Novice Behavior Research Articles

Herding behavior, information type, and overconfidence bias: an experimental study on novice investors’ investment decisions

Research aims: By the end of 2023, Indonesian Central Securities Depository data revealed a significant increase in the number of investors dominated by millennial investors (56.41%). They are categorized as novice investors who have distinctive characteristics from professional investors. This study, thus, aims to examine whether herding behavior dominates the characteristics of novice investors and whether information type and overconfidence bias affect the herding behavior of novice investors.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a quasi-experimental 2x2 mixed design on 42 student participants who were members of the Capital Market Study Group. The data obtained were then tested using non-parametric statistics.Research findings: The test results uncovered that herding dominated the investment behavior of novice investors. This behavior was supported by the information type that participants paid attention to in making decisions. However, testing for overconfidence demonstrated that this variable was not the cause of novice investors' herding behavior.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The results of this study contribute theoretically to the investment behavior of novice investors by strengthening the argument that they tend to behave herding when making stock investment decisions. Testing with an experimental design allows researchers to confirm that such herding behavior is reinforced by the preference for the information type they use in decision-making. The results also provide insight into the fact that the overconfidence level of novice investors may be different from that of professional investors.Practitioner/Policy implication: The tendency of herding behavior of novice investors needs attention from the Financial Services Authority as a regulator to consider protection for novice investors who dominate the number of investors in the capital market.Research limitation/Implication: The tests in this study employed non-parametric statistics, which are not as good as parametric tests, so the study results should be understood wisely. Future research needs to consider the adequacy of the sample and use capital market groups in several universities to improve sample quality.

PEMBELAJARAN MULTI REPRESENTASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH SISWA SMA PADA METERI HUKUM II NEWTON

The aim of this research is determine the extent to which learning using multiple representations is able to improve students' problem solving abilities in Newton's Second Law. The research subjects consisted of 24 students of class X 1 Senior High School 8 Malang. This research uses an instrument in the form of an integrated concept mastery test with problem solving abilities consisting of 6 multiple choice questions accompanied by reasons, an interview guide and a problem solving observation sheet. The approach to this research is mixed methods with an embedded experimental model design. The research results show that using multiple representations can increase students' problem solving abilities from an average of 1.1 approaching level 1 (inadequate) to 2.2 approaching level 2 (need some improvement). Learning with multiple representations can also change students from novice behavior to experts in problem solving Newton's Second Law

An exploration of the role of driving experience on self-reported and real-world aberrant driving behaviors

A significant proportion of global road crashes are attributed to unsafe driving behaviors. The current study aimed to explore potential differences in driving behaviors across experienced and novice drivers using two separate approaches; a questionnaire study and an instrumented vehicle study (IVS). The analysis of 260 questionnaires and 1,372 traffic interactions within the IVS revelated that driving experience affects driving performance for different driving tasks. Factor analysis of the questionnaire data revealed the impact of driving errors, lapses, violations, and aggressive violations on the behavior of novice and experienced drivers. Behavioral models of novice and experienced drivers encountering other road users were determined using binary logistic regression. The results showed that novice drivers were more likely to engage in driving violations while experienced drivers were more likely to engage in aggressive violations. Unauthorized speeding, zigzag movements, using a mobile phone while driving, and unauthorized overtaking on roads were the most frequent driving violations by novice drivers. The most frequent aggressive violations by experienced drivers were tempting other drivers to create a race and chasing other drivers. These findings may be used as a framework to facilitate safer driving behaviors by reducing errors, lapses, violations and aggressive violations, and facilitating safety-promoting attitudes.

Virtual reality boxing: Gaze-contingent manipulation of stimulus properties using blur.

It has been reported that behavior of experts and novices in various sporting tasks is impervious to the introduction of blur. However, studies have used diverse methods of blurring the visual stimulus (i.e., dioptric blur and Gaussian blur), and tasks that did not always preserve the normal perception-action coupling. In the current study, we developed a novel experimental protocol to examine the effect of different levels of Gaussian blur on interception performance and eye gaze data using an immersive VR task. Importantly, this provided a realistic simulation of a real-world boxing scenario (e.g., the presence of a feint prior to the onset of different combinations of punches) in which expert combat athletes (n = 18) experienced a first-person, adaptive viewpoint of the visual environment, which could be blurred according to their gaze location (central blur, peripheral blur, no blur). We found that participants exhibited similar interception performance in the presence of central blur or peripheral blur compared to a control condition with no blur. However, interception performance was significantly better with a central blur compared to peripheral blur. Eye gaze data indicated that although participants fixated at similar areas of interest irrespective of the presence of blur, fixation duration was significantly longer with a strong level of blur in the peripheral viewing condition than all levels of central blur and the control condition. These findings can be explained by relocating attention to different areas of the environment, which thereby influenced the perception of salient information. Participants also performed better on the first punch of a sequence preceded by a foot feint compared to arm feint or no feint. Still, irrespective of feint type, performance was significantly better on the second and third punch compared to the first punch. These findings are consistent with participants using additional information from the opponent's body movements and situational probabilities to increase performance as the sequence of punches developed. Overall, these are the first evidence for the use of VR as a means to examine gaze-contingent manipulations of the environment, and hence highlight the potential for facilitating learning and transfer to a real sporting situations.

