Behaviour In Nigeria Research Articles

Determinants of Commercial Banks’ Lending Behavior in Nigeria

This study investigated the determinants of commercial banks’ lending behaviour in the Nigerian context. The study aimed to test and confirm the effectiveness of the common determinants of commercial banks lending behaviour and how it affects the lending behaviour of commercial banks in Nigeria. The model used is estimated using Nigerian commercial banks loan advance (LOA) and other determinants or variables such as their volume of deposits (Vd), their investment portfolio (Ip), interest (lending) rate (Ir), stipulated cash reserve requirements ratio (Rr) and their liquidity ratio (Lr) for the period; 1980 – 2005. The model hypothesizes that there is functional relationship between the dependent variable and the specified independent variables. From the regression analysis, the model was found to be significant and its estimators turned out as expected and it was discovered that commercial banks deposits have the greatest impacts on their lending behaviour. The study then suggests that commercial banks should focus on mobilizing more deposits as this will enhance their lending performance and should formulate critical, realistic and comprehensive strategic and financial plans.

Public Governance Quality and Tax Compliance Behavior in Nigeria: The Moderating Role of Financial Condition and Risk Preference

To have better understanding of compliance behavior of individual taxpayers in developing countries especially Nigeria, this study is undertaken primarily to test relationship between taxpayers’ perception<br />about public governance quality and their compliance behavior as well as to<br />determine whether the relationship is moderated by financial condition and risk preference individually and jointly. This study involved a survey of individual taxpayers’ opinion, perception and behavior about public governance quality as well as tax compliance. The major finding of<br />this study is that public governance quality has significant positive relationship with tax compliance behavior. The study also indicates that risk preference has strong negative moderating effect on the relationship between public governance quality and tax compliance behavior. Administration of income tax in Nigeria is characterized by low compliance level and therefore, there is no doubt that improvement in public governance quality would contribute significantly in reawakening the culture of tax compliance among individual taxpayers in Nigeria. Empirically, nothing much is known in tax compliance literature about the influence of<br />public governance quality on tax compliance behavior of individual taxpayers as well as the moderating effect of financial condition and risk preference on tax compliance and its determinants. This study extended tax compliance model to incorporate public governance quality and moderating effects of financial condition and risk preference.<br /><br />

Some Causative Factors in Bank Deposit Supply Model in Nigeria: A Co-Integration Analysis

In this study, we examined some of the factors that influence the commercial bank deposit supply behaviour in Nigeria. Specifically, we examined the impact of deposit interest rate, foreign exchange rate, Treasury bill rate and Growth rate of Gross Domestic Product on the deposit output behaviour of commercial banks. We identified these variables as suggested by theory in specifying a functional form. Using the technique of co-integration, we were able to conclude that deposit interest rate, foreign exchange rate; Gross Domestic Product influenced the behaviour of commercial banks in their effort at mobilizing deposit for investment in the country. This conclusion shed light on the recommendation made.

Some Causative Factors in Bank Deposit Supply Model in Nigeria: A Co-Integration Analysis

In this study, we examined some of the factors that influence the commercial bank deposit supply behaviour in Nigeria. Specifically, we examined the impact of deposit interest rate, foreign exchange rate, Treasury bill rate and Growth rate of Gross Domestic Product on the deposit output behaviour of commercial banks. We identified these variables as suggested by theory in specifying a functional form. Using the technique of co-integration, we were able to conclude that deposit interest rate, foreign exchange rate; Gross Domestic Product influenced the behaviour of commercial banks in their effort at mobilizing deposit for investment in the country. This conclusion shed light on the recommendation made.

Pattern of alcohol consumption among males and females and associated health problems in Jos

Background Studies on drinking behaviour in Nigeria have reported a preponderance of males, which makes it difficult to make any strongcomparative assertion. Aims The aim of this study was to determine thetypes of alcoholic beverages commonly consumed by males and females, to compare the quantity and quality consumed, and to determine the time spent on drinking as well as to determine the mental and physical health problems encountered by both males and females. The study also sought to find out about their knowledge of health hazards associated with alcohol consumption. Method The modified version of the Obot’s 1993 Middle Belt general population survey questionnaire was randomly administered to respondents at various drinking places and offices. RESULTS Four hundred and fifty participants responded to the questionnaires (225 males and 225 females). Beer was the single most preferred alcoholic beverage by both males and females. Both men and women consumed similar quantity of alcoholic beverage but women spent more time drinking. Majority of both sexes had knowledge about the health hazards associated with drinking alcohol. Whereas men reported more mental health problems, both men and women equally experienced physical health problems. CONCLUSION The study reveals that both males and females have a similar drinking behaviour pattern in Jos and majority engaged in problem drinking despite awareness of the health problems associated with alcohol consumption. Hence there is dire need for deliberate Government policy to regulate the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in view of the health, social, and economic consequences associated with problem drinking.

