Behavior Of Owners Research Articles

PET OWNERSHIP AND SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR / Evcil Hayvan Sahipliği Ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışı

Sürdürülebilir tüketim, günümüzün ve geleceğin önemli konularından biridir. Çünkü sürdürülebilir bir doğa ve toplum, sürdürülebilir tüketim alışkanlığıyla ilişkilidir. Günümüz tüketicilerinin sürdürülebilir tüketimle ilgili daha duyarlı oldukları söylenebilir. Doğaya, çevreye ve hayvanlara olan farkındalıklar artmıştır. Dolayısıyla evcil hayvanı olan tüketici sayısında da artış olmuştur. Evcil hayvan ürünleri ise giderek büyüyen bir pazardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, evcil hayvan sahiplerinin sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışlarını, evcil hayvanı olmayan tüketicilerle karşılaştırmaktır. Bu amaçla kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile ulaşılan 475 tüketicinin anketi değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Anketler yüz yüze ve online olarak yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, evcil hayvanı olan tüketicilerin, evcil hayvanı olmayan tüketicilere göre sürdürülebilir tüketim eğilimleri daha yüksektir. Bu sonuca göre sürdürülebilir pazarlama faaliyetleri yapan işletmeler, pazar bölümlendirmede evcil hayvan sahiplerini özellikle dikkate almalıdırlar. İlgili literatürde evcil hayvanı olan tüketicilere yönelik sınırlı sayıda araştırma olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışma araştırma konusu itibariyle ulusal literatürde ilk yapılmış çalışma olması açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Residential relocation and changes in household vehicle ownership and travel behavior: Exploring the context of Hubli-Dharwad twin-cities in India from a planning viewpoint

• Studies residential relocations and travel behaviour. • Primary data from Hubli-Dharwad twin cities in India. • Descriptive analysis and structural equations modelling. • Variations in the impact of built environment on travel behaviour. • Travel attitude is not related to self-section. • Self-selection effect due to gender varies between cities. This article simultaneously analyzes residential relocation, vehicle ownership changes, and travel demand changes while accommodating potential self-selection effects to unravel the causal impacts of built environment features on vehicle ownership and travel behavior. Earlier studies on residential mobility have not considered the causal link from objective built environment features to subjective built environment, and rarely control for attitudes and objective built environment features in the empirical analysis. Besides, the literature has not discussed how households perceive neighborhood in terms of children's/women’s travel and how that changes by residential relocation and impact mobility decisions. The paper compares built environment impacts on mobility decisions in two adjacent areas in India, Hubli-Dharwad twin cities, that vary by socio-economic and land use contexts. The study notes that Dharwad residents acquired more personal vehicles than Hubli residents, while the proportion of households who relinquished their vehicles is high in Hubli. Post movement, Dharwad residents opted for areas with higher diversity and density than their counterparts in Hubli. In Hubli, households find that their current location does not help their children use active modes to schools, and women find jobs closer to home. The statistical analysis revealed that Hubli residents prefer locations with improved travel conveniences for women and children. With improvements in the children's travel friendliness, households of both cities decreased vehicle ownership, whereas household vehicle ownership of both cities increased with improvements in women’s travel friendliness. In Dharwad, moving to residential areas characterized by high land-use diversity reduces commute travel, while an inverse association is noted in Hubli. The statistical analysis did not confirm self-selection effects due to travel attitudes. In Dharwad, the latent factor on women’s travel friendliness featured in self-selection and shows an independent effect on vehicle ownership. In Hubli, the factor did not have independent effects on vehicle ownership after accommodating travel attitudes and socio-demographics.

Study for the development and validation of a dog owner’s parenting behavior scale

With the increasing population of companion dogs, the social cost derived from their behavioral problems is increasing. Therefore, it is important to understand the environment to provide experience for dogs via interactions with their owners to prevent and solve these problems. The parenting behavior of dog owners as an environmental factor has a profound impact on the behavior development of dogs, as does the parenting behavior on children. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a scale to assess the dog owner’s parenting behavior. Exploratory factor analysis involving 300 participants resulted in a scale with four subscales, Positive Education, Involvement of Socialization, Intimacy, and Stable Responses, and 19 items. Confirmatory factor analysis was then performed to verify its reliability and validity. The result of parenting behaviors assessed by this scale was significantly different between a group with dogs with problematic behavior (n = 141) and those without (n = 159). Overall, a dog owner’s parenting behavior involves affection and control aspects, but the role required specifically in the control aspect is distinguished from the parenting behavior with children. The findings in the present study will provide people who have dogs with behavior problems with effective education that will help prevent dogs from developing behavioral problems.

