Hand Washing Behavior Research Articles

Health Practices, Nutrition, and Other Aspects of Lifestyles of Children Less Than 18 Years during COVID-19 Pandemic in Egypt: Role of Mothers

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a public health crisis of worldwide fear which under strategies of isolation, alterations to lifestyle behaviors were typically inevitable. These included extreme changes in hygiene practices, dietary habits, and physical activity. AIM: The present study aimed to assess how mothers managed their children at home during COVID-19 lockdown as regards health practices such as, hand washing, eating behaviors, and their daily lifestyles such as physical activity, screen time, and sleep. METHODS: Mothers of children aged <18 years were enrolled in the study. Online survey was conducted through Google form May 17, 2020, to the June 01, 2020. A specific questionnaire was prepared to fulfill the objective of the study. RESULTS: Mothers of 83.6% of children succeeded in establishing a good behavior of hand washing using soap and water when their hands are visibly dirty versus 62.8% doing the same when their hands are not visibly dirty. Father’s occupation could have significant association with hand washing. During lockdown, 74.4% of mothers stopped buying prepared foods from outside and 88% of them were keen to prepare healthy meals for their children, dietary supplements were used by 41.6% of participant mothers; meanwhile, the percentage was 38.8% by their children. Mothers succeeded in limiting screen time of their children (43.2%), and 32% of them succeeded in setting a specific time for going bed. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic has brought intense changes to health behaviors of children regarding hand washing, eating habits, sleep, and physical activity.

Human norovirus (HuNoV) GII RNA in wastewater solids at 145 United States wastewater treatment plants: comparison to positivity rates of clinical specimens and modeled estimates of HuNoV GII shedders

BackgroundHuman norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of disease globally, yet actual incidence is unknown. HuNoV infections are not reportable in the United States, and surveillance is limited to tracking severe illnesses or outbreaks. Wastewater monitoring for HuNoV has been done previously and results indicate it is present in wastewater influent and concentrations are associated with HuNoV infections in the communities contributing to wastewater. However, work has mostly been limited to monthly samples of liquid wastewater at one or a few wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).ObjectiveThe objectives of this study are to investigate whether HuNoV GII preferentially adsorbs to wastewater solids, investigate concentrations of HuNoV GII in wastewater solids in wastewater treatment plants across the county, and explore how those relate to clinical measures of disease occurrence. In addition, we aim to develop and apply a mass-balance model that predicts the fraction of individuals shedding HuNoV in their stool based on measured concentrations in wastewater solids.MethodsWe measured HuNoV GII RNA in matched wastewater solids and liquid influent in 7 samples from a WWTP. We also applied the HuNoV GII assay to measure viral RNA in over 6000 wastewater solids samples from 145 WWTPs from across the United States daily to three times per week for up to five months. Measurements were made using digital droplet RT-PCR.ResultsHuNoV GII RNA preferentially adsorbs to wastewater solids where it is present at 1000 times the concentration in influent. Concentrations of HuNoV GII RNA correlate positively with clinical HuNoV positivity rates. Model output of the fraction of individuals shedding HuNoV is variable and uncertain, but consistent with indirect estimates of symptomatic HuNoV infections in the United States.Impact statementIllness caused by HuNoV is not reportable in the United States so there is limited data on disease occurrence. Wastewater monitoring can provide information about the community spread of HuNoV. Data from wastewater can be available within 24 h of sample receipt at a laboratory. Wastewater is agnostic to whether individuals seek medical care, are symptomatic, and the severity of illness. Knowledge gleaned from wastewater may be used by public health professionals to make recommendations on hand washing, surface disinfection, or other behaviors to reduce transmission of HuNoV, or medical doctors to inform clinical decision making.

Risk Factors Associated with The Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers in The Working Area of The Pamenang Public Health Center

Introduction: Diarrhea is the occurrence of defecation with a more liquid consistency than usual with a frequency of three times or even more within 24 hours. The incidence of diarrhea is related to factors such as water sources, toilet facilities, hand washing behavior, knowledge, and waste management. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the working area of ??the Pamenang Health Center, Merangin Regency in 2022. Method: Using the chi-square method, the observational analytic case control approach. The sample in the study used a 1:1 ratio with a total sample of 85 cases and 85 control samples. Result and Discussion: The results of this study showed that the variable p-value of clean water was 0.001 with OR 0.146, the variable of toilet facilities was p-value 0.003 with OR 0.171, the variable of hand washing behavior was p-vacue 0.000 with OR 0.159, the mother's knowledge variable was p-value 0.017 with OR 0.292, landfill variable p-value 0.846 with OR 1.078. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a correlation between clean water sources, toilet facilities, hand washing behavior, mother's knowledge, and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the working area of ??the Pamenang Health Center.