Improving quality of malaria treatment services: assessing inequities in consumers' perceptions and providers' behaviour in Nigeria

BackgroundInformation about quality of malaria treatment services of different healthcare providers is needed to know how to improve the treatment of malaria since inappropriate service provision leads to increased burden of malaria. Hence, the study determined the technical and perceived quality of malaria treatment services of different types of providers in three urban and three rural areas in southeast Nigeria.MethodsQuestionnaire was used to interview randomly selected healthcare providers about the technical quality of their malaria treatment services. Exit polls were used to obtain information about perceived quality from consumers. A socio-economic status (SES) index and comparison of data between urban and rural areas was used to examine socio-economic status and geographic differences in quality of services.ResultsThe lowest technical quality of services was found from patent medicine dealers. Conversely, public and private hospitals as well as primary healthcare centres had the highest quality of services. Householders were least satisfied with quality of services of patent medicine dealers and pharmacy shops and were mostly satisfied with services rendered by public and private hospitals. The urbanites were more satisfied with the overall quality of services than the rural dwellers.ConclusionThese findings provide areas for interventions to equitably improve the quality of malaria treatment services, especially for patent medicine dealers and pharmacy shops, that are two of the most common providers of malaria treatment especially with the current change of first line drugs from the relatively inexpensive drugs to the expensive artemisinin-based combination therapy, so as to decrease inappropriate drug prescribing, use, costs and resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy.

The Challenges of Community Policing in Nigeria

A community approach to the management of crimes and criminal behaviour in Nigeria is the latest in the crime fighters' attempt to curb the menace of the rising crime rate in the country. The efficiency of this approach is, however, facing certain challenges, namely: interference of some ‘powerful’ members of society in the course of justice, inertia on the part of some corrupt police officials who want the status quo to be maintained, financial constraints, and the unpleasant image of the police. This paper examines these challenges as well as the constraints they pose to the success of community policing in Nigeria. The author is of the opinion that for community policing to be successful in Nigeria, these challenges must be addressed taking into consideration the peculiarities of the Nigerian context.

Imports Under Exchange Constraints in Nigeria: A Co-integration Analysis

This study implements a structural econometric model of aggregate imports which incorporate exogenous prices to explain import behaviour in Nigeria relative to foreign exchange availability. Traditional models estimate import demand as a function of relative prices (the real exchange rate), and income (gross domestic product), but omit changes in foreign exchange level. In the 1980's, Nigeria experienced declines in foreign lending and increased debt service costs. These tended to reduce foreign exchange availability and limited the import capacity of Nigeria. This same approach was used by Moran ( 1987 ) for the developing and the developed countries from 1970 – 1983. Three models were tested to determine the superiority of one over others. These models include- General Model, Traditional Model and Hemphill Model. Based on the f-test, the general import model performed better than the other two and this model was used to test comprehensively and analyze import behaviour in Nigeria. The general import model equation 12 was used to test import behaviour for Nigeria. The results obtained using model 12 suggest that although price and income effects are important in the analysis of import behaviour in Nigeria, foreign exchange constraints also play a crucial role in determining import demand, as it strongly affects import volumes. Ghana Journal of Development Studies Vol. 4 (21) 2007: pp. 102-116

Personality and criminal outcomes of homeless youth in a Nigerian jail population: results of PDS and MAACL-H assessments

