Behavior Of Players Research Articles

상호의존적 선호 하에서의 반복된 지대추구

Players can engage in repeated games, and each player may be interested in not only their own payoffs but also those of their rivals. For example, scholars compete repeatedly to publish papers, caring about their own achievements as well as those of their rivals. Tullock conjectured that rent-seeking efforts would increase in repeated games. In contrast, previous research has shown that rent-seeking efforts decrease in repeated games. This study expands on existing rent-seeking literature by analyzing rent-seeking behavior of players with dependent preferences in repeated games. To accomplish this, the study adopts the logit contest proposed by Tullock and analyzes repeated games between two players with interdependent preferences. That is, this study investigates situations where each player experiences emotions of altruism and spite towards their competitor and plays games repeatedly. There are two types of games with interdependent preferences: repeated games considering exogenous interdependent preferences and repeated games considering endogenous interdependent preferences. This research demonstrates the equilibrium result that 'altruism and co-movement reduce rent-seeking efforts' when interdependent preferences are exogenous. Next, when considering endogenous interdependent preferences, the equilibrium results are as follows. First, repeated games induce spite, meaning repeated rent-seeking excludes altruism. Second, the higher the intensity of co-movement between players, the greater the spite that arises. Third, players' spite increases rent-seeking efforts and reduces their payoffs. This study presents spite as the primary rationale for the increase in rent-dissipation in repeated games, as speculated by Tullock.

Dietary Habits and Gaming Behaviors of Portuguese and Brazilian Esports Players.

As the esports industry grows, marketing campaigns for fast food, soft drinks, alcoholic and energy drinks, and dietary supplements at related events intensify. Portuguese and Brazilian esports players' dietary patterns remain unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the dietary and gaming habits of esports players. We applied an anonymous, open online survey to a convenience sample of esports players that included the PREDIMED and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. The survey was shared through email and social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Discord, WhatsApp, and Twitch. The sample (n = 579) was predominantly male (91.4%), averaged 26.1 (SD = 7.0) years, and 25.9 (SD = 5.5) kg/m2. Most reported a weak (53.7%) adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Almost a third (32.3%) consumed dietary supplements. Our sample presented a low adhesion to the Mediterranean dietary pattern, low consumption of fruit and vegetables, and high consumption of fast food, red and processed meat, soft drinks, and dietary supplements, including caffeine-based supplements. Dietary supplement consumption was related to a higher adhesion to the Mediterranean diet, and a higher level of professionalization and internet gaming disorder correlated with a lower adhesion. In conclusion, we infer that Portuguese and Brazilian esports players follow an unbalanced diet.

Technical and tactical evaluation of ball possession in international youth water polo matches using the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) instrument

In water polo, the playing style of a team is characterized by players’ tactical behaviour. The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of offensive actions, by means of the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) of the first four youth national teams during the 20th FINA Junior Water Polo World Championships. Twenty-nine elite youth (U20) water polo matches, involving the national teams of Greece (n=7), Serbia (n=7), Italy (n=7) and Croatia (n=8) were selected for the analysis. The TSAP included: i) two indicators of gaining possession of the ball; ii) four indicators of disposing the ball. Using these indicators, the following indices of technical performance were computed: Volume of Play (VP), Efficiency Index (EI) and Performance Score (PS). The field was divided in twelve zones. The one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between teams for all parameters (p>0.05), except that for Offensive Balls (OB) and Successful Shots (SS) occurred in specific zones of the field: for OB significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.019), in zone 2 (p=.014) and in zone 5 (p=.007); for SS significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.026) and in zone 2 (p=.008). The main reason of between-teams differences could be explained by the presence of a left-hand player in the game, and by the tactical behaviour of coaches and players. The TSAP instrument could offer productive feedback to coaches to perceive the different requirements of playing and to evaluate how players understand the game.