Determinants of Hand Washing with Soap (HWWS) in Rural Communities: Cross Sectional Study in Manggarai Regency East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

Hand Washing With Soap (HWWS) behavior is a simple thing that can be done to inhibit the transmission of disease from the source of infection. Not much is known with certainty about the determinants of community handwashing behavior as a basis for promoting handwashing behavior. The research aims to identify the various determinants of HWWS behavior in the rural community, the results of which can be considered for designing the promotion of HWWS behavior in rural community and economically vulnerable groups.
 A total of 52 villages as survey locations, interviews and observations were carried out on 168 household heads who were determined by purposive random sampling with the inclusion criteria of having toddlers, and the house is on the edge of a river / beach. Univariate data processing to describe the characteristics of respondents and bivariate analysis to describe the relationship between the various HWWS behavior variables.
 The results of the study showed that the majority of the community already had HWWS facilities and were around the house where they lived. Critical times for community hand washing behavior are when hands are dirty, after feeding livestock and before eating. There is no difference between the determinants of HWWS behavior with education and with household categories based on the number of repeaters. Health cadres and local health workers dominate the sources of information obtained by the community regarding HWWS behavior.
 The implication of the results of this study is that the promotion of HWWS behavior in the community needs to consider non-health messages such as HWWS carried out when hands are dirty, after feeding livestock and before eating. In addition to inhibiting the spread of diseases that are transmitted through hands, the goal of HWWS behavior is also. In addition, health cadres and health workers are very important as a channel for conveying education about HWWS behavior in the community, in addition to the use of social media.

A Case Control Study on the Determinants of Behavior towards Diarrhea in Children under Five Years Old

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge of diarrhea, hand washing behavior, toilet use behavior and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years old.
 Study Design: A case control study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in October 2022 at area of the Johan Pahlawan Community Health Center, Aceh Barat District, Aceh Province-Indonesia.
 Methodology: The sample size was 92, with 46 cases and 46 controls. The subjects of the case and control groups are mothers with children under five years old. SPSS version 20 was utilized to conduct statistical analysis on both univariate and bivariate data, with the chi-square test being employed to address the hypothesis.
 Results: The results showed that both the case and control groups had more children aged ≤2 years. Mothers in the case group were found to have a higher proportion with poor knowledge level (66.2%), poor hand washing behavior (54.3%), and poor toilet use behavior (67.4%) compared to the mothers in the control group. Statistical tests proved that there was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge (p=0.022), hand washing behavior (p=0.020), and toilet use behavior (p=0.001) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years old.
 Conclusion: Efforts are needed to improve the knowledge and skills of mothers in preventing and managing diarrhea through education by health professionals.

Who Were the Most Vulnerable to the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Nationwide Panel Survey on Infection, Exercise Habits, and Weight in Japan

Introduction:Behaviors to avoid infection are key to minimizing casualties of the COVID-19 pandemic. Even so, infection-avoidance behavior may also cause distant health impacts like immobility and obesity. This research aims at identifying behavioral patterns associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, exercise habits, and being overweight in the Japanese population.Method:Nationwide online questionnaires were conducted five times from October 2020 to October 2021. Individuals who answered with consistency to have been diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 at a medical facility were categorized into a SARS-CoV-2 group. The difference in lifestyle is compared using multiple regression and inverse probability weighing. In addition, the change in exercise habits, body mass index (BMI), and status of overweight (BMI>25kg/m2) were compared between the first questionnaire and the later ones. Risk factors of losing exercise habits or developing overweight were analyzed using multiple regression.Results:Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was negatively correlated with crowd avoidance, mask wearing, hand washing behavior. On the contrary, the diagnosis was positively correlated with some behaviors that appear as preventive actions against the infection, such as changing clothes frequently, sanitizing belongings, and remote working. Regarding exercise habit and overweight, people with high income and elderly females showed higher risk of decreased exercise days. The proportion of overweight was increased from 22.2% to 26.6% in males and from 9.3% to 10.8% in females. Middle-aged males, elderly females, males who experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection were at higher risks of developing overweight.Conclusion:It is important to conduct an evidence-based intervention on people’s behaviors and to avoid excessive intervention that is less effective so that people can minimize indirect harm such as exhaustion, economic loss, and other chronic health impacts. Our findings suggest that high-risk groups of COVID-19 infection and immobility and/or overweight are quite different. Further research may enable us to establish more effective interventions for each group.