Objective: The unprecedented incidence of armed robberies and the involvement of young people in these crimes necessitated — as part of a comprehensive study on homelessness and criminal behaviour in Nigeria — an assessmet and comparison of homeless youths incarcerated in prisons with a control group of non-prison and never-homeless youths from the general population using the Psychopathic Deviate Scale (PDS) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist hostility subscale (MAACL-H). Method: Through in-depth interviews using a questionnaire, data were collected from 100 randomly selected homeless inmates in three Nigerian medium-security prisons aged 15 to 26 (mean = 17.2), and another 100 non-prison and never-homeless youths from the general population aged 15 to 31 (mean = 25.2). Results: Hypothesis 1 showed a higher score on the PDS (mean = 29.3) and MAACL-H (mean = 21.7) among the homeless group than the non-prison and never homeless group (PDS mean = 21.2) and (MAACL-H = mean 12.5), (PDS (t = (98) = 6.62, p < .05) and MAACL-H (t = (98) = 21.7, p < .0001). The second hypothesis also showed a significant relationship between PDS and the type of crime committed by homeless inmates (F (2, 97) = 3.213; p < .05) and the direction of this relationship was higher for PDS and felony followed by misdemeanour offences (p < .05, LSD = 2.81). The MAACL-H did not reach an acceptable level of significance for type of crime. Conclusion: These findings have significant practical and theoretical implications for personality and criminal outcomes for homeless youths in prisons when compared with non-prison and never-homeless youths. The study also suggests the need for more research in this direction and a review of antiquated penal policies for children, while the effective roles of governments and non-governmental organisations were also stressed.

Community-based study of contraceptive behaviour in Nigeria.

A cross sectional, community-based, descriptive study among women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) in Nigeria to explore the possible reasons for contraceptive non-use despite reported high awareness was carried out. Data were obtained using a standard questionnaire instrument and applied on 2001 respondents. Contraceptive prevalence among sexually active respondents was 14.8% for all methods, 10.1% for modern methods and only 0.8% for emergency contraceptives. The most frequently stated reasons for non-use of contraceptives, among those who had never used any contraceptives but who did not want more children were: "did not think about it", "against religious belief" and "fear of side effects." Prior counseling significantly improved the continuation rate of contraception. Multivariate analysis showed that older, married and more educated women tended to use contraceptives more. Health-care providers should be trained to offer counseling services to all clients in general, and young, unmarried and uneducated women in particular in order to improve their acceptance of contraceptives.

Community-based Study of Contraceptive Behaviour in Nigeria

Community-based Study of Contraceptive Behaviour in Nigeria

Influence of Religion on Adolescent Sexual Attitudes and Behaviour among Nigerian University Students: Affiliation or Commitment?

Religion plays a significant role in the life of individuals in any society. Its role as a moral builder has been variously acknowledged. This study examines the role of religion in adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour in Nigeria. The study was conducted in two national universities in Nigeria with student population of more than 40,000. The institutions are located in the eastern and western parts of the country. Data for the study were collected from a representative sample of students resident in the universities. A total of 1,870 students were successfully interviewed but because of the age restriction for adolescents, information from 1,153 campus-based adolescents aged 10-24 years was analysed. Logistic regression model was used to do the analysis both at the adjusted and unadjusted levels. Findings are consistent with existing literature. There is a strong relationship between religiosity and adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour, although religious commitment is more important than religious affiliation in affecting adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviours. This paper calls for further investigation to be able to disentangle the relationship between religiosity and adolescent sexuality, especially with the use of longitudinal data. Since religion affects the sexual lifestyles of adolescents, religious leaders can do a lot by mobilising their members towards supporting HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives in the country.

The Career Woman and Reproductive Health Behaviour in Nigeria. A Case Study of Ile-Ife and Lagos

The maternal mortality rate in Nigeria is still very high and as such has been topical. This problem is partly a result of patriarchy and therefore has been of great interest to many scholars. This study was aimed at creating knowledge on reproductive behaviour of career women and the role of men in such behaviour. The study was carried out in Ile-Ife and Lagos. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used. Quantitative method was used to get a larger sample and qualitative was used so as to bring out those things that can not be elicited from the questionnaires. The research instruments were in-depth interview schedule and questionnaires. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents. Only 133 respondents completed the questionnaires and 10 respondents were interviewed in-depth. The respondents were selected from 10 different professions-medicine, law, teaching, police, banking, accountancy, nursing, pharmacy and administration. The findings were that professional women got married and had their first babies slightly later than their illiterate sisters, patronize good hospitals for antenatal care and delivery of their babies and use mainly orthodox family planning methods. It was equally found that men play a major role in the reproductive health behaviour of professional women. It was concluded that the knowledge perception and attitudes of men towards the reproductive health of women have a lot of implication for women's health, survival and that of their children. It was therefore recommended that any intervention programme towards change of women's reproductive behaviour should also target men if it is to be successful. Gender & Behaviour Vol.3 2005: 406-422

