Hysteresis Behavior Research Articles

Protein (Lysozyme) Concentration-Dependent Structure, Morphology, and Hysteresis Behavior of a Three-Component (Lysozyme-DMPA-Cholesterol) Protein-Lipid Langmuir Monolayer.

Protein (lysozyme)-lipid (DMPA and cholesterol) three-component mixed films (LDC) with varied lysozyme concentration (i.e., LDC_Lx) are investigated at the air-water interface. Elastic modulus-surface pressure (Cs-1-Π) curves derived from Π-A isotherms show that mechanical behavior is strongly dependent on the monolayer composition, and for the same reason, the hysteresis behavior modifies. It is evidenced that the LDC_L0.3 monolayer (lysozyme: 0.3 mg/mL) has significant hysteresis, which is reversible in nature, while the other mixed monolayers do not show such hysteresis behavior. Morphology at the air-water interface via Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and at the air-solid interface via atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that the presence of protein in the LDC_Lx monolayer modifies the lateral distribution of molecules, thereby forming a stripe-like pattern at the air-water interface (in optical length scale) with barrier compression or root-like structure on the solid surface at higher Π (in micron length scale), which is not observed in the case of lipid films. Moreover, lysozyme-added LDC_Lx films show an increase in thickness with compression, which is not observed for lipid films, as evidenced from the electron density profiles (EDPs). The morphology modification and thickness variation of LDC_Lx films with compression are most probably due to the reorientation of lysozyme molecules. This structural modification in LDC_Lx films with Π, however, seems to be reversible under expansion, as can be evidenced from the similar in situ morphology observation and similar thickness of the films deposited during both first and second compression. A variation in the strength of interaction forces among film-forming molecules depending on the monolayer composition basically affects the lateral distribution and organizational orientation with surface pressure, thus ultimately influencing macroscopically the monolayer properties such as elastic, hysteresis, morphological, and structural on water and solid surfaces.

FORCINN: First‐Order Reversal Curve Inversion of Magnetite Using Neural Networks

AbstractFirst‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams are a standard rock magnetic tool for analyzing bulk magnetic hysteresis behaviors, which are used to estimate the magnetic mineralogies and magnetic domain states of grains within natural materials. However, the interpretation of FORC distributions is challenging due to complex domain‐state responses, which introduce well‐documented uncertainties and subjectivity. Here, we propose a neural network algorithm (FORCINN) to invert the size and aspect ratio distribution from measured FORC data. We trained and tested the FORCINN model using a data set of synthetic numerical FORCs for single magnetite grains with various grain‐sizes (45–400 nm) and aspect ratios (oblate and prolate grains). In addition to successfully testing against synthetic data sets, FORCINN was found to provide good estimates of the grain‐size distributions for basalt samples and identify sample size differences in marine sediments.

Hysteresis Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Column Retrofitted and Repaired with Carbon Fiber Sheet

Structures experience damage and deterioration over their life cycle. The recent increase in interest in sustainable development of cities is re-evaluating the long-term use of structures. Therefore, researches on the retrofitting method for existing structures is receiving high attention again. However, there are very few cases where the direct comparison between the repair and retrofitting effects of structures has been experimentally verified. In this study, retrofitting methods and repair methods with carbon fiber sheets for reinforced concrete columns under shear failure were investigated. 10 reinforced concrete columns were tested under reversed cyclic loading. As a result of the experiment, it was found that, when reinforced with CFS strips, the increase in the width of the strip serves to enhance the strength and ductility of the reinforced member by providing confinement against shear cracks occurring in concrete. It was confirmed that as the number of overlaps of CFS increased, a greater strength-enhancing effect and ductility-enhancing effect appeared. However, the two-way reinforcement of CFS did not show a great effect in improving strength and ductility. As a result of evaluating the repair performance of damaged members using CFS, it was found that the strength and ductility of the repaired specimen exceeded the original strength and ductility of the base material as well as the strength and ductility of the reinforced specimen.

Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Behavior of Ferroic and Multiferroic Ceramics From 100 to 400 K for Nonlinear Pulse Forming Line Applications

Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Behavior of Ferroic and Multiferroic Ceramics From 100 to 400 K for Nonlinear Pulse Forming Line Applications

Theoretical study of magnetic, magnetocaloric, and hysteresis behavior of the antiperovskite compound Mn3AlN

Theoretical study of magnetic, magnetocaloric, and hysteresis behavior of the antiperovskite compound Mn3AlN

Nonlinear Optical Bistability in a Bragg Reflector Multilayered Structure with MoS2

The special band structure of bilayer MoS2 makes it show strong nonlinear optical characteristics in the visible band, which provides a new way to develop visible nonlinear devices. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the optical bistability (OB) in a silver–Bragg reflector structure by embedding bilayer MoS2 at the visible band. The nonlinear OB phenomenon is achieved due to the nonlinear conductivity of the bilayer MoS2 and the excitation of the optical Tamm state at the interface between the silver and the Bragg reflector. It is found that the hysteresis behavior and the threshold width of the OB can be effectively tuned by varying the incident light wavelength. In addition, the optical bistable behavior of the structure can be adjusted by varying the position of the MoS2 inset in the defect layer, the incident angle, and the structural parameters of the spacer layer. We believe the above results can provide a new paradigm for the construction of controllable bistable devices.

Lowering the coercive field of van der Waals ferroelectric NbOI2 with photoexcitation

Polarization switching in van der Waals ferroelectric materials driven by an electric field remains robust even at the atomic layer limit, paving the way for advances in the miniaturization and integration of ferroelectric devices. Thus, understanding the modulation of ferroelectric properties in two-dimensional ferroelectric materials is essential for their efficient nanoscale applications. NbOI2, a recently confirmed van der Waals ferroelectric, offers an ideal platform for investigating in-plane spontaneous polarization at the nanoscale. We explored the influence of laser excitation on the ferroelectric polarization properties of NbOI2. In multilayer NbOI2 devices with in-plane configurations, no significant current signals were detected along the c-axis or b-axis (the ferroelectric polarization axis) in the absence of illumination. However, under laser excitation, the material exhibited clear hysteresis loop behavior along both the c-axis and b-axis, indicating that laser excitation effectively reduces the coercive voltage. Furthermore, at the same excitation wavelength, the current peak along the c-axis was larger, with more pronounced hysteresis loops. Our experimental findings demonstrate that laser excitation can lower the coercive field in multilayer NbOI2 and induce different electrical hysteresis behavior along different crystallographic orientations, providing valuable insights for the development of NbOI2-based optoelectronic devices.

Phononic Resonant Relaxation in Magnetic Hysteresis of Single-Molecule Magnets

Abstract Lanthanide-based single-molecule magnets can exhibit broad magnetic hysteresis which basically manifests slow magnetic relaxation in strong magnetic fields. However, the cause of numerous nontrivial hysteresis behaviors remain debated. Here, we put forward two influential mechanisms: the activation of optical-phonon-mediated direct transitions within the ground-state doublet and resonant Raman process. These discoveries, coupled with the g-factor anisotropy, can account for observed hysteresis behaviors in the regimes of fast magnetic relaxation. Our findings substantially complement the recognized mechanisms used to interpret the magnetic hysteresis of single molecule magnets.

A Hysteresis Model Incorporating Varying Pinching Stiffness and Spread for Enhanced Structural Damage Simulation

The widely used Bouc–Wen–Baber–Noori (BWBN) hysteresis model, although effective in simulating hysteresis behaviors, does not account for variations in the pinching region of hysteretic behaviors. This can negatively impact the accuracy of the BWBN model in simulating structural responses and damage mechanisms in structures such as reinforced concrete (RC) and timber, which exhibit highly pinched hysteresis behavior when damaged by earthquakes. This paper introduces a BWBN model with varying pinching region characteristics (BWBN-VP model) which can degrade pinching stiffness and increase pinching effects under seismic loads. Unlike the original BWBN model using constant pinching stiffness (kp), this modified new model, inspired by real-world structural damage, improves structural damage detection, identifiability, and analysis in real-world scenarios. Model validation uses experimental data from three RC column tests with different failure modes and hysteresis loop shapes, resulting in an ~0.98 correlation coefficient between the experimental and simulated responses. Further validation uses real-world seismic data from a six-story RC building and achieves an average correlation of ~0.97 with a minor 2.5% difference in the peak restoring forces compared to direct measurements. The proposed BWBN-VP model also accurately and realistically captures damage to both the elastic and pinching stiffness values of the building, with an average difference of ~4%. Results confirm that the BWBN-VP model, compared to the original, more accurately predicts hysteretic responses, especially in Shear Failure (SF) modes. Therefore, the BWBN-VP model, superior in simulating highly pinched behaviors in RC and timber structures, would be an advanced tool for resilient seismic design and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).

