Behavior Of Others Research Articles

French drivers’ behavior: Do psychological resources and vulnerabilities matter?

Introduction: Driving is a risky activity, and road users’ behavior is one of the many factors that participate in increasing the risk of road-traffic crashes. Drivers must constantly adapt their behavior to the environment and control their vehicles, and must also anticipate the behavior of others, which may pose a threat to their own safety. Interactions between road users can therefore be stressful and elicit strong negative emotions. Psychological resources and vulnerabilities may be important in understanding how drivers perceive and respond to these driving interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of empathy, self-compassion, personal distress, and alexithymia in both dangerous and prosocial driving behaviors. Method: Our sample (N = 550) of French drivers was recruited via snowball sampling. The drivers filled in paper-and-pencil questionnaires including the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), the French adaptation of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (Short-FTEQ), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Self-Compassion Scale – Short Form (SCS-SF), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Results: After controlling for gender and age, regression analyses revealed that road traffic violations were positively predicted by alexithymia and negatively predicted by cognitive empathy; errors were positively predicted by alexithymia and personal distress, and prosocial driving was positively predicted by emotional and cognitive empathy. A two-step cluster analysis identified three groups of drivers: unsafe and psychologically vulnerable (n = 176), self-focused and less prosocial (n = 151), and safe and resourceful (n = 223). Conclusions: Empathy seems to promote safe driving behaviors. Moreover, cognitive empathy appears to safeguard drivers against deliberate violations, whereas psychological vulnerabilities seem to increase the probability of engaging in dangerous behaviors. Practical Applications: These results could open new research avenues for the prevention of dangerous driving behaviors and the promotion of road safety.

Relying on the engagement of others: A review of the governance choices facing social media platform start-ups.

We are grateful to Professors Rebecca Reuber and Eileen Fischer for contributing our 2022 annual review article. This insightful review explores an issue of great contemporary importance regarding the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and social media platforms. Whilst there is much popular and media commentary regarding the opportunities such platforms offer for entrepreneurship, we lack informed, academic reflection upon the role and influence of such platforms for both good and ill. Hence, this review article is timely in identifying current practices and raising important issues for future research. Our thanks to the authors for their valuable contribution to the ISBJ.Entrepreneurs create digital platforms which, in turn, facilitate entrepreneurial behaviours of others, the platform users. An important start-up activity is developing the mechanisms to govern user participation. While prior literature has provided insights on the governance of innovation platforms and exchange platforms, it has shed little light on the governance of social media platforms. In this review, we synthesize the emerging literature on diverse social media platforms, focussing on four types of governance mechanisms: those that regulate user behaviour, those related to user identification and stature, those that structure relationships among users and those that direct user attention. We highlight the implications of this body of literature for entrepreneurship scholars.

Clinicoanatomical substrates of selfish behaviour in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – An observational cohort study

ObjectiveALS primarily affects motor functions, but cognitive functions, including social understanding, may also be impaired. Von Economo neurons (VENs) are part of the neuronal substrate of social understanding and these cells are histopathologically altered in ALS. We investigated whether activity in areas including VENs is associated with an impairment of cognitive tasks that mirror social functioning. MethodsIn this observational prospective study, ALS patients (N = 26) were tested for cognitive behavioural function, encompassing different aspects of empathetic understanding (interpersonal reactivity index, IRI), social behaviour (ultimatum game), recognition of faux-pas situations, and general cognitive functioning (Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen, ECAS). For in vivo pathological staging according to Braak, DTI-MRI was performed to determine those ALS patients with expected pathological involvement of VENs (B ALS stages 3 + 4) compared to those without (B ALS stages 1 + 2). Expected hypometabolism of cerebral areas was determined with 18F-FDG PET in N = 20 ALS patients and compared to N = 20 matched healthy controls. Volume of interest analysis was performed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular cortex (AIC), which contain high numbers of VENs. ResultsCompared to those without expected pathological involvement of VENs (B/B ALS stages 1 + 2), ALS patients with anticipated pathological involvement of VENs (B/B ALS stages 3 + 4) presented with significantly reduced fantasy to understand the mindset of others (IRI) and, social behaviour was more selfish (ultimatum game) despite the fact that cognitive understanding of socially inappropriate behaviour of others (faux-pas) was unimpaired. 18F-FDG-PET showed hypometabolism in ACC and AIC in ALS patients with anticipated pathological involvement of VENs compared to those without and this was significantly correlated to cognitive-behavioral functions in certain tasks. ConclusionHere, we present evidence of altered social behaviour in ALS patients associated with regional 18FDG-PET hypometabolism in areas with a high density of VENs, thereby suggesting a possible causal association.