Model Analysis of Diphtheria Disease Transmission with Vaccination, Quarantine, and Hand-Washing Behavior

Recently, diphtheria outbreaks occur in many countries. According to the latest data from the World Health Organization, the number of registered cases and incidence of diphtheria in 2021 will be 8,638 cases worldwide. Diphtheria is generally an acute respiratory infection with most infections being asymptomatic or having a relatively slight clinical course. However, many sufferers are afflicted by breathing obstruction. In this study, we developed and analyzed the diphtheria spread model by considering transmission by contact with an exposed and infected individual, progression for vaccinated exposed individuals becoming infected, quarantine for both exposed and infected people, and hand-washing behavior. Besides that, we proved the stability analysis around the equilibrium points and did the numerical simulations of models. The results of this study show that the model system has two steady states, namely disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. The disease-free equilibrium is stable if the basic reproduction number is less than one, either is unstable. The endemic equilibrium exists and is stable if the basic reproduction number is greater than one. The numerical simulations show that there is a significant effect of vaccination, quarantine, and hand-washing behavior for infected numbers, respectively. Vaccination, quarantine, and hand-washing behavior could significantly reduce the basic reproductive and the infected number. Whereas vaccination for exposed people could increase the basic reproductive and the infected number.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN DENGAN METODE SIMULASI TERHADAP PRAKTIK CUCI TANGAN PAKAI SABUN PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI CIBEUREUM KOTA TASIKMALAYA

Diarrhea is a disease where the condition of defecation with a liquid or soft consistency and the frequency is more than three times a day. Cibeureum sub-district was ranked first in cases of diarrhea aged 5-14 years, as many as 311 cases out of a total of 23,370 cases (2019-2020). In 2020-2021 (January to November) there were 248 cases of diarrhea with a percentage of 61.2% of patients at the elementary school (SD) level. SDN Cibeureum was ranked first with the number of diarrhea cases as many as 25 cases. Hand washing behavior that does not meet health requirements is at risk of developing diarrhea. Children tend to have a habit of not keeping their hands clean by washing their hands, especially at school. Efforts to improve the practice of washing hands with soap (CTPS) can be done through health education using interesting methods. Simulation is a learning method that is considered suitable for community skills. The research design is a pre-experimental design research with a one group pretest-posttest research design. The research subjects were 57 grade 1 students at Cibeureum State Elementary School, Tasikmalaya City. Data collection tools using observation sheets. The results of statistical tests with the Wilcoxon test, namely (1) obtained p-value = 0.001 concluded that there is an effect of health education with the simulation method on CTPS practice immediately after being given treatment and (2) obtained p-value = 0.001 concluded that there is an effect of health education with the method simulation of the practice of CTPS one week after being given treatment. Schools are advised to provide adequate facilities to implement CTPS, provide information about CTPS regularly to students and conduct learning using the simulation method.

Factors Related to the Incidents of Travelers’ Diarrhea in International Travelers in The Jimbaran Area, Sub-District of South Kuta, Badung Regency

Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most frequent health problems experienced by foreign tourists visiting Bali. Several factors can affect TD incidence in tourists such as age, gender, origin of tourists, eating habits, length of stay, and hand washing behavior. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of travelers' diarrhea in foreign tourists in the Jimbaran area, South Kuta Sub-District, Badung Regency. This research is a quantitative research, a descriptive type of correlative research with a retrospective approach. Samples were taken at 4 hotels in Jimbaran using simple random sampling technique in order to obtain a sample of 374 tourists. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the majority of foreign tourists visiting the Jimbaran area were adult, female, mostly from Australia, and mostly experienced health complaints of travelers' diarrhea. Most of the 221 tourists who experienced travelers' diarrhea were caused by consuming 203 foods (91.9%) from outside the hotel. The results of the Chi-Square statistical test showed that there were significant differences in the incidence of travelers' diarrhea between the ages of children under five, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly (p = 0.001; ? = 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of travelers 'diarrhea between female tourists and male tourists (p = 0.069; ? = 0.05) and there was no significant difference in the proportion of travelers' diarrhea between tourists from the continents of Asia, Africa, America, Australia and Europe (p value = 0.899; ? = 0.05).
 