Factors influencing flood damage mitigation among micro and small businesses in Kampala, Uganda

With the trends of increasing flood risk due to climate change and rapid urbanisation in many parts of the world, property level mitigation efforts have become more relevant in flood risk management. However, the flood mitigation behaviour of business owners is an understudied aspect of risk reduction. This article employs the Protection Motivation Theory framework to identify critical factors that determine the flood damage mitigation behaviour of micro, small and medium enterprises in three neighbourhoods of Kampala, Uganda. We conducted a sample survey of micro to medium-sized business owners in two informal areas and one formal area in Kampala. Our analysis established that businesses of all sizes adopted structural measures and that micro-enterprises (0–4 employees) were more likely to implement non-structural measures than small businesses. Financial losses, risk aversion, and perceptions of flood likelihood all showed positive relationships with flood damage mitigation actions. Many businesses indicated that relocation is an inefficient and costly measure, though one that is easily self-implementable. Information-seeking behaviour and receiving flood-related information stimulated businesses to mitigate, though few businesses have regular access to helpful information regarding flood mitigation measures, especially concerning non-structural measures. These insights provide a basis for crafting business resilience-building policy and strategies considering increasing climate change-induced flash-flood risk in Kampala and other similar contexts.

Work engagement: the role of psychological ownership and self-regulatory focus behavior

PurposeDrawing on the self-extended and regulatory focus theories, the present study examined the mechanism as well as the boundary condition under which psychological ownership might relate positively to the work engagement of employees working in public sector organizations in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from employees (n = 313) working in public sector organizations in Ghana at a single point in time with a survey questionnaire.FindingsThe results indicated that psychological ownership and self-regulatory focus behaviors (i.e. prevention and promotion focus behaviors) were beneficial for work engagement; and that while prevention focus mediated psychological ownership-work engagement relationship, that relationship was positive and stronger for employees who performed less promotion focus behaviors.Practical implicationsManagers in public sector organizations should understand that employees with strong psychological ownership would feel more engaged if they perform less promotion focus behaviors.Originality/valueThe authors’ study contributes uniquely to the nascent work engagement literature in the Ghanaian context, and by testing boundary conditions and underlying mechanisms increased the authors’ understanding of work engagement among public sector employees in Ghana.

Assessing owners' readiness to change their behaviour to address their companion animal's obesity.

Owner behaviour change in relation to management is critical for successful pet weight loss. The stages of change (SOC) can be used to conceptualise the process of intentional behaviour change. Clients may be more likely to make successful changes when practitioners use communication techniques appropriate for a client's current stage. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess pet owners' SOC in relation to managing the weight of their overweight or obese pet. An online questionnaire targeting dog and cat owners was distributed via snowball sampling. A total of 532 questionnaires were included in the analysis. Of these, 153 participants (28.8%) self-identified their pet's body condition score (BCS) as greater than 5 (on a nine-point scale). An adapted University of Rhode Island Change Assessment scale was completed by 119 of these participants (77.8%) to assess their readiness to change related to managing their overweight or obese pet. Most participants were scored in the precontemplation (52.1%) and contemplation (42%) stages, where readiness to change is low. Owner assessments likely resulted in underestimation of pets' BCS. The results offer preliminary insight into the SOC of owners who identify their pets as overweight or obese. Developing tools to assess and understand owners' readiness to change may be useful in informing veterinary professionals' communication approaches when engaging in weight management conversations.

Vehicle Owners’ Corrective Behaviour in American Automobile Recalls

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study vehicle owner behavior in response to automobile recalls in the US by examining data on recall correction rates. We address three research questions. First, do owner notification letters effectively lead to vehicle owners’ corrective behavior? Second, do vehicle owners take cost-saving actions using relevant information in recall letters? Third, can we identify vehicle owners’ behavioral differences in responding to recall issuance? We find evidence that vehicle owners respond to riskier defects more actively. In particular, if recall letters contain alerting words such as ‘death’, then the correction rates of those recalls are higher. Furthermore, the correction rate for recall letters with the expression ‘free of charge’ is higher. Heterogeneous vehicle owners behave differently: some owners immediately return their vehicles for repairs regardless of the risks their vehicles have, while others procrastinate their corrective actions and respond to recalls only when they believe that the defects are risky. We conclude that owner notification letters play an important role in raising correction rates.