Effects of Curved and Flat Display Cockpit Systems on Visual Fatigue, Perceived Performance, and Gazing Behavior of Novice and Expert Pilots

Effects of Curved and Flat Display Cockpit Systems on Visual Fatigue, Perceived Performance, and Gazing Behavior of Novice and Expert Pilots

Uncovering the effects of prior founding experience of entrepreneurs on early board selection

PurposeThis study aims to show what type of directors founders (or entrepreneurs) first appoint to the board and how these appointments differ across experienced and novice entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consists of the human capital of board members in 443 new ventures in the computer software and information technology industries between 2000 and 2014. The hypotheses were tested using tobit regression.FindingsThe findings in this study reveal that compared to novice entrepreneurs, experienced entrepreneurs tend to appoint early boards with greater human capital (entrepreneurial, technical/scientific and industry-specific) and with greater functional diversity. In contrast, novice entrepreneurs tend to appoint early boards with greater finance and director experience.Originality/valueThe value of this research lies in filling the gap in the current literature by comparing the board appointment/selection behavior of novice and experienced entrepreneurs, which is relatively underexplored.

Modeling the relationship between nursing competence and professional socialization of novice nursing students using a latent growth curve analysis

Professional skill development and socialization require appropriate guidance and learning. We aimed to examine the effect of self-appraisal of the clinical simulation care task (CSCT-SA) action program on the self-learning effectiveness, self-reflection and insight, caring behavior, nursing competence, and professional socialization of novice nursing students. This study has a single-group longitudinal research design. Five measurement variables, including students' self-learning effectiveness, self-reflection and insight, caring behavior, nursing competence, and professional socialization, were assessed at the baseline, middle, and termination points of the study. The generalized estimating equation and a latent growth curve model were used to examine research hypotheses. A total of 92 students (22 male and 70 female students) completed three point surveys. Students' learning effectiveness, self-reflection and insight, caring behavior, nursing competence, and professional socialization presented a positive growth trajectory throughout the CSCT-SA action program series. In addition, latent growth curve analyses indicated that the levels of nursing competence and professional socialization, as well as the changes in these variables, were positively associated with each other. Findings support the key role played by nursing competence in enhancing students’ professional socialization, which suggests that such competence should be improved to promote professional socialization.

Outras funções do reforçador

É comum, durante a formação de futuros analistas do comportamento, se ensinar que a definição de reforçamento passa exclusivamente pelo aumento da frequência ou taxa de uma única classe de respostas. Com base em dados disponíveis na literatura discute-se a pertinência da versão padrão da teoria do reforço, bem como busca-se uma descrição mais abrangente das seguintes funções: (1) seleção; (2) indução; (3) ordenação e organização; e (4) expansão do repertório comportamental. A frequência, embora seja uma medida conveniente, não compreende a abrangência de uma teoria plausível do reforçamento, que deve compreender sua relação com filogênese, com outras classes de resposta que não aquela à qual o reforçador é contingente, e com as decorrências da aplicação sistemática do reforçamento no repertório comportamental. Uma teoria restrita à medida da frequência já não se sustenta à luz dos dados operantes.

PENGARUH KANDIDAT DAN IKATAN SOSIAL TERHADAP PERILAKU PEMILIH PEMULA DALAM PEMILIHAN LEGISLATIF TAHUN 2019 DI KECAMATAN TILATANG KAMANG

This research aims to find out determine the effect of candidates and social ties on the behavior of novice voters in the 2019 legislative elections in kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. The background of the research is how the behavior of the novice voters sees from candidat image and the social ties that exist in their environment, Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. This type of the research is quantitative research. The independent variable of this research are candidates and social ties, and dependent variable is novice voters behavior. The population of the research were the novice voter in Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang consists of three Kenagarian, Kenagarian Gadut, Kenagarian Koto Tangah, and Kenagarian Kapau. Sampling is by using the slovin formula and the sampling technique in this research is proporsional stratified random sampling. The sampling in the research totaled 96 novice voter in Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. Data collection in this study use a questionnaire with a Likert scale. After that, the classical assumption test consist of normality test, linearity test, heteroscesdasticity test, multicoloniality test, and autocorrection test. Futhermor, a analysis multiples linear regression. The result showed that there was a significant the effect of candidates and social ties on the behavior of novice voter in the 2019 legislative elections in Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang.