 Keywords: Travelers' Diarrhea, International Travelers

The effect of environmental health on stunting in the coastal area of Gorontalo City

Stunting is one of the nutritional status problems in toddlers which is described as a form of growth failure due to poor nutrition and health during the prenatal and postnatal periods. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence of environmental health on stunting in the coastal area of Gorontalo City. The research method carried out is the ethnographic method. The data collection method is carried out by interview and in-depth interview. The data analysis method is carried out by descriptive analysis. The results of the research obtained that environmental health that can be very important and be the cause of stunting in children, namely; low environmental sanitation facilities, unhealthy water sources, unhealthy hand washing habits or behaviors, and stunting family residences that are less or not even habitable.

THE MEASUREMENT OF PROPER HANDWASH KNOWLEDGE ON ELEMENTARY AND HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS

Washing hands has proven to be one of the most crucial ways of preventing diseases from entering our body, as it is an effort to kill the pathogenic microorganisms that come in contact with the body surface. However, due to its simplicity in doing, the behavior of proper hand washing has been ignored by many, leading to increased susceptibility of diseases, particularly of the gastrointestinal system, including diarrhea. This study is done to measure the knowledge of elementary and high school students of SD and SMP Advent Setiabudi on proper hand washing, including 13 participants, extracted from 195 students as population. It is done systematically utilizing the qualitative method. It is found that the knowledge of handwashing and its procedure have been introduced to most of the students yet some participants have been found to not apply the behavior of washing hands with soap which have been proven to kill more microorganisms than just flowing water without soap. It is concluded that the application of proper handwashing must be promoted more among the general population as knowing is not enough. The researchers then recommend for the healthcare and school personnel to hold community health educations as a contribution in raising the awareness which can raise the implementation of proper hand washing with soap in order to prevent diseases from happening.

Nongovernmental Organization Practitioners' Perspectives on the Challenges and Solutions to Changing Handwashing Behavior in Older Children: A Qualitative Study.

Increasing handwashing with soap (HWWS) among older children (aged 5-14 years) can achieve a substantial public health impact. However, HWWS interventions targeting older children have had mixed success. Recent research has attempted to quantitatively identify effective intervention techniques; however, success is likely also influenced by the wider context of implementation. We explore nongovernmental organization (NGO) practitioners' perspectives on the challenges and solutions to HWWS interventions targeting older children to enhance understanding of what is required, beyond intervention content, for them to be effective. We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews in April-November 2020 with 25 practitioners employed across 11 NGOs and involved in HWWS interventions targeting older children in development and humanitarian settings. We used purposive and snowball sampling to recruit participants in roles at the global, national/regional, and local levels. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed to identify challenges and solutions to HWWS interventions targeting older children. Results were organized according to program development cycle stages. Twelve themes relating to perceived challenges emerged: (1) lack of prioritization, (2) funding inconsistency, (3) insufficient formative research, (4) demand on resources, (5) unengaging intervention content, (6) non-enabling physical environments, (7) availability of skilled implementers, (8) reaching out-of-school children, (9) community mistrust, (10) lack of coordination, (11) lack of evaluation rigor, and (12) failure to assign older children's HWWS as a primary outcome in evaluations of hygiene interventions. Recommended solutions were at the intervention, organization, and sector levels. Intervention design and delivery are important for the success of HWWS interventions for older children, but contextual factors, such as the availability of human and material resources and the level of coordination within and beyond the NGO sector, should also be considered. NGOs need to prioritize HWWS promotion among older children and support programs accordingly.

A tipping point of spreading viruses: Estimating the risk of household contact transmission of COVID-19

COVID-19 infection has been reported to be caused by droplet and contact infection. This paper proposes a model that visualizes the risk of contact infection to family members when viruses spread to various items at home. Behavior data after returning home are extracted from a questionnaire-based survey of home behavior to design the agent-based model. The data tables of contact behavior are created, including the room-to-room transfer probability table, the conditional probability table, and the contact probability table. The material transfer efficiency table is also created by measuring the virus transmission rate after contact with droplets in a virus experiment laboratory. In the experiment, the synthetic agent created from the acquired data probabilistically performs movement and contact behavior after returning home and reproduces the state in which the virus attached to the hand or belongings, when going out, propagates to objects at home. Next, we examine the risk of a second family member returning home. As a result, virus-attached contacts within around 30 minutes after returning home are widely confirmed around the entrance and kitchen, suggesting the effectiveness of early hand-washing behavior. And the experiment shows that even if the first person returning home disinfects their hands inside the entrance, the virus remains in a part of the entrance, and the virus is spread inside the room by the second person returning home.