Hysteresis modeling and experimental research of pneumatic constant force grinding system based on GRU neural network

The pneumatic constant force grinding system has attracted a lot of attention in the fields of robot grinding. However, the hysteresis behavior of the pneumatic constant force grinding system has multi-valued mapping characteristics and dynamic characteristics related to the frequency and amplitude of the input signal. Aiming at the hysteresis problem of pneumatic constant force device, a gated recurrent unit neural network (GRU) modeling method based on Bayesian optimization is proposed, and the effectiveness of the modeling method is verified by experiments. The ability of the model to describe the hysteresis behavior of the system and the force control performance and polishing effect based on the model are analyzed by experiments. The results show that the GRU model has better description ability for the hysteresis behavior related to amplitude and frequency than the rational Bezier curve fitting method (BCM). Through the grinding test, it can be seen that the output constant force fluctuation range based on the GRU neural network model is −1 ~ 1 N. With the increase of the grinding force, the surface roughness and morphology of the specimen are improved, and the average surface roughness is reduced by 23.79 % at most.

Development and characterization of PAN/GO-tyrosine hollow fiber membranes for enhanced heavy metal adsorption and SPME-spectrophotometric detection.

PAN-based fiber membranes have attracted significant attention owing to their potential in heavy metal removal. However, they show low selectivity, poor hydrophilicity, and low adsorption efficiency, which limits their performance. In the present investigation, PAN/GO-Tyr hollow fiber (PAN/GO-Tyr HF) membranes were fabricated via the phase inversion of PAN/GO, and subsequent grafting of tyrosine was done via self-polymerization to the surface of the membrane. FESEM characterization showed significant changes in the morphology of PAN/GO-Tyr HF, such as the presence of thumb-like pores in the outer layer of the membrane. AFM results of PAN/GO-Tyr HF revealed a more homogeneous surface with low roughness. Results of derivative and cumulative BJH adsorption showed that micropores in the structure of PAN/GO-Tyr HF were in the size range below 20 Å, while PAN/GO HF had a higher percentage of mesopores with larger pores. Furthermore, BET analysis showed that PAN/GO-Tyr HF had more complex pores, greater surface area, and larger hysteresis behavior. A detailed assessment was conducted on the impact of surface alterations on several adsorption processes as well as adsorption kinetics characteristics. Adsorption kinetics fitted better with the pseudo-second order model and confirmed multiple layer adsorption mechanism and chemisorption process. Finally, the fabricated hollow fiber was used as an adsorbent for SPME-spectrophotometric detection. The adsorbent demonstrated good linearity and correlation coefficients over the concentration ranges of 0.005-4.0 ppb (r 2 = 0.989), 0.01-10.0 ppb (r 2 = 0.974), 0.003-2.0 ppb (r 2 = 0.999) and 0.05-1.0 ppb (r 2 = 0.989) and detection limits of 0.004, 0.005, 0.002 and 0.01 ppb for As3+, Cu2+, Sn2+ and Pb2+, respectively. Furthermore, reusability of the membrane was evaluated for six adsorption-desorption cycles.

Critical, compensation and hysteresis behaviors studies in the ferrimagnetic Blume-Capel model with mixed half-integer spin-(3/2, 7/2): Exact recursion relations calculations

The exact recursion relations are used to study the mixed half-integer spin-(3/2, 7/2) Blume-Capel Ising ferrimagnetic system on the Bethe lattice. Ground-state phase diagrams are computed in the (DA /q|J|, DB /q|J|) plane to reveal different possible ground states of the model. Using the thermal changes of the order-arameters, interesting temperature dependent phase diagrams are constructed in the (DA/|J|, kT/|J|), (DB/|J|, kT/|J|) planes as well as in the (D/|J|, kT/|J|) plane where D = DA = DB. It is revealed that the system exhibits first- and second-order phase transitions and compensation temperatures for specific model parameter values. Under the constraint of an external magnetic field, the model also produces multi-hysteresis behaviors as single, double and triple hysteresis cycles. Particularly, the impacts of the ferrimagnetic coupling J on the remanent magnetization and the coercitive fields for selected values of the other physical parameters of the system are pointed out. Our numerical results are qualitatively consistent with those reported in the literature.