The role of action-control beliefs in developing entrepreneurial expertise

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to theorize on the mechanisms underlying the development of entrepreneurial expertise. While prior studies have identified differences between the behavior of novice and expert entrepreneurs, the mechanisms that cause these differences have not received sufficient attention.Design/methodology/approachThis paper systematically reviews the extant literature on entrepreneurial expertise and builds the conceptual framework by employing an action-control belief framework to propose mechanisms underlying the development of expert behavior.FindingsThis paper argues that differences in behavior between novice and expert entrepreneurs stem from self-perceptions of their ability to act. More specifically, stronger action-control beliefs encourage entrepreneurs to create new interpretations of the world over time; develop and use strategies that allow them to rely on perceived control over means and ends, their perceived capacity, and their agency; and hence behave more like experts.Practical implicationsThis paper suggests that strategy, capacity, and control beliefs are key in individuals’ decisions of whether to engage in entrepreneurial action and that expert entrepreneurs hold stronger beliefs than novices. Positive experiences, particularly those associated with deliberate practice, contribute to developing these beliefs and, more broadly, to entrepreneurial expertise.Originality/valueThis paper proposes that the mechanism of transformation from novice to expert behavior can be attributed to positive changes in deeply held beliefs about strategy (i.e. possible means-ends frameworks), capacity (i.e. access to means), and control (i.e. perceived efficacy). Each of the beliefs can develop separately from others and at different pace. In other words, this work explains why novice and expert entrepreneurs behave differently.

Exploring the Behavior of Novice against Experienced Investors in Equity Crowdfunding

In this paper, we investigate how novice and experienced crowd investors behave in online crowdfunding environments. So far, empirical information about the specifics of these investor groups in the crowdfunding literature is scarce. We address this literature gap by investigating differences and similarities between novice and experienced crowd investors regarding information search, communication patterns, signaling effects, and investment motives in equity crowdfunding. The paper is based on unique survey data from a major European equity crowdfunding platform. We contribute to the literature by developing a better and detailed understanding of crowd investor types and their behavior in crowdfunding.

The Pareto Analysis for Establishing Content Criteria in Surgical Training

Current surgical training is still highly dependent on expensive operating room (OR) experience. Although there have been many attempts to transfer more training to the skills laboratory, little research is focused on which technical behaviors can lead to the highest profit when they are trained outside the OR. The Pareto principle states that in any population that contributes to a common effect, a few account for the bulk of the effect. This principle has been widely used in business management to increase company profits. This study uses the Pareto principle for establishing content criteria for more efficient surgical training. A retrospective study was conducted to assess verbal guidance provided by 9 supervising surgeons to 12 trainees performing 64 laparoscopic cholecystectomies in the OR. The verbal corrections were documented, tallied, and clustered according to the aimed change in novice behavior. The corrections were rank ordered, and a cumulative distribution curve was used to calculate which corrections accounted for 80% of the total number of verbal corrections. In total, 253 different verbal corrections were uttered 1587 times and were categorized into 40 different clusters of aimed changes in novice behaviors. The 35 highest-ranking verbal corrections (14%) and the 11 highest-ranking clusters (28%) accounted for 80% of the total number of given verbal corrections. Following the Pareto principle, we were able to identify the aspects of trainee behavior that account for most corrections given by supervisors during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on humans. This strategy can be used for the development of new training programs to prepare the trainee in advance for the challenges encountered in the clinical setting in an OR.

The Knowledge and Skills Assessment (KASA) tool in the Australian Dementia Behaviour Management Advisory Service: development and initial testing.

