)—were trained and 10-fold cross-validated by using the testing data. Results: Most drivers with ADB reported deficient sleep quality (≤80%), with significantly higher mean scores on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and driver behavior questionnaire subcategory of lapses and errors than drivers without ADB. Next, HRV indices significantly differed between the measurement of a pre-ADB event and a baseline. The accuracy of the GRU models ranged from 78.84% ± 1.49% to 89.57% ± 1.31%. Conclusion: Drivers with ADB tend to have inadequate sleep quality, which may increase their fatigue levels and impair driving performance. The established time-series models can be considered for ADB occurrence prediction among urban bus drivers.

Role of inter-fibre bonds and their influence on sheet scale behaviour of paper fibre networks

In fibrous paper materials, an exposure to a variation in moisture content causes changes in the geometrical and mechanical properties. Such changes are strongly affected by the inter-fibre bonds, which are responsible for the transfer of the hygro-mechanical response from one fibre to its neighbours in the network, resulting in sheet-scale deformation. Most models developed in literature assume perfect bonding between fibres. In the 3D reality, there is some flexibility in the bond region, even for the perfectly bonded fibres, because of the possibility of deformation gradients through the fibre thickness. In earlier 2D idealizations, perfectly bonded fibres were assumed, implying full kinematic constraint through the entire thickness of the sheet. The purpose of the present study is to assess the effect of this assumption. Using a homogenization approach, a random network of fibres is generated with different coverages and modelled using finite elements. In order to understand the role of bonding between fibres on the hygro-expansive behaviour of a network, a bond model is developed. In this model, the fibres are modelled using 2D regular bulk finite elements and the bonds are represented by interfacial elements of finite stiffness, which are introduced between each pair of fibres bonded in the network. These embedded interfacial elements form a connection between two respective fibres, allowing relative displacements between their mid-planes. The hygro-elastic response of networks obtained with this bond model is investigated by varying the bond stiffness and the network coverage under the application of mechanical loading and changes in moisture content. Furthermore, the bond model is used to analyse the influence of inter-fibre bonds on the anisotropic response of the paper fibre network.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of Differential Classroom Behavior of Autism Scale (DCBA)

This research has explored the differential classroom behaviours of children with autism exhibited during their studies during class time. The study used a sequential exploratory design. The study was conducted in the district of Lahore to develop an indigenous tool to investigate the differential classroom behaviors of children with autism. With the help of related literature and in-depth interviews of teachers working with autism for the last 5 years, a tool was developed. The self-developed tool was validated by 5 experts from the relevant field. A sample of 100 teachers was recruited using the purposive sampling technique and the data was collected by using the indigenously developed scale. Exploratory factor analysis was run to find out the emerging factors related to differential classroom behaviors. The analysis revealed that there was a total of eight factors related to differential classroom behaviors of students with autism. The factors included communication deficit, inattentiveness, impulsiveness, lack of socialization, academic approach, acting out behaviors, sensory issues and Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors. Future studies are needed to investigate the reasons behind the differences in the behaviors of students with autism and how these differences affect their overall functioning.

The Mediating Role of Parental Positive Emotional Socialization Strategies in the Relationship between Parental Goals and Child Adjustment

It is known that parenting practices play a critical role in children's social development. The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of parents’ positive emotional socialization strategies in the relationship between parental goals and children’s prosocial and aggressive behaviors. For this purpose, the study was conducted with mothers of 231 children between the ages of 4 and 7 years. The mothers were asked to complete the Demographic Information Form, Parental Goals Scale, the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale, Ladd and Profilet Child Behavior Scale, and finally the Strength - Difficulties Questionnaire in this study. The results of the mediation analysis conducted with structural equation modeling showed that positive emotional socialization of the parents fully mediated the relationship between parental goals and children's prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Parental goals positively predicted the positive emotional socialization strategies of the parents and parents' positive emotional socialization strategies predicted the child's prosocial behavior positively, while negatively predicting the aggressive behavior of the child. These results emphasize the importance of mothers' child-rearing goals and the positive emotional socialization strategies they use for the early psychosocial adjustment of children.

Factors Influencing Preventive Behavior of COVID-19 among Nursing Students in South Korea.