Psychological ownership and knowledge behaviors during a pandemic: role of approach motivation.

The purpose of this article is to understand the relationship between psychological ownership, knowledge sharing, knowledge hiding and employee motivation in knowledge intensive organizations. We take employee motivation in terms of approach motivation and avoidance motivation and examine moderating role of the former in case of the psychological ownership – knowledge sharing relationship, and the latter in case of the psychological ownership – knowledge hiding relationship. We examine these relationships on data collected during a pandemic (i.e., COVID-19). Data are collected from 217 individuals working in knowledge intensive high-tech organizations and educational institutes. Hypotheses are tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results show that stronger feelings of psychological ownership lead to both positive work behavior (i.e., knowledge sharing) as well as negative work behavior (i.e., knowledge hiding). Furthermore, approach motivation positively moderates the positive relationship between psychological ownership and knowledge sharing. A moderating role of avoidance motivation, however, is not confirmed. Research has ignored the role of different types of employee motivation, particularly approach motivation vis-à-vis knowledge behaviors. Furthermore, by examining these relationships in the context of a Pandemic (i.e., COVID-19), we offer some interesting insights and offer implications for management practice. For example, managers may incorporate reward practices to motivate employees towards knowledge sharing, and nurture an organizational climate, which discourages knowledge hiding.

Анализ потребительского поведения и предложения на рынке мобильных приложений

According to a sociological study in December 2021, an analysis was made of the consumer behavior of smartphone owners, an analysis of the supply and main business models of digital companies. It was found that young people spent about 8 hours a day in front of smartphone screens, of which 52% were on social networks and instant messaging and voice communication services and 12% on video hosting services, 7% on games, 4% on browsers, 5% on productivity apps, 1% on shopping, 1% on personal photos and videos, 18% on other applications. The main screen time is used by young people for unproductive purposes. It is necessary to regulate screen time, control the quality of information resources, conduct educational and explanatory work. The most popular and attention-consuming applications were social networks and video hosting, which collectively accounted for more than 58% of all screen time, an average of 5.8 hours per day. The business model of screen time companies is to advertise, collect and commercialize user data. The companies owning the majority of the main screen time applications were social networks. Digital platforms may own and operate infrastructure or provide a specific service on which merchants and developers depend. In the specific markets of digital goods, the efforts of business to monopolize are great. To protect competition, it is necessary to make adjustments to the antimonopoly legislation. The criteria for assessing the level of monopolization of the company’s market position, along with price and market share, are proposed to be expanded, such as network effects, switching costs, access to crucial data for competition, competitive pressure by innovation.

PROMOTING SYSTEM REFORM AND GETTING OUT OF THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP — FROM THE PERSPECTIVE DRIVEN BY EMOTION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR

BackgroundIn recent years, China's per capita income has reached the upper limit of developing countries and is about to become a high-income country. However, with the acceleration of China's aging process and the deepening of the technology embargo against the United States, some studies show that China's economic growth has slowed down. Academia began to explore whether China has fallen into the middle-income trap, and tried to explore the middle-income trap from the perspective of psychosocial reconstruction.Theme and MethodsUnder the background of China entering the era of monopoly economy, this paper analyzes the aging population, the polarization between the rich and the poor, and the guidance and control of vested interest groups on China's economic slowdown. This paper uses the neoclassical economic model to explain the middle-income trap. At the same time, this paper studies the impact of income changes on the emotional regulation of middle-income families. This study refers to the existing literature and adopts the emotion regulation scale to select eight emotions: happiness, love, satisfaction, anger, anxiety, tension, frustration and helplessness. The first three are positive emotions and the last five are negative emotions; Using Likert's 5-point rating method, give a rating of 1-5 points from “never” to “always”. The higher the score, the higher the frequency of experiencing the emotion in classroom teaching. In this study, the 0 coefficients of positive emotion and negative emotion were 0.83 and 0.80 respectively.ResultsThe vested interest groups represented by monopoly groups no longer carry out technological innovation under the constraint of unable to obtain foreign advanced technology, but strive to make use of institutional defects, or even create institutional defects. They guide public opinion and exercise psychological and social control over government officials and the public, which is beneficial to them and safeguard and strengthen their own economic interests. The study found that the main reason for China's economy falling into the middle-income trap is the adverse impact of vested interest groups on economic development in terms of system and social psychology. As the economy enters the era of monopoly, this impact has changed from positive to negative. Through the research, we found that when the ownership income changes, the emotion and behavior will also change to the corresponding positive stage and depression level. Therefore, we can think that groups with high internal psychological capital can alleviate the psychological pressure, anxiety and depression brought by psychological capital to a great extent through their own psychological quality. Farmers with high level of individual psychological capital are relatively less affected by family factors, work and life, traffic safety, their own health and future fear. Farmers with high level of psychological capital can better deal with the impact of family factors. They are full of hope for the future, optimistic about life and less worried about the impact of life.ConclusionThis paper points out the institutional risk factors faced by China's middle-income trap, and puts forward some suggestions on how to reform China's middle-income trap: reposition the government function from promoting economic construction to night watchman function; Reform the income distribution system in the aspects of inheritance tax, gift tax and real estate tax as soon as possible; Establish a rule of law economy, effectively protect intellectual property rights, implement anti-monopoly laws and anti-monopoly measures as soon as possible, reform the current system, reshape social psychology, and strengthen inter provincial political and economic exchanges and communication. With the further reform of China's current system, especially the real establishment of a society ruled by law and the further development of democratic politics, China's economy will cross the middle-income trap.AcknowledgementsSupported by a project grant from Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics: Research on the current situation and Countermeasures of high-quality development of private economy in Shandong Province under the background of the transformation of old and new kinetic energy SDJJPC15.

The managerial behavior of restaurant operators in a time of crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic is a crisis that poses a severe threat to business survival. However, a crisis was initially considered both a threat and an opportunity. It was argued that appropriate reactions to this pandemic should be regarded as having decisive effects on the future of businesses. For small businesses, however, it might be an opportunity to change their future. Therefore, from the perspective of small business management and focusing on the practical reactions of managers to crises, this research investigated the managerial behaviors of restaurant owners to neutralize threats and their relationship with their perceptions of the impact of the crisis and its consequences. Initially, managerial behaviors were divided into two groups: proactive and defensive. The empirical analysis revealed that owners’ positive perception of opportunities for changes leads to proactive managerial behaviors and business growth. However, a shortage of resources in small businesses might lead owners to be more defensive in perceiving the environment and choosing how to react. Based on these results, to increase the vitality of small restaurant businesses, it is argued that external support is required to reinforce the cycle of positive effects. With a basic set of information, it might be possible to get a better understanding about how small restaurants handle crises from the outside.

A Study on the Effects of Psychological Ownership on Organizational Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Team-Member Exchange and Perceived Team Support

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of the psychological ownership of employees on organizational citizenship behavior as an organizational effectiveness and how do team-member exchange and perceived team support have moderating effects on the relationship between psychological ownership and organizational effectiveness. Design/Methodology/Approach Based on a survey method, the empirical analysis sampled 435 employees working at 5 MNC subsidiaries in South Korea. With the hierarchical regression analysis, all hypotheses were tested and supported. Findings This paper shows that the higher the psychological ownership, the greater the positive effects on the organizational citizenship behavior and it also reveals that organizational effectiveness could be affected by employee’s psychological ownership level. Team-member exchange and perceived team support have moderating effects on the relationship between psychological ownership and organizational citizenship behavior. Research Implications In the management of this paper, this study shows that an employee’s psychological status has an importance to explain their behavior and it should be recognized that the behaviors are affected by organizational context variables, at the team level, such as team-member exchanges and perceived team support.