As the global population ages, it is important that the professional care workforce is well prepared to support the needs of people with dementia. In Australia, the Dementia Behaviour Management Advisory Service (DBMAS) supports people with dementia and their carers through an interdisciplinary team approach. To provide DBMAS Behaviour Consultants with a tool to guide them in their professional development, this project aimed to develop a self-assessment tool to enable self-reflection on clinical competencies required for working in the service and identification of areas where further development would be required. A multi-stage process was applied in the development of the tool, including review of the relevant literature and focus groups with DBMAS Behaviour Consultants and Team Leaders. The tool encompasses both skills and knowledge in working with people with dementia and caregivers. A pilot study including 14 DBMAS consultants was conducted to assess the utility of the measure and ensure variability of ratings across knowledge and skill areas relative to time working in DBMAS. The Knowledge and Skills Assessment (KASA) was developed and is now used in DBMAS service both with novice Behaviour Consultants and more experienced staff, and is also being used as an on-line version, accompanied with case vignettes. The KASA provides a valuable self-assessment tool for professional care staff working in dementia care, but would nevertheless still warrant further testing of its psychometric characteristics.

Process-mining enabled feedback: “Tell me what I did wrong” vs. “tell me how to do it right”

Fast advancement of technology has led to an increased interest for using information technology to provide feedback based on learning behavior observations. This work outlines a novel approach for analyzing behavioral learner data through the application of process mining techniques specifically targeting a complex problem solving process. We realize this in the context of one particular learning case, namely, domain modeling. This work extends our previous research on process-mining analysis of domain modeling behavior of novices by elaborating with new insights from a replication study enhanced with an extra observation on how novices verify/validate models. The findings include a set of typical modeling and validation patterns that can be used to improve teaching guidance for domain modeling courses. From a scientific viewpoint, the results contribute to improving our knowledge on the cognitive aspects of problem-solving behavior of novices in the area of domain modeling, specifically regarding process-oriented feedback as opposed to traditional outcome feedback (is a solution correct? Why (not)?) usually applied in this type of courses. Ultimately, the outcomes of the work can be inspirational outside of the area of domain modeling as learning event data is becoming readily available through virtual learning environments and other information systems.

Using naturalistic driving data to examine drivers' seatbelt use behavior: Comparison between teens and adults

Teens and young drivers are often reported as one driver group that has significantly lower seatbelt use rates than other age groups. This study was designed to address the questions of whether and how seatbelt-use behavior of novice teen drivers is different from young adult drivers and other adult drivers when driving on real roads. Driving data from 148 drivers who participated in two previous naturalistic driving studies were further analyzed. The combined dataset represents 313,500 miles, 37,695 valid trips, and about 9500 h of driving. Drivers did not wear their seatbelts at all during 1284 trips. Two dependent variables were calculated, whether and when drivers used seatbelts during a trip, and analyzed using logistic regression models. Results of this study found significant differences in the likelihood of seatbelt use between novice teen drivers and each of the three adult groups. Novice teen drivers who recently received their driver's licenses were the most likely to use a seatbelt, followed by older drivers, middle-aged drivers, and young drivers. Young drivers were the least likely to use a seatbelt. Older drivers were also more likely to use seatbelts than the other two adult groups. The results also showed that novice teen drivers were more likely to fasten their seatbelts at the beginning of a trip when compared to the other three adult groups. Novice teen drivers who were still in the first year after obtaining their driver's license were the most conservative seatbelt users, when compared to adult drivers. Findings from this study have practical application insights in both developing training programs for novice teen drivers and designing seatbelt reminder and interlock systems to promote seatbelt use in certain driver groups.

Plagiarized: Perspective of Consumers Network Positions on Information Searching Behaviour of Experts and Novices

Results from two studies depending on consumers’ network positions (outer or central), experts and novices behave when searching information about their networks or commodity’s related to those networks. Experts in central network positions (vs. outer) search for more network-related information, while novices in the same positions search for more commodity-related information. In comparison, experts in outer network positions (vs. central) search for more commodity-related information, while outer novices search for more network-related information. These findings are useful for companies to better access to their brand communities. Since, central experts and outer novices search for network-related information, marketers should facilitate ways to improve their receptivity to this type of information. Similarly, since outer experts and central novices search for commodity-related information. Marketers should devise methods to deliver commodity-specific information to these consumers. Therefore, marketers should consider both consumer’s level of expertise and their network positions to better predict consumer’s information searching behaviors. Regarding to the importance of social networks in consumer decision making, this research indicates the effect and importance of consumer's network position on information searching for behavior of experts and novices.

Blind stealing: Experience and expertise in a mixed-strategy poker experiment

We explore the role of experience in mixed-strategy games by comparing, for a stylized version of Texas Hold-em, the behavior of experts, who have extensive experience playing poker online, to the behavior of novices. We find significant differences. The initial frequencies with which players bet and call are closer to equilibrium for experts than novices. And, while the betting and calling frequencies of both types of subjects exhibit too much heterogeneity to be consistent with equilibrium play, the frequencies of experts exhibit less heterogeneity. We find evidence that the style of online play transfers from the field to the lab.