We aimed to identify factors influencing the preventive behavior of COVID-19 among nursing students. A survey was conducted through an online questionnaire in December 2021 for students in the department of nursing at a university located in C city. An online questionnaire was distributed to 189 nursing students who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, and data from 179 of them were used for the final analysis. The research tools used were COVID-19 stress scale for Korean people, COVID-19 risk-perception scale, self-efficacy scale, and COVID-19 prevention behavior scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis test, as well as Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression with SPSS 23.0 program. Factors significantly influencing the preventive behavior of COVID-19 were self-efficacy (β = 0.53, p < 0.001) and COVID-19 stress (β = 0.25, p = 0.001). The explanatory power of related variables was 45.0%. We found that self-efficacy and COVID-19 stress had a significant effect on the preventive behavior of nursing students. Therefore, to promote the preventive behavior of COVID-19, it is necessary to improve the self-efficacy of nursing students and manage COVID-19 stress well.

Nursing students’ perceived stress and clinical learning experience

BackgroundStressors among nursing students arise from both academic activities and clinical placement. Understanding how nursing students perceive academic and clinical stressors and the clinical learning environment could help develop useful approaches to reducing levels of stress and contribute to the maintenance of a good learning environment. There is a paucity of studies that investigated associations between the clinical learning environment and the stress of nursing students. ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between the perception of the clinical learning environment and stress in nursing students; to compare the perception of the clinical learning environment and stress in terms of the year and terms of the organization of supervision. DesignCross-sectional correlation study SettingsUniversity ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 155 nursing students in the bachelor's degree program. During the four academic years, students of individual years of the bachelor's study program were included in the study after completing all clinical placements in a given academic year. MethodsThe following instruments were used for the data collection: Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher evaluation scale, Perceived Stress Scale; Physio-Psycho-Social Response Scale and Coping Behaviour Inventory. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis using stepwise methods were used to determine the relationships between the variables. ResultsThe clinical learning environment is a strong predictor of students' perceptions of stress related to teachers and nursing staff. Types and degrees of stressful events during clinical practice varied between years of study. The experience with supervision was related to the overall perception of the clinical learning environment, but not to the students' physio-psychosocial status, types of stressful events during clinical practice and coping behaviors. Also, the differences in the students' physio-psychosocial status were not significant in terms of individual years of study and method of supervision. ConclusionsThere is a significant relationship between the clinical learning environment and the perception of academic stress. The attitude of the teacher and the medical staff can thus be important in influencing the level of stress in nursing students.

The relationship between self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and eating attitudes in bariatric surgery candidates.

Considering the effects of self-esteem, eating attitudes and body satisfaction on obesity and bariatric surgery outcomes, psychiatric evaluation is important for the identification and treatment of psychopathology, improvement of self-esteem, eating attitudes and body satisfaction. In this study, it was aimed to determine the relation between eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem and psychological symptoms in patients seeking bariatric surgery. Our second aim was to determine whether depressive symptoms and anxiety had a mediating role in the relationship between body satisfaction and self-esteem and eating attitudes. The study included 200 patients. Patients' data were retrospectively evaluated. Psychometric evaluation performed during the preoperative period included psychiatric examination and administration of the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale, Body-Cathexis Scale, and Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire. There was a positive correlation between self-esteem and body satisfaction and a negative correlation between self-esteem and emotional eating (r= 0.160, p= 0.024; r= -0.261, p <0.001 respectively). Body satisfaction had an effect on emotional eating mediated by depression and an effect on external and restrictive eating mediated by anxiety. Furthermore, anxiety mediated the relations between self-esteem and external and restrictive eating behaviors. Our finding indicating that depression and anxiety have mediator effects on the relation between self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and eating attitudes is significant since screening for these entities and their treatment is relatively more practical in clinical settings.

Development of the Korean Health Behavior for Dementia Prevention Scale for Older Adults

Purpose: This study aimed to develop the Korean Health Behavior for Dementia Prevention Scale (K-HBDP) and test its validity and reliability. Methods: In this methodological study, the K-HBDP scale was administered to 216 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65 or older) in 2020 in seven cities of western Korea using convenience sampling. Item analysis, construct validity, item convergent and discriminant validity, criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability were evaluated using SPSS for Windows 27.0. Results: The scale includes 23 items and five subscales: cognitive social activities, healthcare management, lifestyle, smoking and drinking, and eating habits, and the cumulative variance explained by the factors was 66.8%. Cronbach’s ⍺ for internal consistency of the total scale was .90 and ranged from .65 to .89 for all subscales. Item convergent and discriminant validity of the K-HBDP were confirmed. Criterion validity was demonstrated with the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Conclusion: The findings suggest that K-HBDP scale can be used to measure healthy activities to prevent dementia in older adults. The use of this tool is expected to help develop interventions, educational materials, and training programs to improve nursing practice.