Pandemi Döneminde Ve Öncesinde Evcil Hayvan Edinme, Hayvanlara Karşı Bazı Tutumlar Ve Dindarlık Yönelimleri Arasındaki İlişkiler Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Bu araştırmada Türkiye’de evcil hayvan sahiplenme ve dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Bu yapılırken 2020 ve 2021 yıllarını kapsayan pandemi dönemi ve öncesinde hayvan sahiplenme durumu hakkında bilgi edinmeye yönelik anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada hayvan sahiplenme davranışı yanında sokak hayvanlarına karşı tutum ve davranışlarla din ile hayvanlara karşı muamele hususunda gerilim hattı oluşturan hayvansal gıda tüketimi ve hayvanların kurban edilmesine karşı yaklaşımları ortaya çıkarmaya yönelik sorular da sorulmuştur. Bu amaçla evcil hayvan sahiplenmeye dair genel eğilimler ve bu dönemdeki davranışlar hakkında bilgi edinmeye yönelik bir anket ve dindarlık ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS programı vasıtası ile çeşitli testlere tabi tutulmuştur. Sonuç olarak öncesinde ve salgın döneminde hayvan sahiplenmede dindarlık durumuna göre bir farklılaşmanın olmadığı görülmüştür. Ancak dindarlık dışında farklı değişkenlere göre farklılaşmalar olabildiği görülmüştür. Yine sokak hayvanlarına muamele konusunda dini tutuma göre bir farklılaşma olmadığı ancak hayvansal gıda tüketimi ve hayvan kurban edilmesi konusunda dindarlık düzeyine göre farklılaşmalar olabildiği bulgulanmıştır.

Mediating effect of entrepreneurial social identity on the MSME-owners’ attitude and resilience amid COVID-19 crisis

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken most firms worldwide. The lockdown and community quarantine put micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)’ resilience to the test. With nonessential businesses closed and all consumers isolated, the survival of businesses remains at risk. As owners are challenged to survive, contradictory perspectives on the resiliency of small and medium-sized enterprises during adversity emerge. This study aims to determine the moderating effect of entrepreneurial social identity on the relationship between perceived attitude and resilience behavior of business owners. According to the findings, MSMEs’ perseverance led to a structure that maximizes technology and expands community network. The result shows MSMEs’ vitality and resilience during COVID-19. Evidently, the mediating effect of entrepreneurial social identity enhanced the resilience of the owners, which resulted in technology-based opportunities and re-creation of community-based enterprises. Indirectly, but significantly, the creativity and self-sufficiency of MSME owners contributes to the reduction of poverty and unemployment.

The role of stress mindsets and coping in improving the personal growth, engagement, and health of small business owners

SummaryThe COVID‐19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on small businesses and nonprofit organizations worldwide, resulting in rising stress and worry for many small business owners. While stress is typically considered to be harmful to health and well‐being, recent work suggests that improving one's mindset about the benefits of stress can help one to respond to stress more effectively. In the current study, we use a preintervention and postintervention design and latent change score analysis to examine the impact of changing one's stress mindset on changes in personal growth, engagement, and health among small business owners—via changes in coping behaviors. Further, we examine how the perceived likelihood of needing to permanently close one's business may strengthen the effects of changing one's stress mindset on changes in approach and avoidance coping, and subsequent outcomes. In doing so, we begin to uncover the theoretical mechanisms underlying how having a stress‐is‐enhancing mindset can bring about changes in personal growth, engagement, and health. We also incorporate qualitative data to better contextualize the stress and coping‐related attitudes and behaviors of small business owners during the pandemic. This work has significant practical implications for small business owners and others experiencing work‐related stressors.

Land-use patterns, location choice, and travel behavior: Evidence from São Paulo

Global South cities are vastly underrepresented in the literature that analyzes the relationships between location choice, land-use patterns and travel behavior. This paper aims to reduce that underrepresentation by bringing new evidence from a metropolitan region in the Global South. We estimate a Structural Equation Model to study the relationships between land-use patterns, location choice, car ownership and travel behavior, while controlling for self-selection, in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The model structure is adapted from previous applications to include variables related with specific aspects of the studied region, with the inclusion of informal work and people working two jobs, while simultaneously controlling for cohort effects associated with being a millennial. The results support the claim that land-use patterns influence travel behavior, even in a metropolitan area showing strong income-based spatial segregation levels. More specifically, commuting distance and car ownership act as important mediators in the relationships between the total amount of travel by mode and land-use patterns. In contrast to previous applications of this model framework, income plays a stronger role, an indication of relevant income-based residential sorting. Cohort effects are also visible, as millennials prefer to live in central, accessible, and mixed areas, own fewer cars, travel less by car, and use public transit and non-motorized modes more frequently.