A survey of sun safety habits among Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association golfers and tennis players

Collegiate athletes who play tennis and golf spend significant time outdoors and increase their risk of skin cancer. This study aimed to gain insight into the sun protection behaviors of collegiate golfers and tennis players competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. A survey was distributed to NCAA Division I golf and tennis teams within Power 5 collegiate conferences. Of the 84 respondents, 50% indicated sunscreen use more than 75% of the time while playing their sport, but only 4.8% engaged in sunscreen reapplication. The main barriers to reapplication were due primarily to slippery hands (70.2%) or forgetfulness (63.4%). Most athletes do not apply sunscreen to hands, ears, chest, or lips, and either never or rarely wear sunscreen while outside when they are not playing their sport (54.8%). Thirty-three percent were unsure or did not believe they were at an increased risk for skin cancer, and 16.6% were unsure or did not believe that sunscreen can prevent skin cancer. Most collegiate athletes recognize their increased risk of skin cancer; nevertheless, they are unlikely to reapply sunscreen and often do not apply sunscreen to commonly missed areas. Increased education and resources may help promote lifelong safe sun exposure habits and reduce skin cancer risk.

Research on the Effects of Cooperation in Multiplayer Games on Players Behavior

Cooperation in multiplayer games is crucial to competitive multiplayer games. Mechanisms in the settings of multiplayer games are influencing players in a way that leads them either to be extremely positive towards the success of the result or completely disappointed by their experience. It is questionable whether designs for cooperation in games trigger coordination between players cooperative behavior and reliance and can possibly lead to cooperation between players, with the following consequences if the design fails to achieve its original goal. A literature review and a number of case studies will be used for analysis of player behavior, such as Tobias and Christopher's experiment of video game play on Mario Kart: Double Dash. This paper reveals multiplayer games are producing certain levels of cooperative behavior, and trustable relationships are formed since the cooperation helped build the connection in the game.

An intensive longitudinal dataset of in-game player behaviour and well-being in PowerWash Simulator

The potential impacts that video games might have on players’ well-being are under increased scrutiny but poorly understood empirically. Although extensively studied, a level of understanding required to address concerns and advise policy is lacking, at least partly because much of this science has relied on artificial settings and limited self-report data. We describe a large and detailed dataset that addresses these issues by pairing video game play behaviors and events with in-game well-being and motivation reports. 11,080 players (from 39 countries) of the first person PC game PowerWash Simulator volunteered for a research version of the game that logged their play across 10 in-game behaviors and events (e.g. task completion) and 21 variables (e.g. current position), and responses to 6 psychological survey instruments via in-game pop-ups. The data consists of 15,772,514 gameplay events, 726,316 survey item responses, and 21,202,667 additional gameplay status records, and spans 222 days. The data and codebook are publicly available with a permissive CC0 license.

Counterfactual reasoning in space and time: Integrating graphical causal models in computational movement analysis

AbstractMovement analysis is distinguished by an emphasis on understanding via observation and association. However, an important component of movement from the human and computer modeling perspective is the processes that bring about movement behavior in the first place. This article contextualizes the graphical causal modeling framework (for association, intervention, and counterfactual causal analysis) in GIScience, and more specifically within movement analysis studies. This is done by modeling the movement behavior of football players, applied to spatiotemporal data generated by an agent‐based simulation. The movement dataset is thoroughly analyzed to infer the statistical associations among its variables, to estimate the effect of an intervention on some of those variables, and to answer a few counterfactual questions from the observations. We conclude that causal graphs (i.e., directed acyclic graphs), if implemented correctly, can assist analysts in infering causal relations from movement data. This research suggests the integration of causal graphs and agent‐based paradigms as one solution for computational movement analysis.

In-Game Uncertainties and Climate Change Challenges as Identified by Pre-Service Teachers

Background This study explores what pre-service teachers identify as uncertainties within two climate board games and to what aspects of reality they relate these uncertainties, if at all. Should games be suitable resources for teaching topics related to climate change uncertainty, I expect pre-service teachers to (a) identify uncertainties within climate board games, and (b) relate these uncertainties to reality. Intervention To explore whether and how pre-service teachers identify and relate in-game uncertainties to reality, pre-service teachers played and discussed two climate board games ( Another Future and CATAN: Oil Springs Scenario). Methods A content analysis of pre-service teachers’ audio-recorded discussions about the games was conducted. First, a conventional content analysis indicated the uncertainties that they identified. Second, further analysis showed how the pre-service teachers related these uncertainties to reality. Results This study indicates that pre-service teachers identify various uncertainties from two different board games, including the occurrence/impact of catastrophes and the behaviour of players, who can ruin the game. In most cases, the pre-service teachers link these uncertainties to reality. Pre-service teachers discuss, for example, political dilemmas and interests, climate justice issues, challenges of and adaptation to possible catastrophes, and the significance of environmental activism. Discussion The research findings are discussed in relation to existing literature on uncertainty in climate change games. Teacher educators and teachers using games for education about climate change uncertainties are recommended to encourage dialogues about these uncertainties, use or take into account context, and consider games as tools for learning to live with climate change uncertainty.