The Impression of Training Entertainment on the Social Expansion of Kindergarten Kids

Undoubtedly the most critical dimension of an individual’s personality in terms of society is the social dimension of personality. Social behaviour forms the basis of every person’s life. Man is a social being and needs to communicate with others. Many humans' significant needs and flourishing of their talents and abilities can only be entirely fined through interpersonal interaction and social communication—the necessity of social life psychological preparation, social skills, self-confidence and power of the social adjustment. Human growth and development in childhood in terms of social development emotional, cognitive and physical development has characteristics that can make the child vulnerable to mental health. Social development is the most critical aspect of every person’s existence. It is assumed that children can’t do without social development and having the necessary skills to perform their duties in social interaction with others. Social growth promotes intellectual growth and other aspects of one’s development. In the process, people learn skills, knowledge and adaptation techniques and the possibility of reciprocal relations in continuous interaction their considers social development in the form of the child’s mutual adaptation to the social environment and about peers and it is a process that enables the child to understand and predict the behaviour of others, to control their behaviour and regulate their social interactions.

Latent motives guide structure learning during adaptive social choice.

Predicting the behaviour of others is an essential part of social cognition. Despite its ubiquity, social prediction poses a poorly understood generalization problem: we cannot assume that others will repeat past behaviour in new settings or that their future actions are entirely unrelated to the past. We demonstrate that humans solve this challenge using a structure learning mechanism that uncovers other people's latent, unobservable motives, such as greed and risk aversion. In four studies, participants (N = 501) predicted other players' decisions across four economic games, each with different social tensions (for example, Prisoner's Dilemma and Stag Hunt). Participants achieved accurate social prediction by learning the stable motivational structure underlying a player's changing actions across games. This motive-based abstraction enabled participants to attend to information diagnostic of the player's next move and disregard irrelevant contextual cues. Participants who successfully learned another's motives were more strategic in a subsequent competitive interaction with that player in entirely new contexts, reflecting that social structure learning supports adaptive social behaviour.

How Do You Behave at the Zoo? A Look at Visitor Perceptions of Other Visitors' Behavior at the Zoo

Previous research regarding behaviors of zoo visitors near exhibits has shown that they can influence animals’ well-being. What is unclear is whether people’s views concerning the purpose of zoos or their beliefs might influence their perception of what is acceptable behavior when visiting the zoo. In this study, we used naturalistic observation to examine zoo visitor behavior near specific exhibits. We also surveyed visitors regarding the purpose of zoos, their perception of animals and the zoo, and if they have seen inappropriate behavior in other zoo visitors. We observed visitors engaging in various inappropriate behaviors such as hitting the glass and trying to provoke the animals. These same inappropriate behaviors were also reported by visitors in our survey, indicating an awareness of what behaviors might be disruptive to animals. Visitors who reported similarities between humans and animals reported more inappropriate behaviors in others partially due to having more empathy for animals. When asked to consider the purpose of the zoo, education and conservation were ranked as being the most important, entertainment and research the least important priorities. However, of those who identified entertainment as most important, this group also reported humans to have less similarity with animals and reported less inappropriate behaviors in other visitors. Our findings suggest that zoo visitors’ views regarding the purpose of zoos and perceived human similarities to animals influence what they considered inappropriate behavior around captive zoo animals. This study provides the first exploration concerning the perception of visitors regarding other visitor behaviors directed towards zoo animals.