Experimental and formula deduction on the mechanical performance of Fang in Dou-Gong of Song dynasty

In Song dynasty, Dou-Gong construction techniques, Tou-Xin-Zao and Ji-Xin-Zao, varied by the number of Fang connecting to the exterior. This study examines the impact of Fang connections on the mechanical characteristics of Dou-Gong. Six full-scale models were constructed and subjected to quasi-static loading tests in the horizontal Beam and Fang directions under vertical load. The hysteresis behavior, deformation, and stiffness variations were obtained and analyzed. The test results revealed the hysteresis curve of Dou-Gong developed into a flat shape, with good deformation recovery ability and seismic performance. Beam-direction loading led to brittle failure, with Dou-Gong having fewer Fang experiencing bearing capacity loss and those with more Fang succumbing to overturning. Beam-direction stiffness rose by approximately 29% as the number of connecting Fang increased. Fang-direction loading induced ductile failure, predominantly characterized by overturning. Notably, Fang-direction stiffness remained largely unchanged by the varying number of connecting Fang. Dou-Gong slip deformation ratio decreased by 5 -10% as the number of Fang increased. Furthermore, Fang-direction exhibited about 10% greater slip deformation capacity than the Beam-direction. Based on the force transfer mechanism of Dou-Gong components, a stiffness formula for the elastic stage of Dou-Gong in the Beam-direction and Fang-direction was established and validated against experimental data.

Effect of Nonlinear Hysteresis Details of Isolation System on In-Structure Response Spectra

To evaluate the seismic safety of components in a structure, an in-structure response spectrum (ISRS) must be obtained, and this also applies to seismically isolated structures. The main variables for designing seismic isolators are effective stiffness and effective damping, which can be given as the characteristic strength and secondary stiffness in seismic isolators for nonlinear behaviors. Many studies on the ISRS of isolated structures have been conducted to evaluate the effects of these two variables of isolators, but the effect of other variables related to the hysteresis curve of isolators also needs to be studied. This study focused on the effect of the initial stiffness of isolators on an ISRS because there were no clear criteria for determining the initial stiffness in isolator design standards, which has an effect on the ISRS that cannot be ignored. As a result, the initial stiffness contributed significantly to the ISRS not only at the natural frequency of the structure but also at low frequencies. An analysis was also performed in terms of the uncertainty of each variable. The sharpness of the yield point in the hysteresis curve was implemented using the Bouc–Wen model, and its impact was analyzed. In addition, the frequency content of the ISRS depending on the seismic intensity, which can considerably change the nonlinear hysteresis behavior, was examined. Through this study, although secondary stiffness and characteristic strength are the most important characteristics of seismic isolation design, it was confirmed that other variables also have a significant impact on the frequency content of an ISRS. Based on this study, the considerations when developing the ISRS of an isolated structure can be established.

Analysis of Vibration Energy Harvesting Performance of Thermo-Electro-Elastic Microscale Devices Based on Generalized Thermoelasticity

Piezoelectric material structures with an excellent mechatronic coupling property effectively promote self-power energy harvesting in micro-/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). Therein, the characteristics of the microscale and multi-physical aspects effect significant influence on performance, such as attaining a fast response and high power density. It is difficult to use the classical mechanical and heat conduction models to effectively explain and analyze microscale physical field coupling behaviors. The purpose of this study is to develop the piezoelectric thermoelastic theoretical model, firstly considering the non-uniform physical field. The generalized equations governing thermo-electro-elastic vibration energy harvesting in a microbeam model were obtained based on Hamilton’s principle and the generalized thermoelastic theory was developed by considering thermopolarization and thermal hysteresis behavior. After that, the explicit expressions for voltage and output power were derived using the assumed-modes method; meanwhile, effects such as the piezo-flexoelectric aspect, size dependence, etc. are discussed in detail. It was found that thermal and microscale effects significantly promote the voltage and output power. The research is also helpful for the design and optimization of self-powered and high-performance micro/nano devices and systems.

Studies on the hysteresis of trunk muscles-Muscular specificities must be taken into account.

Hysteresis refers to a physical phenomenon in which the response or state of a system depends on both the input variable and its history. Hysteresis phenomena are also observed in biological systems and have been described for the sensorimotor system. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hysteresis phenomena can also be detected in trunk muscles during isometric load-varying situations. To this end, 40 healthy individuals (19 women) were subjected to isometric tests, where the applied load was systematically altered by complete rotations of the entire body in the Earth's gravitational field. The study was conducted with 25%, 50%, and 75% of the upper body weight. Additionally, we varied the starting point (forward tilt and backward tilt) and the direction of rotation. The activity of a total of six trunk muscles was recorded using surface EMG (sEMG). The sEMG amplitudes were compared between the phases of increasing and decreasing load levels for each test situation. Hysteresis behavior was observed in all examined muscles, with the movement half-phase with increasing load showing higher amplitudes than the half-phase with decreasing load. However, this was consistently verifiable only for the multifidus muscle. For the abdominal muscles, the longissimus, and the iliocostalis muscle, the occurrence of hysteresis depended on the starting position: it could only be demonstrated if the starting point was chosen to correspond with the muscles' main force direction. Thus, only the multifidus muscle exhibits a situation-independent hysteresis, whereas all other examined trunk muscles only show this phenomenon if subjected to load already at a loading situation. This indicates a physiologically determined functional weakness for load impacts on primarily unloaded muscles, posing a potential injury risk.