대학 운동선수들의 은퇴불안, 진로결정 자기효능감, 진로준비행동의 관계

Objectives The purposes of this study were to investigate the structural relationship model of retirement anxiety, career decision-making self-efficacy and career preparation behavior of athletes in college. Methods The participants of this study consisted using of 415 athletes who were more than 18 years old with more than 3 years experience of competition. They were assessed by retirement anxiety scale, career decision-making self-efficacy scale and career preparation behavior scale. The evaluation questionnaires were modified to reflect the circumstances in Korea and underwent a validity test prior to translation. The data were conducted by descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and structure equation modelling. Results First, retirement anxiety had no a influence on career decision-making self-efficacy. Second, retirement anxiety had a positive influence on career preparation behavior. Third, career decision-making self-efficacy had a positively influence on career preparation behavior. Conclusions The result of this study suggests the need of developing programs and providing necessary support aimed at improving college athletes' decision-making self-efficacy and career preparation behavior through career counseling and education.

Environment-Friendly Behavior of New Agricultural Business Main Body Based on the Internet of Things.

The Internet of Things economy is necessary for the reform of China's economic industrial structure and international development, and it brings new opportunities and new challenges to the Chinese economy. The comprehensive informatization of the society is the prerequisite for the economic development of the Internet of Things. The Chinese government will adopt a strategy of simultaneous development to continue to accelerate the development of traditional agriculture while developing emerging strategic agriculture of the Internet of Things, accelerating the transformation of economic production methods. Family farming is a new type of agricultural business in the microeconomy. It is not only a producer and mobilizer of agricultural products but also an important carrier for implementing agricultural innovation technologies and promoting agricultural modernization. This article uses game theory, resource endowment theory, expectation theory, etc. to describe the impact mechanism of economies of scale, profit maximization, and environmental behavior on family farms from a game perspective and discusses the specific effects of resource endowments and psychological expectations. Through the research of the Internet of Things and the rural green energy cycle, this article applies it to the new agricultural business entities, thereby promoting the development of proenvironmental behavior analysis.

Fermiophobic light Higgs boson in the type-I two-Higgs-doublet model

The null results in the new physics searches at the LHC do not exclude a light new particle if the particle is fermiophobic. A good example is the fermiophobic Higgs boson hf in the type-I two-Higgs-doublet model, which occurs if we adopt α=π/2 and the inverted scenario where the heavier CP-even Higgs boson is the observed one at a mass of 125 GeV. We first obtain the still-valid parameter space satisfying the theoretical requirements, flavor-changing neutral currents in B physics, the cutoff scale above 1 TeV, Higgs precision data, and the direct search bounds at high energy colliders. We also study the high energy scale behavior of the allowed parameter points via the renormalization group equation analysis. An important result is that the fermiophobic type-I can maintain the stability of the scalar potential all the way up to the Planck scale if mhf is larger than half the observed Higgs boson mass. Since the decay modes of hf→γγ, H±→hfW±, and A→hfZ are dominant, the productions of pp→Ahf/H±hf/H±A/H+H− yield the four-photon final states at the LHC. We suggest the processes of 4γ+VV′ (V(′)=Z,W±) as the discovery channels that supplement 4γ+V, since they have compatible cross sections and enjoy the background-free environment.