Inspiration by Pop-up Advertising among the Community in Batam and Consumer

The rapid increase in the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in society has affected significant changes in entertainment media specifically in the field of video games. Advertisements in video games can influence user behavior, particularly in Inspired-To. In order to learn more about Inspired-To and how it can influence the behavior of video game players, the author will administer a questionnaire (N=390) and conduct interviews (N=30) with video game players. The authors of this study discovered that users were contented with the results of pop-up advertisements if the content was entertaining and provided incentives. The author also notes that each of the advertisements is entertaining and that providing incentive benefits can enhance the value of the advertisement. The author discovers that a strong ad value can inspire users to discover something new, which will then inspire them to download the new game advertised by the pop-up ad. This research will assist users in identifying factors that increase the likelihood that they will acquire a new game.

Video Assistant Referee in soccer: A Scoping Review

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) is a technology that is changing the behavior of referees, players, managers, and fans in soccer. This scoping review mapped the studies on the use of VAR in soccer. An electronic database searching was performed in November 2020 using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies that analyzed field referees or video assistants and addressed professional field soccer were eligible. Studies’ characteristics were extracted and summarized. An initial search found 346 potentially relevant titles; six of them followed all eligibility criteria, providing information on VAR in high-performance men’s soccer competitions held in 18 countries. There was a multiplicity of variables analyzed in the primary studies, mainly quantitative approaches of the VAR effects on game parameters, as follows: Decision-making process (n=4), game time (n=3); goals (n=5); offside (n=4); yellow and red card application (n=3); fouls (n=2); penalties (n=3); and VAR incidents (n=2). In general, primary studies have indicated that VAR can significantly enhance the accuracy of referees' decision-making, as well as having had a positive influence on the game's outcome. However, some negative aspects have been observed, such as a reduction in effective playing time and limited training for referees. Studies on VAR in soccer are still in their initial stages, and research priorities were highlighted to help future research and practice on VAR in soccer. Keywords: Sport, Soccer, Football, Decision Making, "Video-Assisted Techniques and Procedures"

Type a personality and nutritional behaviours of competitive basketball players

Introduction. Type A personality pattern (TAPP) is related to, among others, strong rivalry and struggle for achievements, which are features that fit into sports competition. One of the determinants of sports success is a proper diet. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the level of type A personality behavioural pattern and nutritional behaviours of basketball players. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted among 165 high-level basketball players. An author-designed nutritional behaviour questionnaire (according to the recommendations of the Food Pyramid for Swiss Athletes) and the Framingham Score in the Polish adaptation were used. Spearman's rank correlation and the Mann-Whitney U tests were applied for the analysis of the results. Results. The study confirmed that along with the increase in TAPP, the healthy eating behaviour index among basketball players increased, although it did not reach the level of statistical significance (p=0.080). Comparison of TAPP levels between groups that adhered to or disregarded particular nutritional recommendations showed that athletes limiting the consumption of non-recommended products (sweetened carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, energy drinks, fast food, and sweet and salty snacks) demonstrated a higher level of type A behaviours than those who did not follow these recommendations (p<0.001). At the same time, however, athletes consuming fish at the recommended frequency and taking care of adequate hydration during training had lower levels of TAPP than those who did not follow these recommendations (p<0.05). Conclusions. A positive relationship was found between the intensity of TAPP and the healthy eating behaviour index (without the level of statistical significance), but the results were not entirely unambiguous, which suggests the validity of further research.