Domain Switching Dynamics in Relaxor PNN–PZT Ceramics With Nano‐Domain Morphology

AbstractThe dynamic behavior of domain switching and hysteresis characteristics remain critical considerations for ferroelectric materials. Investigations in this area are of substantial importance for the physical understanding and emerging applications of ferroelectrics. This study investigates the domain switching dynamics in Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 (PNN–PZT) ceramics by comparing domain switching hysteresis behavior of the non‐textured samples to the textured ones. The scaling relations of hysteresis area <A> with respective to electric field E0 and frequency f can be expressed as <A>∝fαE0β. The results indicate that the introduction of templates suppresses domain switching under low electric field and high‐frequency conditions owing to the clamping effect induced by interfacial stresses between templates and the matrix. Furthermore, a relaxation model for polarization reversal and domain switching is employed to clarify the physical mechanism of <A>‐f dependence by considering the domain morphology of the ceramics. The findings suggest that the dispersed nano‐domain morphology within PNN–PZT ceramics results in a flatter relaxation function distribution, thereby enhancing domain switching response concerning f. This study not only provides a deep understanding of domain switching dynamics in ferroelectric materials but also gives important inspiration for the design of ferroelectric ceramics with high performance.

Modelling Hysteresis with Memristors

In the realm of electronics, the foundational passive components—resistors, inductors, and capacitors—are well-established. However, in 1971, Leon Chua introduced a theoretical fourth element, the memristor, identified by its distinctive characteristic of memristance and its manifestation in a pinched hysteresis loop. This intriguing property suggests potential applications beyond conventional electronics, particularly in modelling hysteresis phenomena across various domains. This paper delves into the exploration of memristance as a mathematical framework for simulating hysteresis in electrical and mechanical systems. We commence by elucidating the theoretical underpinnings of memristance and its hysteresis behaviour, followed by a comprehensive overview of existing hysteresis models. Subsequently, we propose a novel approach that leverages the memristor model to offer enhanced insights and predictive capabilities for hysteresis in these systems. Through analytical examination and simulation studies, we demonstrate the versatility and applicability of the memristor model, underscoring its potential as a universal tool for hysteresis modelling. This research not only broadens the understanding of memristive properties but also opens new avenues for cross-disciplinary applications, ranging from electronic circuit design to mechanical system analysis.

The Role of Sea Ice Insulation Effects on the Probability of AMOC Transitions

Abstract Recent simulations performed with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) have suggested a crucial role of sea ice processes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) hysteresis behavior under varying surface freshwater forcing. Here, we further investigate this issue using additional CESM simulations and a novel conceptual ocean–sea ice box model. The CESM simulations suggest that the presence of sea ice gives rise to the existence of statistical equilibria with a weak AMOC strength. This is confirmed in the conceptual model, which captures similar AMOC hysteresis behavior as in the CESM simulation and where steady states are computed versus freshwater forcing parameters. In the conceptual model, transition probabilities between the different equilibrium states are determined using rare event techniques. The transition probabilities from a strong AMOC state to a weak AMOC state increase when considering sea ice insulation effects and indicate that sea ice promotes these transitions. On the other hand, sea ice insulation effects strongly reduce the probabilities of the reverse transition from a weak AMOC state to a strong AMOC state and this implies that sea ice also limits AMOC recovery. The results here indicate that sea ice effects play a dominant role in AMOC hysteresis width and influence transition probabilities between the different equilibrium states. Significance Statement We develop a novel conceptual ocean–sea ice box model to explain AMOC hysteresis behavior recently found in a modern complex climate model (the Community Earth System Model) and determine how sea ice insulation effects influence the hysteresis width and the probability of AMOC transitions.

On the gravitational hysteresis in the kinetic theory

General theory of relativity is non-linear in nature and therefore can result in hysteresis-like effects and cause systems to remember the footprint of the gravitational field. Here we have investigated this effect using the Kinetic theory in curved spacetime. It is shown that the entropy rate experiences this hysteresis behavior. The effect is then considered for some special spacetimes, including Schwarzschild black hole, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmological solution, and the flat Minkowski spacetime perturbed by a gravitational wave pulse. It is shown that there is some hysteresis effect for the entropy rate.