Healthy Lifestyle Habits in Latin American University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Center Study

Background: Deterioration in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthy eating behavior due to the effect of COVID-19 lockdown has been reported. The aim of this study was to associate eating habits and HRQoL with physical activity behavior in Latin American university students during COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Measured 4,859 university students with a mean age of 22.4 years and they were mostly female (73.7%) from 10 Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and, Peru). Eating habits were measured using a survey validated with other university students, HRQoL was assessments using the short version of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) scale and physical activity behavior with a dicotomous question based on the international recommendations for physical activity.Results: There is a higher complaince for all the international recommendations for healthy foods intake in the physically active group of students (p < 0.01), with the exception of alcohol and salt. In addition, physically active students presented a significantly higher HRQoL (p < 0.001) in all the dimensions analyzed when compared to physically inactive students.Conclusions: Latin American university students who are physically active are more likely to have a healthier eating behavior and a lower risk of a decreased HRQoL during COVID-19 pandemic.

Atomistic scale behaviors of intergranular crack propagation along twist grain boundary in iron under dynamic loading

Due to alternative exchange between single and double-teeth meshings, the upper part of gear tooth is subjected to dynamic tensile stress whose growth rate presents rectangular fluctuation. This work investigates the atomistic scale behaviors of intergranular crack propagation along twist grain boundary in body-centered cubic (bcc) iron under dynamic tensile stress. The effects of driving force and contact ratio are fully discussed. Results show that only stacking faults with face-centered cubic (fcc) atoms can be formed in lower monocrystal portion. Edge dislocations in upper monocrystal portion are suppressed by intergranular crack cleavage. Critical stresses for stacking fault nucleation and intergranular crack cleavage vary with driving force and contact ratio. By calculating actual stress intensity factor at crack tip, variations of critical stresses are found to be attributed to the variations of time-dependent factors. Although critical stresses vary with driving force and contact ratio, the effects of these factors on the growths of crack length and plastic zone are not obvious in the early stage of intergranular crack propagation. Accumulated plastic strain energy before intergranular crack cleavage is independent of driving force and contact ratio. Departing from the early stage, the growth rates of crack length and plastic zone increase significantly with an increase in driving force or a decrease in contact ratio. However, the final ductile level of intergranular crack propagation cannot vary with contact ratio and large driving force. By applying dynamic load, this work can be used to reveal the atomistic scale mechanism of gear failure. The results can provide a good reference for gear safety design.

FAZLA KİLOLU VE OBEZ ÖĞRENCİLERİN BESLENME ÖZ-YETERLİK, BESLENME TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutritional self-efficacy, nutritional attitudeand behaviour of students with overweight and obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was carried out with 192 students in 5th, 6th and 7th grades whose body mass index percentile value was over 85. The data were obtained with personal information form, dietary self-efficacy scale, nutrition attitude scale and dietary behaviour scale in this study. RESULTS: The nutritional self-efficacy mean score of the students was 5.58 ± 5.07, the nutritional attitude was 12.72 ± 2.52, and the nutritional behaviour mean score was 2.92 ± 6.03. There was no significant difference found between scale scores according to gender and body mass index classification, and students without an overweight family member had a more positive nutritional attitude. A positive relationship was found between nutritional self-efficacy and nutritional attitude and nutritional behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional self-efficacy, nutritional attitudes and nutritional behaviour levels of children with overweight and obesity were found to be above the moderate level. Factors such as fast food eating habits and time spent with technological devices such as computers and TV, which increase the susceptibility to overweight and obesity, are effective in the levels of nutritional self-efficacy, nutritional attitude and nutritional behaviour.

A Systematic Review of Common Drunkorexia Measures: Examining Gender Differences across Scales

ABSTRCT Background Drunkorexia includes calorie restriction, excessive exercise, and/or purging in combination with alcohol consumption. Exploring drunkorexia by gender could inform potential intervention to address varying rates of drunkorexia, blood alcohol concentrations, and alcohol-related consequences. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review is to examine potential gender differences in drunkorexia among college students. Methods Search engines were used to find studies utilizing college students (2012–2021) and drunkorexia measures, resulting in 22 studies. Results Weighted mean scores and independent-sample t-tests of subscales for both the Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS) and Drunkorexia Motives and Behaviors Scale (DMBS) showed no significant differences between females and males. Discussion The lack of difference indicates the need to consider diet, purging, and exercise as separate drunkorexia control techniques as opposed to one drunkorexia construct and indicates trends by gender may have evolved over the last decade. Translation to Health Education Practice Understanding the unique direct and secondhand health effects of drunkorexia by gender might assist in counteracting negative alcohol consequences potentially exacerbated by drunkorexia (e.g., overdose, injuries, death), and inform multiple CHES® and MCHES® areas of responsibilities and competencies to improve interventions to reduce risky alcohol consumption among college students.