Exploring association of mobile phone access with positive health outcomes and behaviors amongst post-partum mothers in rural Malawi

BackgroundAccess to mass media and emerging technologies (e.g., cell phones, the internet, and social media) is a social determinant of health that has been shown to profoundly influence women’s health outcomes. In the African region, where women in rural settings with limited access to care are most vulnerable to maternal mortality and other pregnancy-related morbidities, mobile phone access can be an important and life-saving health determinant.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to examine the association between mobile/cellular phone ownership and health behaviors of post-partum mothers in rural Malawi.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we recruited and consented a convenient sample of 174 post-partum mothers of 4- and 5-month-olds who were attending well-child clinics in Gowa, situated in the rural Ntcheu district of Malawi. Using logistic regression models, we hypothesized that compared to non-cell phone owners, mobile phone ownership will be predictive (greater odds) of antenatal visit frequency, exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and practices, health-seeking behaviors, and involvement in motherhood support groups; and protective (lower odds) of infant illnesses, breastfeeding challenges, and post-partum depressive symptoms.ResultsMobile phones were highly prevalent in this rural setting, with 45% (n = 79) of post-partum women indicating they owned at least one cell phone. Cell phone owners tended to have higher levels of education (p < 0.012) and wealth (p < 0.001). Interestingly, mobile phone ownership was only associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices; and phone owners had 75% lower odds of exclusively breastfeeding (adj. OR 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07–0.92, p = 0.038) in multivariable models. Though not statistically significant but clinically meaningful, cell phone ownership was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (adj. OR 0.84; 95% CI: 0.39–1.84, p = 0.67) and more social support (adj. OR 1.14; 95% CI: 0.61–2.13, p = 0.70).ConclusionsDigital literacy and internet connectivity are social determinants of health, thus delving deeper into mothers’ digital experiences to identify and ameliorate their unique barriers to full digital access will be crucial to successful implementation of digital interventions to address post-partum challenges for women in hard-to-reach settings such as ours. Such interventions are of even greater relevance as the Covid-19 pandemic has increased the urgency of reaching vulnerable, marginalized populations.

Empirical charging behavior of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) offer greenhouse gas emission reduction in car usage if charged frequently and driven mainly on electricity. However, little is known about the actual charging behavior of PHEV owners. Here, we investigate the daily charging of 10,488 Chevrolet Volt PHEV driven on a total of 4.3 million total driving days in the US and Canada. We propose a new method to detect the frequency of individual charging behavior from the daily utility factor and daily distance travelled. Our results show that no charging overnight occurs typically on 3–7% of the driving days per user and additional charging happens on 20–26% of the driving days. We also analyze the relation between charging frequency and utility factor for different user groups and days. Our results show that the utility factor should not be used as the only measure of environmental performance of PHEVs.

Dimensions of Personality Traits and Innovative Behaviour of Private Secondary School Owners in Ogun East Senatorial District, Ogun State

This study examined the dimensions of personality traits and innovative behaviour of Private secondary school owners / managers in Ogun East Senatorial District, Ogun State. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The sample comprised of three hundred respondents. Random and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select the sample. The results revealed that the dimensions of personality traits - Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness had influence on innovative behaviour of private school owners; there was no significant influence of neuroticism as dimension of personality traits on innovative behaviour of respondent. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations among others were made. Private school owners should improve on their personality traits and attitude towards innovative behaviour and the Ministry of Education and Association of Private School Owners should constantly be organizing workshops and seminars on how school owners can channel their personality traits towards boosting their innovative behaviour in order to meet up with their objectives.

Online Behaviour of Micro and Small Size Entrepreneurs: Testing the Attention-Interest-Search-Action-Share (Aisas) Model

So far, however, there has been little discussion about the online behaviour for micro and small size entrepreneurs in the pertinent literature. Therefore, this study examines the online behaviour of micro and small business owners of Facebook users using the linear and non-linear AISAS (attention, interest, search, action, and sharing) models. Scholars have tested this model with various types of consumer groups, except business owners. To that end, the current study involves micro and small business owners who join a group on Facebook. Data were collected in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia, and analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). As a result, the AISAS linear model succeeded in predicting micro and small business owners' online behaviour. Simultaneously, there were several problems with the non-linear model in predicting the online behaviour of small business owners.