Where Low and High Inference Data Converge: Validation of CLASS Assessment of Mathematics Instruction Using Mobile Eye Tracking with Expert and Novice Teachers

Classroom observation research and research on teacher expertise are similar in their reliance on observational data with high-inference procedure to assess the quality of instruction. Expertise research usually uses low-inference measures like eye tracking to identify qualitative difference between expert and novice behaviors and cognition. In this study, we used mobile eye-tracking technology to create a low inference quality indicator for the comparison of experienced and student teachers. The distribution of visual fixations on students was measured using Gini coefficients based on the observation of van den Bogert, van Bruggen, Kostons, and Jochems (Teacher and Teacher Education, 37, 208–216, 2014) that expert teachers show better classroom monitoring. Results confirm that student teachers have a higher Gini coefficient than experienced teachers indicating weaker classroom monitoring. However, the Gini coefficient did not correlate in the predicted way with trained observer coding of video footage of the same classrooms using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) (Pianta, Hamre, Haynes, Mintz, & La Paro, 2007) although the mean differences in behavioral management were higher for the experienced teachers as expected. The CLASS dimension Quality of Feedback was significantly related to the Gini coefficient as an interaction with expertise: Only for novice teachers that a high quality of feedback was negatively associated with monitoring of the classroom.

Editorial on EAIT 2015, Issue 1

This first issue of Education and Information Technologies for 2015 again illustrates the truly international nature of this journal with articles from the USA, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ireland, India, South Africa, France and Greece. It also illustrates the wide range of topics carried by the journal. In this issue these range from an article on serious game playing in university education to one investigating the attitudes of Greek kindergarten teachers towards computers. Beginning this new volume of EAIT for 2015 is an article by Christian Sebastian Loh and Yanyan Sheng from Southern Illinois University, USA. Titled:Measuring the (dis-)similarity between expert and novice behaviors as serious games analytics, it examines players’ actions and behaviours within an online gaming environment as user-generated data for performance assessment. The research described used string similarity to differentiate likely-experts from a group of unknown performers based on how similar their ingame actions were to those of experts. Their findings indicated that string similarity is viable as an empirical assessment method to differentiate likely-experts from novices and potentially useful as the first performance metric for serious games analytics. The second article: Finding potential problems in the thesis process in higher education: Analysis of e-mails to develop a support system was contributed by Naghmeh Aghaee from Stockholm University, Sweden. The article begins by noting that some students have difficulty in managing to complete their final year Bachelor’s and Master’s level project or thesis and goes on to describe an information and communication platform, called SciPro developed in the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV) at Stockholm University to support students and supervisors during the thesis process. The reported study explored problems learners faced during their final project courses and found six exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories of problems which it categorised as: thesis initiation, info-mail, technical issues, exemption, supervision and final seminar. Billy R. Brocato from Texas A&M University, and Alessandro Bonanno and Stacy Ulbig from Sam Houston State University, USA next investigate: Student perceptions and instructional evaluations: A multivariate analysis of online and face-to-face classroom settings. Their reported study examined students’ evaluations of faculty Educ Inf Technol (2015) 20:1–3 DOI 10.1007/s10639-015-9380-x

Process mining analysis of conceptual modeling behavior of novices – empirical study using JMermaid modeling and experimental logging environment

Previous studies on learning challenges in the field of modeling focus on cognitive perspectives, such as model understanding, modeling language knowledge and perceptual properties of graphical notation by novice business analysts as major sources affecting model quality. In the educational context outcome feedback is usually applied to improve learning achievements. However, not many research publications have been written observing the characteristics of a modeling process itself that can be associated with better/worse learning outcomes, nor have any empirically validated results been reported on the observations of modeling activities in the educational context. This paper attempts to cover this gap for conceptual modeling. We analyze modeling behavior (conceptual modeling event data of 20 cases, 10.000 events in total) using experimental logging functionality of the JMermaid modeling tool and process mining techniques. The outcomes of the work include modeling patterns that are indicative for worse/better learning performance. The results contribute to (1) improving teaching guidance for conceptual modeling targeted at process-oriented feedback, (2) providing recommendations on the type of data that can be useful in observing a modeling behavior from the perspective of learning outcomes. In addition, the study provides first insights for learning analytics research in the domain of conceptual modeling.