Modified embedded-atom method interatomic potentials for Al-Ti, Al-Ta, Al-Zr, Al-Nb and Al-Hf binary intermetallic systems

Interatomic potentials for the Al-Ti, Al-Ta, Al-Zr, Al-Nb and Al-Hf binary systems have been developed based on the second nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom method (2NN MEAM) formalism. The fundamental materials properties (structural, thermodynamic and elastic behaviors of different intermetallics) could be readily described with the potentials using molecular dynamic simulation (MD), in rational agreements with experimental or first principles data. The potentials are further utilized to develop an interatomic potential for the (TiZrNbHfTa)Al3 high entropy intermetallic compound (HEIC), which open the door to understand atomic scale behavior of HEICs.

Effect of Auditory Integration Training on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Auditory Attention Disorder

<bold>Objective</bold> To observe the effect of auditory integration training on language, social communication and behavior of Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and auditory attention disorder. <bold>Methods</bold> A total of 83 ASD children with auditory attention disorder treated in the children rehabilitation department of Changsha Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2020 to May 2021 were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 41 cases and 42 cases respectively. The control group received comprehensive rehabilitation training including the language training, behavior therapy, sentiment training and brain bionic electrical stimulation, once a day, five times a week, 20 times for a course of treatment in one month, with a rest interval of 3-5 days, lasting for nine months. In addition to the treatment of the control group, the observation group received auditory integration training for 30 minutes a time, once a day, 20 times for a course of treatment in one month, with a rest interval of two months, lasting for nine months. Before and after treatment, the missing number method was used to evaluate the auditory attention Gesell child development scale was used to evaluate the language and social communication skills; Psycho educational profile-3 (PEP-3) was used to evaluate the communication and behavior skills; Childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and autism behavior checklist (ABC) were used to evaluate the typical symptoms of autism. <bold>Results</bold> 1) Auditory attention: compared with that before treatment, the scores of the auditory attention of both groups significantly increased after treatment (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). The observation group scored higher in the auditory attention than the control group after treatment (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). 2) Language and social communication skills: compared with that before treatment, the scores of language and social communication skills in Gesell scale of both groups significantly increased after treatment (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). Compared with the control group, the scores of language and social communication skills of the observation group after treatment were statistically higher (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). 3) Communication and behavior skills: compared with those before treatment, the scores of communication and behavior skills of PEP-3 scale of both groups significantly increased after treatment (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). The scores of communication and behavior skills of PEP-3 scale of the observation group were statistically higher than those of the control group after treatment (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). 4) Typical symptoms of autism: compared with those before treatment, the scores of ABC and CARS of the observation group after treatment decreased significantly (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). Compared with the control group, the ABC and CARS scores of the observation group after treatment were statistically lower (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). <bold>Conclusion</bold> Auditory integration training can effectively improve the auditory attention, language, social communication, communication and behavior skills of acoustic children with auditory attention disorder, and alleviate the typical symptoms of autism.

Impact of caesarean delivery on children’s autism-like behaviours: the mediation of exclusive breastfeeding

BackgroundThe rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been rising worldwide, and therefore it is important to identify potential causes of ASD to facilitate early prevention. This study examined the role of breastfeeding and the association between caesarean delivery (CD) and children’s autism spectrum disorder.MethodsThe data were from the Ma’anshan birth cohort (MABC) in China, that was set up between May 2013 and September 2014. Women within 14 gestational weeks were recruited. The delivery mode was extracted from medical notes and infant feeding was obtained from questionnaire surveys. Autism-like behaviour was assessed using the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT-23) when children were 18 months old, and 3 years of age. At 5 years of age, autism-like behaviour was assessed using the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale behavior. Structural equation models tested the mediation effects of breastfeeding between CD and children’s autism spectrum disorder.ResultsIn all, 1520 (48.89%) women gave birth via CD, and 406 (13.86%) children were identified with autism-like behaviours at 18 months. Compared with women giving birth via vaginal delivery, those giving birth via CD were more likely to experience a higher proportion of delayed initiation of breastfeeding (p < 0.01), and delayed onset of lactogenesis (p < 0.01). CD was associated with a lower proportion of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months after delivery (p = 0.02). Autism-like behaviour was less likely amongst infants with exclusively breastfeeding at 4 months than amongst those not exclusively breastfeeding at 4 months (p < 0.01). SEM indicated that women who gave birth by CD were more likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding in the first 4 months (standard estimations = − 0.04, p = 0.02), and those children who were not exclusively breastfed at 4 months were more likely to have autism-like behaviours (standard estimations = − 0.05, p < 0.01). The associations persisted at 3 years, but not at 5 years.ConclusionsExclusive breastfeeding at 4 months of age mediated the association between caesarean delivery and children’s autism-like behaviours.