Hubungan Kondisi Lingkungan, Kebiasaan Merokok Orang Tua dan Perilaku Cuci Tangan dengan Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut pada Anak di RSUD Matraman

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections in toddlers are caused by factors such as the condition of the home environment and toddler factors (nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, completeness of immunization, baby's age and low birth weight). Conditions in the home environment that can affect the air quality in the house can trigger the occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), including environmental tobacco smoke or affect cigarette smoke in the house. Objective: To determine the relationship between environmental conditions, parents' smoking habits and hand-washing behavior with the incidence of ARI in children at Matraman Hospital Methods: The research design is analytic with a cross-sectional approach. In this study, the population was 58 children who experienced acute respiratory infections at the Matraman Hospital. The sampling technique used Accidental sampling. the research instrument used a questionnaire/questionnaire and was analyzed using the Chi-Square Test. Results: Based on the results of the Chi-Square test, it was found that there was a relationship between environmental conditions and the incidence of ARI in children with a P-value = 0.017 and an OR value of 4.615. The relationship between parents' smoking habits at home and the incidence of ARI in children has a P-value = 0.001 and an OR value of 8.640. The relationship between handwashing behavior at home and the incidence of ARI in children has a P-value = 0.003 and OR 6.750. Conclusion: The description of the results of the study was that in most of the incidents of mild ARI, environmental conditions were good, parents' smoking habits at home were good and hand-washing behavior at home was good. There is a relationship between environmental conditions, parents' smoking habits at home and hand-washing behavior at home with the incidence of ARI in children at Matraman Hospital. The most influential factor in the incidence of ARI in children at Matraman Hospital is parents' smoking habits at home

Correlation Between Environmental Health and Stunting of Children Under Five Years Old in Puskesmas Balowerti Kediri City

Introduction: Stunting prevalence in Indonesia is very high. Puskesmas Balowerti has the highest stunting prevalence in Kediri City, one of the focus locations. A healthy environment is one of the key interventions to reduce stunting. Method: This study uses a cross-sectional study with 110 samples, mothers and their children under five years old, who live in the area of the Puskesmas Baloweti, which fulfills inclusion and exclusion criteria. The independent variables are environmental health, and the dependent variable is stunting. The data collection method was conducted by using a questionnaire and height/length measurement, then analyzed using the Spearman Rank Correlation test. Result: There are 89 normal children (80.9%), 15 stunted children (13.6%), and 4 severely stunted children (3.6%). There are 87 children with inappropriate defecation behaviour (79.1%), 82 children with appropriate water sources (74.5%), 93 children with appropriate waste disposal (84.5%), 108 children with appropriate liquid disposal (98.2%), and 93 children’s families with appropriate handwashing behaviour (84.5%). The Spearman Rank Correlation test showed no correlation (p>0,05) between environmental health and stunting of children under five years old in Puskesmas Balowerti, Kediri city (p=0,073). Conclusion: This research concludes that there is no correlation between environmental health and stunting because the data of this research are less varied. Further research needs to be done with a larger sample and more varied data.

Improving Handwashing Behavior of School-Age Children Through a Game-Based Educational Program

Handwashing plays an essential role in overcoming health problems. Washing hands is a straightforward exercise but will not be done if not adequately informed and drilled on it. School-age children are a vulnerable group relative to health problems, but at the same time, is an excellent group to be given appropriate education. Educating school- age children on the importance of washing their hands is critical to improving health behavior. This community-based research aims to increase school-age children’s handwashing knowledge, attitudes, and practices using a game-based educational program. As a result, there are improvements in the handwashing behavior of around a hundred children in Curug Village, Cimanggis Depok, Indonesia, after a twelve- month-long program. This suggests that through appropriate approaches for promoting healthy living behavior to the children, such as a game board, the project can be successful and sustainable.