Collectively jumping to conclusions: Social information amplifies the tendency to gather insufficient data.

False beliefs can spread within societies even when they are costly and when individuals share access to the same objective reality. Research on the cultural evolution of misbeliefs has demonstrated that a social context can explain what people think but not whether it also explains how people think. We shift the focus from the diffusion of false beliefs to the diffusion of suboptimal belief-formation strategies and identify a novel mechanism whereby misbeliefs arise and spread. We show that, when individual decision makers have access to the data-gathering behavior of others, the tendency to make decisions on the basis of insufficient evidence is amplified, increasing the rate of incorrect, costly decisions. We argue that this mechanism fills a gap in current explanations of problematic, widespread misbeliefs such as climate change denial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

SOCIALIZATION OF THE IMPACT OF VIOLENCE THROUGH MASS MEDIA ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

Society in the current era of reformation has actually been presented with the naked staging of what the French poststructuralist thinker Jean Baudrillard (1983) calls a 'theater of cruelty'. As theater, violence, cruelty and ruthlessness have become a kind of ritual that is staged into the public sphere. Violence has become a discourse in the public sphere. The social learning theory proposition states that humans imitate and identify by learning through observing the behavior of others around them, including through mass media. The purpose of community service activities (PkM) is to socialize the impact of violent broadcasts on aggressive behavior, given the role of the mass media as a double-edged knife, having both a function and a dysfunction. The function of the media to inform reality can ultimately have negative side effects. The method of implementation is done through Learning Methodology, a method that focuses on participant participation. The result of this PkM activity is an increase in public awareness of the impact of the mass media. Because if society is constantly being fed with the values of violence, over time there will be an assumption that violence is commonplace, and will make the community insensitive to violence. As a result, in a broad sense, there will be chaos in the social values and norms of society, where the good and true values are confused.

Spatial Structure and Information Transfer in Visual Networks

In human and animal groups, social interactions often rely on the transmission of information via visual observation of the behavior of others. These visual interactions are governed by the laws of physics and sensory limits. Individuals appear smaller when far away and thus become harder to detect visually, while close by neighbors tend to occlude large areas of the visual field and block out interactions with individuals behind them. Here, we systematically study the effect of a group’s spatial structure, its density as well as polarization and aspect ratio of the physical bodies, on the properties of static visual interaction networks. In such a network individuals are connected if they can see each other as opposed to other interaction models such as metric or topological networks that omit these limitations due to the individual’s physical bodies. We find that structural parameters of the visual networks and especially their dependence on spatial group density are fundamentally different from the two other types. This results in characteristic deviations in information spreading which we study via the dynamics of two generic SIR-type models of social contagion on static visual and metric networks. We expect our work to have implications for the study of animal groups, where it could inform the study of functional benefits of different macroscopic states. It may also be applicable to the construction of robotic swarms communicating via vision or for understanding the spread of panics in human crowds.

Taking apart what brings us together: The role of action prediction, perspective-taking, and theory of mind in joint action.

The ability to act together with others to achieve common goals is crucial in life, yet there is no full consensus on the underlying cognitive skills. While influential theoretical accounts suggest that interaction requires sophisticated insights into others' minds, alternative views propose that high-level social skills might not be necessary because interactions are grounded on sensorimotor predictive mechanisms. At present, empirical evidence is insufficient to decide between the two. This study addressed this issue and explored the association between performance at joint action tasks and cognitive abilities in three domains-action prediction, perspective-taking, and theory of mind-in healthy adults (N = 58). We found that, while perspective-taking played a role in reading the behaviour of others independently of the social context, action prediction abilities specifically influenced the agents' performance in an interactive task but not in a control (social but non-interactive) task. In our study, performance at a theory of mind test did not play any role, as confirmed by Bayesian analyses. The results suggest that, in adults, sensorimotor predictive mechanisms might play a significant and specific role in supporting interpersonal coordination during motor interactions. We discuss the implications of our findings for the contrasting theoretical views described earlier and propose a way they might be partly reconciled.