Two-Person Stochastic Duel with Energy Fuel Constraint Ammo

This paper deals with a novel variation of the versatile stochastic duel game that incorporates an energy fuel constraint into a two-player duel game. The energy fuel not only measures the vitality of players but also determines the power of the shooting projectile. The game requires players to carefully balance their energy usage, while trying to outmaneuver their opponent. This unique theoretical framework for the stochastic game model provides a valuable method for understanding strategic behavior in competitive environments, particularly in decision-making scenarios with fluctuating processes. The proposed game provides players with the challenge of optimizing their energy fuel usage, while managing the risk of losing the game. This novel model has potential for implementation across diverse fields, as it allows for a versatile conception of energy fuel. These energy fuels may encompass conventional forms, such as natural gas, petroleum, and electrical power, and even financial budgets, human capital, and temporal resources. The unique rules and constraints of the game in this research are expected to contribute insights into the decision-making strategies and behaviors of players in a wide range of practical applications. This research primarily focuses on deriving compact closed-form solutions, utilizing transformation and flexible analysis techniques adapted to varying the concept of the energy fuel level. By presenting a comprehensive description of our novel analytical approach and its application to the proposed model, this study aims to elucidate the fundamental principles underlying the energy fuel constraint stochastic duel game model.

What is the visual behaviour and attentional effort of football players in different positions during a real 11v11 game? A pilot study

Background: Visual perception has been defined as the first step to a football player’s decision-making process and it plays an important role in performance in sport. The skill of focussing to prioritize relevant cues has been also considered crucial in sport. This pilot study aims to explore the visual behaviour and attentional effort of three football players (mean age 19 ± 0 years old) in specific-role positions; Right-winger (RW), Centre-Midfielder (CM) and Left-Back (LB), in the five seconds before receiving the ball from their teammate. Methods: Twenty-two male football players performed an 11v11 game, where 24 game sequences (trials) from which 166 fixations were recorded and analysed via the Tobii Pro eye-movement registration glasses and software. The gaze behaviour dependent variables were the mean of fixation duration (FD), time to first fixation (TTF), both measured in milliseconds (ms), and the number of fixations (NF) on eight areas of interest (AOIs). AOIs include teammate with and without the ball, opponent without the ball, space around teammate with and without the ball, space around opponent without the ball, ball and undefined. The mean pupil diameter (PD) correlates to the attentional effort and was measured in millimetres (mm). Results: Descriptive statistics showed nonregular search rate data between the participants in FD, TTF, NF on the AOIs. Mean FD on the ball: (CM, 270 ms), (RW, 570 ms), (CM, 380 ms). They also presented differences in the mean PD during play; (CM: 2.90 mm ± 0.26), (RW: 2.74 mm ± 0.30), (LB 2.77mm ± 0.27). Conclusions: Albeit the sample size was small, the findings demonstrated a promising way to measure the on-field perceptual-cognitive abilities of football players according to their specific positions, since different playing roles revealed to present distinctive visual and attentional patterns.

Trust or Distrust: The Effect of Facial Emotion and Trustworthy Behavior on Trust Decision-Making.

Based on the model of emotion as social information, this study explores the effects of facial emotions and trustworthy behavior on trust decision-making in trust game through two experiments. The present study used trust game explores the impact of players' facial emotion, arousal and trustworthy behavior on individual trust decision-making through two experiments. The results can be summed up as follows: (1) in the repeated interaction with four players, individuals invest more in trustworthy players than untrustworthy players; (2) individuals invested more in trustworthy players with happy facial emotions, while untrustworthy players with angry facial emotions received less investment. High-arousal facial emotion results in a more extreme investment by the individual; (3) when the players' facial emotion and behavior are inconsistent, the individual will judge according to the player's current behavior, rather than the facial emotion or past behavior.

Using provenance data and imitation learning to train human-like bots

Nonplayer Characters are becoming more realistic in their actions and behav- iors because of the development of gaming technology and gamers’ increased demand for enhancements. While this progress is an exciting development, it has also become a major concern for game developers over the years, since players demand that NPCs look alike to other human players. Our major objective in this work is to make an NPC that satisfactorily mimics a player. This work proposes a method for training an NPC using imitation learning with the Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning framework to become similar to a human player. To simulate player behavior, our proposal trains agents using provenance data sets, cause-and-effect data mining, and the GAIL framework. The proposed model was developed to be universal and adaptable to different games. We validate our model using the DodgeBall game environment inside the Unity ML-Agents Toolkit for Unity Engine. Some players competed against our agent and found that our NPC was credible by observing his actions and behaviors. In this work, we present a new way of giving rewards compared to the model presented in the previous work. The tests and results found were also expanded, improving the validation of our model.