Response of natural, modified and artificial sandy beaches to sea-level rise

Sandy beaches occur in a wide variety of environmental settings and as components of a diverse range of coastal system types. These variations among beaches lead to significant differences in their mesoscale (multi-decadal, km length scale) behaviour, including their response to sea-level rise. In addition to this natural variability, the degree to which the sandy beach system has been or will be modified by humans is a major influence on how it responds to sea-level change. From a spectrum of beach types based on the degree of human modification, three situations (Natural, Modified and Artificial beaches) are considered in order to demonstrate the role of humans as geomorphic agents as sandy beaches respond to rising sea level. The potential trajectories of change are assessed, and future scenarios are presented and discussed. Natural beaches are most likely to survive sea-level rise, while the fate of artificial beaches depends almost entirely on the politics and economics of what lies immediately landward. In all categories of beach, human decision-making is the most important determinant of sandy beach response to sea-level rise.

Models of advanced recording systems: A multi-timescale micromagnetic code for granular thin film magnetic recording systems

Micromagnetic modelling provides the ability to simulate large magnetic systems reliably without the computational cost limitation imposed by atomistic modelling. Through micromagnetic modelling it is possible to simulate systems consisting of thousands of grains over a time range of nanoseconds to years, depending upon the solver used. Here we present the creation and release of an open-source multi-timescale micromagnetic code combining three key solvers: Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert; Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch; Kinetic Monte Carlo. This code, called MARS (Models of Advanced Recording Systems), is capable of accurately simulating the magnetisation dynamics in large and structurally complex single- and multi-layered granular systems as is shown by comparison to established atomistic simulation results. The short timescale simulations are achieved for systems far from and close to the Curie point via the implemented Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch solvers respectively. This enables read/write simulations for general perpendicular magnetic recording and also state of the art heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). The long timescale behaviour is simulated via the Kinetic Monte Carlo solver, enabling investigations into signal-to-noise ratio and data longevity. The combination of these solvers opens up the possibility of multi-timescale simulations within a single software package. For example the entire HAMR process from initial data writing and data read back to long term data storage is possible via a single simulation using MARS. The use of atomistic parameterisation for the material input of MARS enables highly accurate material descriptions which provide a bridge between atomistic simulation and real world experimentation. Thus MARS is capable of performing simulations for all aspects of recording media research and development. This ranges from material characterisation and optimisation to system design and implementation. The object orientated nature of MARS is structured to facilitate quick and simple development and easy implementation of user defined custom simulation types which can utilise either timescale or a combination of both timescales. Program summaryProgram title: MARSCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/8mx7cndcdx.1Developer's repository link:https://bitbucket.org/EwanRannala/mars/Code Ocean capsule:https://codeocean.com/capsule/2549929Licensing provisions: MITProgramming language: C++Supplementary material: MARS testing methodology (PDF), HAMR simulation example video.Nature of problem: A combined model that enables the complete modelling of magnetic recording processes at elevated temperatures covering all time scales from writing (nanoseconds) up to long term data storage (years). The model must also accurately describe the granular nature of the recording media as grain sizes are reduced to a few nanometres.Solution method: Short timescale behaviours are captured via the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch solvers for low and high temperature systems respectively. The long time scale behaviours are captured via a kinetic Monte Carlo solver. To enable complex models which account for mixed timescale behaviours the solvers are implemented as a single class structure which allows for dynamic solver selection. The granular structure is generated via a Laguerre-Voronoi tessellation with a custom implemented packing algorithm to produce highly realistic grain size distributions. Complex thermal dependencies of materials can be incorporated via atomistic parameterisation forming a multi-timescale model of the material.