Modest harvests: on the significant (but limited) impact of human rights NGOs on legislative and executive behaviour in Nigeria

This article argues that the community of self-described human rights NGOs that are indigenous to and operate in Nigeria have, over the last fourteen years or so, exerted a modest yet significant level of influence on the behaviour of both the executive and legislative branches of government in Nigeria. This influence has been exerted despite the harshness of military regimes that ruled that country for most of the relevant period. The factors that have facilitated the modest impact that these NGOs have had within Nigeria include their ability (at times) to work in coalitions; the highly innovative ends-means calculations made by NGO activists; their virtual alliance with a wing of the Nigerian judiciary and an important section of the mass media; their ability to creatively deploy international texts, processes and pressure within Nigeria; the deep cleavages within the Nigerian state and its elite that have led to a political culture that is much more amenable to negotiated settlements than is commonly acknowledged in the literature; and the unrelenting disposition, remarkable tenacity, and courage of most of the activists that run and operate these NGOs. The factors that have limited the extent of the success that these NGOs have so far enjoyed are conceptual and institutional in nature. The conceptual factors are their (albeit changing) tendency in this context to treat socio-economic, gender-related, minority, and environmental rights work as more marginal than civil/political rights activism; and their failure to pay any appreciable attention to the aspects of the local cultures and pre-existing languages of dignity that might advance their work among Nigeria's majority rural population. The institutional factors include their excessive fragmentation and proliferation; the de-institutionalization of most of their organizational forms and resort to personal rule; their donor-dependence and consequent failure to canvass the local population for funds and resources; and the elite and urban-centred orientation of most of these NGOs. Each of these factors has affected negatively their ability to mass mobilize and connect deeply with the yearnings of the masses of ordinary Nigerians.

Sources of sexual information and its relevance to sexual behaviour in Nigeria.

A study was carried out to identify the various sources of sexual information by adolescents in Nigeria and their influence on the sexual behaviours of the subjects, using: a) coitus prior to marriage b) expectation with first coitus c) freeness to discuss with spouse or anybody as parameters. The study was carried between 1997 and 1998 using subjects randomly selected from three Nigerian communities, viz: Enugu, Benin and Nnewi. Coitus before marriage was significantly higher in those who got their first ever information from peers than those who got it from other sources (P < 0.01). Fulfillment of expectation with first coitus was also significantly higher among those who were taught by parents, peers and teachers than those who sought their information on their own from books, magazines and films (p < 0.05). However, in considering their ability to discuss with anybody, this was found to be significantly higher in those who sought information on their own than those who got their first information by personal contact with parents, peers and teachers (p < 0.05). The latter was found to be more inhibited from discussing sexuality with their spouse or anybody than those who got their information from books/magazines and films. Sex education of adolescents should, therefore, be provided in a cultural, community-based setting of which the guardian programme should be only one component. It may be counter-productive in Nigeria if the adolescents continue to learn about sexuality on their own from books, magazines and films.

Destination environment quality and tourists' spatial behaviour in Nigeria: a case study of third world tropical Africa

AbstractIn order to ascertain important features of tourist behaviour and destination environments that could form the basis for destination quality improvement in Nigeria, 376 tourists were randomly sampled from seven tourism destinations, using a simple rating scheme in a questionnaire survey. Results obtained showed that activities involving leisure/recreation, cultural appreciation and appreciation of nature, history and cultural artifacts were dominant experiences, values and motivation for destination visit. Results also showed variations in quality of environmental features between tourists in various destinations and between foreign and domestic tourists in their spatial behaviour, values and motivations. The study provides unique implications for tourism planning management and marketing, and a context for cross‐cultural comparison with similar western studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp;Sons, Ltd.

Family and personal characteristics of aggressive Nigerian boys: Differences from and similarities with Western findings

Purpose: To identify the family and child determinants of aggressive behaviour in Nigerian elementary school boys and to compare the findings with previous ones from Western studies. Methods: Forty-seven aggressive boys from four elementary schools in Lagos, Nigeria were compared with 47 matched pro-social boys. Teacher rating and peer nomination were combined to select subjects. The subjects and their parents were given structured questionnaires to obtain information on possible risk factors for aggression. Results: Compared with pro-social boys, it was found that significantly more aggressive boys came from polygamous families and crowded homes, had more siblings, received less parental affection, were more physically punished, less supervised at home, witnessed more domestic conflicts, did poorly at school, had poorer verbal intelligence and attributed malice more readily than pro-social boys. Logistic regression indicated that the independent family predictors of aggression were crowding, little paternal affection, and corporal punishment. The independent child predictors were biased attribution and poor school achievement. Corporal punishment at school was also an independent predictor of aggression. Conclusions: The family and child determinants of aggressive behaviour in Nigeria are similar to those found in Western studies except for the small contribution of family instability and overwhelming influence of corporal punishment in our sample. Models of intervention developed in the West may therefore be cautiously applied to Nigerian children.