The Effect of Online Game Features on Player Behaviour

Online games are a type of game that requires an internet connection to access the game. The development of technology today have encouraged more and more online games that have sprung up. One of them is online game Audition Ayodance. Various features contained in the game turned out to have an influence on the behaviour of the players, where the Audition Ayodance players began to mix how they live in the game into their real life. One of them is the couple feature, which is a feature to find a partner in the game, while the players also use criteria such as religion, age, place of residence, and other things that have nothing to do with the course of the game. The results of this study indicate the emergence of a hyperreality where the world of online games and the real world of players begin to mix. This is partly because the Audition Ayodance players are mostly teenagers who still do not have strong emotional stability the way adults do, and like to explore various interests and have fantasies.
 Keywords: online game, game features, player behaviour

Rethinking of firm innovation capability: Examining the moderating role of leadership ability on a new business model

‘Market-driving’ is a concept for changing the composition, behavior, and/or roles of different players in a specific market. Market-driving firms shape the future course of a market and could influence the other firms in the market, customer preferences, and business relationships and even redesign the value proposition for a certain segment of customers. Leadership ability helps to achieve better firm performance through market-driving competency. Although there are a few studies in these areas, there are only limited studies that investigate the role of leadership ability and market-driving competency in influencing the marketing and financial performance of a firm. Under such circumstances, the aim of this study is to rethink the firm innovation capability and propose a new business model from the B2B Market-driving competency and leadership ability perspectives. The proposed business model is derived from the theories of the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capability view (DCV). CB-SEM technique is used to test the model with 412 responses from B2B firms. The new business model is supported by the firm's internal capabilities and leadership style. The study also finds branding, relationship marketing, and innovation capabilities as antecedents of market-driving competency with leadership style being an important moderator to improving market-driving competency and firm performance.

A Study of Player Behavior And Social Influences to Purchase Intention Mobile Legends: Bang Bang In-Game Item

Purpose: This quantitative study aims to analyze the interest in buying items and skins in the online game Mobile Legends in Indonesia, especially in East Java Province by looking at the psychological and social factors of game players. Player behavior is a psychological factor and social factors are social influence variables.
 Design/methodology/approach: The number of samples in this study was 310, the sampling method used purposive sampling. Respondents are active Mobile Legends game players who have participated in answering our research questionnaire. The data collection method uses online questionnaire distribution using Google Forms. Measurement of data using answers with a Likert scale of 1 to 10 with 1 point strongly disagree and 10 points strongly agree. Data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method using Smart PLS 3.0 software.
 Findings: Player behavior includes achievement, challenge, escapism, and social interaction. Social influences consist of network externality and community involvement. The results of our research show that player behavior consists of achievement, challenge, escapism, and social influences such as network externality, and community involvement have a significant positive effect on Purchase Intention.
 Originality/value: This study explores the purchase intention of virtual item in the mobile legends game using the uses and gratifications theory (U&G). The application of U&G theory is seen from the behavior of the players. Social influences is also applied to see the influence from outside the players.

VR training produces more expert-like gaze behaviour in tennis players on-court

VR training produces more expert-like gaze behaviour in tennis players on-court

Prediction of defensive success in elite soccer using machine learning - Tactical analysis of defensive play using tracking data and explainable AI

ABSTRACT The interest in sports performance analysis is rising and tracking data holds high potential for game analysis in team sports due to its accuracy and informative content. Together with machine learning approaches one can obtain deeper and more objective insights into the performance structure. In soccer, the analysis of the defense was neglected in comparison to the offense. Therefore, the aim of this study is to predict ball gains in defense using tracking data to identify tactical variables that drive defensive success. We evaluated tracking data of 153 games of German Bundesliga season 2020/21. With it, we derived player (defensive pressure, distance to the ball, & velocity) and team metrics (inter-line distances, numerical superiority, surface area, & spread) each containing a tactical idea. Afterwards, we trained supervised machine learning classifiers (logistic regression, XGBoost, & Random Forest Classifier) to predict successful (ball gain) vs. unsuccessful defensive plays (no ball gain). The expert-reduction-model (Random Forest Classifier with 16 features) showed the best and satisfying prediction performance (F1-Score (test) = 0.57). Analyzing the most important input features of this model, we are able to identify tactical principles of defensive play that appear to be related to gaining the ball: press the ball leading player, create numerical superiority in areas close to the ball (press short pass options), compact organization of defending team. Those principles are highly interesting for practitioners to gain valuable insights in the tactical behavior of soccer players that may be related to the success of defensive play.