Kronik Hastalığı Olan Kadınlarda Eğitimin El Yıkama ve Beslenmeye Etkisi

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of handwashing and nutrition education given to women with chronic diseases living in rural areas during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The research is a randomized controlled study and its population consists of women over the age of 18 with at least one chronic disease registered in a Family Health Center of a District in Turkey. A total of 90 women were included in the study, 45 of which were drawn among the volunteers for each group. Hand washing and nutrition training were given to the intervention group, and the questionnaires were filled out again after 3 months. Only routine follow-ups were performed in the control group. For collecting the research data, the Descriptive Information Form, the Social Hand-Washing Knowledge Form, and the Nutritional Knowledge Level Scale for Adults prepared by the researchers by scanning the literature were used. Results: By the groups, the educational status, having children, smoking, alcohol use, monthly income, and working status of the cases do not show a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) and it is seen that both groups are homogeneous. The mean age of women in the intervention group was 54.67±8.17 years, and the mean age of women in the control group was 57.18±9.88 years. The post-training scores of the intervention group in the Social Hand-Washing Knowledge Form and Food Choice were found to be significantly high compared to the cases of the control group (p=0.001; p<0.01). Conclusion: The training given to the women in rural areas created a significant benefit for them to have the appropriate food choices and hand-washing behaviours. More studies are needed to examine the effects of these interventions (ClinicalTrials.gov-Identifier Number: NCT04957017).

PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN CUCI TANGAN PAKAI SABUN (CTPS) PADA SISWA SD 100110 DI DESA SIUHOM

One indicator of clean and healthy living behavior is handwashing with soap (CTPS), which is one of the sanitation measures by washing hands and fingers using running water and soap to prevent various diseases and break the chain of disease transmission. The aim of this research is to motivate children about the importance of washing their hands with soap and running water in order to increase their knowledge in the field of health, and to motivate them to apply it in their daily lives. The method used in this activity is the lecture method, socialization using posters and ending with conducting education on washing hands with soap. The research sample was 30 children of SD 100110 Siuhom. This CTPS counseling includes activities related to CTPS, the purposes and benefits of doing CTPS, when CTPS is carried out and the steps that are practiced in CTPS activities. The results of the counseling show that the children already understand the behavior of hand washing and are able to practice washing hands with soap properly and correctly. The children seemed enthusiastic in this activity. They follow every step of washing hands that we practice in front of the class and they are able to practice it. The conclusion of this activity is that it is hoped that children and teachers can realize the importance of cleanliness and are able to get used to clean and healthy living behavior from an early age, one of which is by getting used to washing hands with soap in a good and correct way.

WASH, nutrition and health-seeking behavior during COVID-19 lockdowns: Evidence from rural Bangladesh.

A general lockdown to minimize to slow transmission of COVID-19 in Bangladesh came into effect on March 26th and lasted until May 30th. The lockdown had far-reaching economic implications for the population, with many facing economic hardship due to loss of income. Despite the attempt of the government to ease economic hardship by means of social safety net packages, people suffered from poor access to health services, and financial and food insecurity. This is likely to have disastrous consequences for the nutritional status of young children. This cross-sectional study measured the impact of the first general lockdown on food consumption of young children, access to water, handwashing and health seeking behavior, and the ability to maintain livelihood among households with children under the age of 5, in rural Bangladesh. The result of the analysis suggest that loss of income was reported by almost all respondents across all socio-economic groups. However, the poorest households were less likely to provide for sufficient food for their families and had to reduce consumption of food. Diet diversity and food intake-particularly animal protein sources-for young children were severely affected. On the other, increased awareness of handwashing and access to soap were also reported. The pandemic is likely to be detrimental to the nutritional status of children in Bangladesh and can exacerbate existing health inequities. Strong social safety net programs are needed to protect vulnerable populations to consequences of restrictive measures, supported in design and implementation by non-governmental organizations.

Hubungan Mencuci Tangan dan Perawatan Kuku dengan Kejadian Helmintiasis pada Siswa/i Sekolah Dasar

Introductions: Helminthiasis is a worm infection that often attacks children to adults. A quarter of the world’s population suffers from Soil-Transmitted Helminthes (STH). Various problems arising from worm infection include changes in appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In children, it can inhibit growth and development. The purpose was to identify handwashing behaviour, nail hygiene and incidence of Helminthiasis in Elementary School students. Methods: This is quantitative research with a cross-sectional study to link hand washing and nail hygiene with worms in students with 106 respondents. Examination of faecal preparations was carried out at the Thamrin Laboratory. Result: The results obtained were 14 people (13,2%) with hand washing behaviour in the poor category, 14 people (13,2%) with nail hygiene in the poor category, and 14 people (13,2%) have worm infection. Based on bivariate analysis, p-value=0.000 (5%), Conclusion: There is a relationship between hand washing behaviour and nail hygiene with the incidence of worms in students of Elementary School.