Mass media messages and reproductive behaviour in Nigeria.

This paper examines the effects of exposure to mass media messages promoting family planning on the reproductive behaviour of married women in Nigeria using cross-sectional data. Longitudinal data are also used to ensure that exposure to media messages pre-dates the indicators of reproductive behaviour. Cross-sectional analysis suggests that: (1) contraceptive use and intention are positively associated with exposure to mass media messages, and (2) women who are exposed to media messages are more likely to desire fewer children than those who are not exposed to such messages. Similarly, analysis of the longitudinal data shows that exposure to mass media messages is a significant predictor of contraceptive use. Thus, exposure to mass media messages about family planning may be a powerful tool for influencing reproductive behaviour in Nigeria.

The myth of a secular state: A study of religious politics with historical illustrations

Abstract Religion has continued to assert itself as a significant moral force in Nigeria's post‐independence politics; however, some recent studies of the country's political life tend to dismiss religion as a kind of mystical irrationality or an act of deluded trust. After conducting an audit of what I take to be the assets and the liabilities of the intellectual traditions underpinning this secularist preference, I propose a theory of political morality in which themes of legitimacy, identity and social justice are explained against the background of religious expectations. I argue that the rationale for political behaviour in Nigeria is not fully accounted for by the categories of class and ethnicity, but must be sought in a more inclusive and transcendent moral basis. I conclude that the recent high‐profile involvements of religious persons in politics should not be seen as flashes of political insanity; rather, they constitute genuine attempts to reformulate the modern language of public morality.

‘Not‐on‐seat’: An Investigation of Some Correlates of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour in Nigeria

Cette étude fut mise sur pied pour examiner une pratique nigérienne connue localement comme le ‘Not‐on‐seat’, l'équivalent dans ce pays du concept de manque de ponctualité, qui signifie arriver à l'heure, quitter les lieux immédiatement après et y retourner seulement des heures plus tard. La pratique était considérée comme un aspect des attitudes de service dans les organisations publiques nigériennes. Cette attitude fut opérationnalisée et définie comme une conduite organisationnelle nationale. Avec pour hypothèse que l'implication professionnelle et l'engagement affectif seraient corrélés positivement avec le ‘Not‐on‐seat’ (comportement organisationnel national) et comme hypothèse nulle, la non‐corrélation entre la satisfaction au travail et le ‘Not‐on‐seat’.268 hommes et femmes prirent part à l'étude. Des contrôleurs observèrent le ‘Not‐on‐seat’ des travailleurs, soit leur conduite organisationnelle nationale. Les résultats appuyèrent l'hypothèse principale et rejetèrent l'hypothèse nulle. L'implication professionnelle, suivie par l'engagement affectif, avait la plus haute corrélation, de l'ordre de zéro. La satisfaction professionnelle était corrélée relativement faiblement quoique significativement avec le ‘Not‐on‐seat’ ou comportement organisationnel national.This study set out to examine a regular Nigerian practice known locally as ‘Not‐on‐seat’, a Nigerian equivalent of the tardiness concept which means reporting on time, leaving the premises immediately after, and only returning hours later. The practice was considered as an aspect of the service attitude in Nigerian public organisations. The attitude was in turn operationalised as organisational citizenship behaviour. It was hypothesised that job involvement and affective commitment would be positively correlated with ‘Not‐on‐seat’ (organisational citizenship behaviour). A null hypothesis of no relationship between job satisfaction and ‘Not‐on‐seat’ (citizenship behaviour) was also proposed.268 men and women took part in the study. Supervisors rated the workers' ‘Not‐on‐seat’ or organisational citizenship behaviour. The results supported the hypothesis and also rejected the null hypothesis. Job involvement followed by affective commitment had the highest zero order correlation. Job satisfaction correlated relatively weakly, though significantly, with ‘Not‐on‐seat’ or organisational citizenship behaviour.