How conformity can lead to polarised social behaviour.

Learning social behaviour of others strongly influences one's own social attitudes. We compare several distinct explanations of this phenomenon, testing their predictions using computational modelling across four experimental conditions. In the experiment, participants chose repeatedly whether to pay for increasing (prosocial) or decreasing (antisocial) the earnings of an unknown other. Halfway through the task, participants predicted the choices of an extremely prosocial or antisocial agent (either a computer, a single participant, or a group of participants). Our analyses indicate that participants polarise their social attitude mainly due to normative expectations. Specifically, most participants conform to presumed demands by the authority (vertical influence), or because they learn that the observed human agents follow the norm very closely (horizontal influence).

Evolutionary Social Poisson Factorizationfor Temporal Recommendation

Preference-based recommendation systems analyze user-item interactions to reveal latent factors that explain our latent preferences for items and form personalized recommendations based on the behavior of others with similar tastes. Most of the works in the recommendation systems literature have been developed under the assumption that user preference is a static pattern, although user preferences and item attributes may be changed through time. To achieve this goal, we develop an Evolutionary Social Poisson Factorization (EPF_Social) model, a new Bayesian factorization model that can effectively model the smoothly drifting latent factors using Conjugate Gamma–Markov chains. Otherwise, EPF_Social can obtain the impact of friends on social network for user’ latent preferences. We studied our models with two large real-world datasets, and demonstrated that our model gives better predictive performance than state-of-the-art static factorization models.

Subverting the Monster

Subverting the Monster

The Principal of Madrasah Examplary to Improve Teacher performance at MIS Al Azhar Sido Makmur Labuhanbatu

In essence, leaders have the ability to influence the behavior of others. This study aims to see how the School Principal's Examplary Leadership in Improving Teacher Performance at MIS Al-Azhar Sido Makmur, Labuhan Batu Regency. Descriptive analysis techniques through observation, interviews, and document studies. Data were obtained from several participants including the school principal ofmadrasa, the deputy head, 5 teachers, and 25 students. The results of the study has been able to give concrete examples to teachers in schools. It is considered as good exemplary leadership. Teacher performance which isseen from work performance among teachers already has strategies, teaching methods, has teaching competence and has a teaching plan and teachers are also responsible for the learning process. The head of the madrasah conducts ongoing evaluations in an effort to realize the vision and mission of education in schools so that they can anticipate various problems that may arise.

Incivility as a Violation of Communication Norms—A Typology Based on Normative Expectations toward Political Communication

AbstractResearch on incivility in political communication usually defines uncivil communication as a violation of established norms. Few studies, however, have specified these norms and corroborated them using relevant theoretical concepts. This article aims at strengthening the foundations of incivility research by analytically reconstructing the potential normative expectations of communication participants toward the behavior of others in offline and online political communication. We propose that these expectations can be considered as communication norms, which enable cooperative communication in political debates and conflicts. We use action theory, evolutionary anthropology, and linguistics to propose a norm concept that differentiates five communication norms: an information norm, a modality norm, a process norm, a relation norm, and a context norm. Drawing on these norms, we propose new definitions of incivility and civility. We also provide a comprehensive typology of norm violations that can be used as a heuristic for empirical research.

PENDIDIKAN FORMAL BERKARAKTER MULIA SEBAGAI PEMBENTUK SDM UNGGUL BERMARTABAT

Good behavior will be able to avoid bad behavior in everyday life. Someone to be able to behave well requires education, habituation, and example. Because basically the attitudes and behavior of individuals tend to imitate the behavior of others who are considered good. This imitation habit requires education, habituation, and example from those around him. This would be appropriate if done at school because school is a place to socialize and find individual identity. Learning carried out in schools in the context of building individual character is very effective if it is integrated with character education with the subjects being taught. Schools as educational units have a very heavy burden and responsibility, namely to prepare students who have good character and make human resources (HR) which are expected to support national development. Therefore, what is needed is education that is able to integrate with the development of all dimensions of human life, namely cognitive, physical, socio-emotional, creativity, and spiritual learners .keywords: Education, noble character

New employees' interpersonal sensitivity and help-seeking behavior: Fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety as mediators

Little is known about the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and help-seeking behavior (HSB), especially in the workplace context. We explored the mediating effects of both the fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and social anxiety (SA) in the association between new employees' interpersonal sensitivity (i.e., an excessive focus on the feelings and behaviors of others) and their HSB. Participants were 636 Chinese employees with 1 year or less of service in the job market. The results show that interpersonal sensitivity was negatively correlated with the HSB of new employees and that this relationship was mediated by FNE and then SA. Thus, for new employees, interpersonal sensitivity exerts a clearly negative predictive effect on HSB, and we have demonstrated the significant chain mediating effect of FNE and SA.

An Interpersonal Approach to Social Preference: Examining Patterns and Influences of Liking and Being Bothered by Interpersonal Behaviors of Others.

Personality disorders are rooted in maladaptive interpersonal behaviors. Previously, researchers have assessed interpersonal behaviors using self-ratings of one's own behaviors and third-person ratings of dyadic interactions. Few studies have examined individuals' perceptions of others' interpersonal behaviors. Using a sample of 470 undergraduate students, the authors examined patterns of interpersonal perception as well as influences of these patterns on psychological functioning. Findings showed that people tend to like interpersonal behaviors that are similar to their own and become bothered by behaviors that are the opposite of their own. Such a pattern is particularly characteristic on the warmth dimension and is consistent across different levels of closeness of the relationship. The authors also found small but significant effects of interpersonal perception on personality and general psychological functioning, above and beyond effects of individuals' own interpersonal traits. Such findings highlight the importance of including perceptions of others in investigating interpersonal dynamics when understanding personality disorders.

Mutual gaze with a robot affects human neural activity and delays decision-making processes.

In most everyday life situations, the brain needs to engage not only in making decisions but also in anticipating and predicting the behavior of others. In such contexts, gaze can be highly informative about others’ intentions, goals, and upcoming decisions. Here, we investigated whether a humanoid robot’s gaze (mutual or averted) influences the way people strategically reason in a social decision-making context. Specifically, participants played a strategic game with the robot iCub while we measured their behavior and neural activity by means of electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were slower to respond when iCub established mutual gaze before their decision, relative to averted gaze. This was associated with a higher decision threshold in the drift diffusion model and accompanied by more synchronized EEG alpha activity. In addition, we found that participants reasoned about the robot’s actions in both conditions. However, those who mostly experienced the averted gaze were more likely to adopt a self-oriented strategy, and their neural activity showed higher sensitivity to outcomes. Together, these findings suggest that robot gaze acts as a strong social signal for humans, modulating response times, decision threshold, neural synchronization, as well as choice strategies and sensitivity to outcomes. This has strong implications for all contexts involving human-robot interaction, from robotics to clinical applications.

Descriptive Norms and Guilt Aversion

It has been argued that guilt aversion (the desire to meet others’ expectations) and the social norm compliance (the desire to act similarly to other individuals in the same situation) are important drivers of human behavior. However, as we show in a theoretical model, these two motives are empirically indistinguishable when only one signal (either the expectation of a person affected by the choice or a signal about the descriptive norm) is revealed as each of these signals transmit information on the other benchmark. We address this problem by running an experiment in which signals for both benchmarks are revealed simultaneously. We find that both types of information affect dictator transfers in a one-shot game, yet the information about the behavior of others has a stronger effect than the disclosed recipient’s expectation. The effect of the recipient’s expectation is non-monotonic and becomes negative for very high expectations. We provide further evidence for the importance of guilt aversion in a second experiment where we display the recipient’s expectation and the expectation of a randomly picked recipient of another dictator.