Behavior Of Complexes Research Articles

Researching opportunities to improve efficiency detection of unmanned aerial vehicles

The article considers options for the formation of radio electronic systems for detecting UAVs using radar, optoelectronic, thermal imaging and acoustic systems with specified values of performance indicators in their autonomous use. The results of comparing the effectiveness of eight variants of the formation of electronic systems for detecting UAVs of the Lancet, Shahed-136, and Cube types are shown. In these variants, two electronic complexes are considered, which provide for the combination of 3 systems, and 6 electronic complexes, which provide for the combination of two systems. To evaluate the effectiveness of the radio electronic complex for detecting unmanned aerial vehicles of each type, the indicator "probability of UAV detection" is used. The fact of UAV detection is recorded in three variants of partial task completion. The first embodiment of the partial solution of the task takes into account unmanned aerial vehicles detected by three systems. The second embodiment of the task takes into account unmanned aerial vehicles detected by any two of the three systems. The third variant of the partial solution of the task takes into account unmanned aerial vehicles detected by any one system out of three. To determine the performance indicator, a discrete-continuous stochastic model of the operational functional behavior of an electronic complex consisting of radar, optoelectronic or thermal imaging and acoustic systems with a given algorithm for its functioning is proposed. The development of a probabilistic graph of states and transitions is shown, on the basis of which a stochastic model of the operational functional behavior of the UAV detection electronic complex is formed in the form of a system of Kolmogorov-Chopman differential equations. The degree of adequacy of the proposed discrete-continuous stochastic model of the operational functional behavior of the electronic complex is determined by taking into account the performance indicators of the systems that are part of it. As indicators of system efficiency, we used "the probability of detecting a UAV by the system of the electronic complex when the UAV is in the area controlled by this system" and "the average values of the time intervals from the moment of UAV appearance in the controlled area until the moment of its detection by the corresponding system". To evaluate the increase in the efficiency of the created UAV detection electronic systems, an indicator is used in the form of the ratio of the probability of non-detection of UAVs by one system when it is used autonomously and the probability of non-detection of UAVs by the created electronic system.

Spectroscopy and molecular simulation on the interaction of Nano-Kaempferol prepared by oil-in-water with two carrier proteins: An investigation of protein–protein interaction

In this work, the interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) and human holo-transferrin (HTF) with the prepared Nano-Kaempferol (Nano-KMP) through oil-in-water procedure was investigated in the form of binary and ternary systems by the utilization of different spectroscopy techniques along with molecular simulation and cancer cell experiments. According to fluorescence spectroscopy outcomes, Nano-KMP is capable of quenching both proteins as binary systems by a static mechanism, while in the form of (HSA-HTF) Nano-KMP as the ternary system, an unlinear Stern–Volmer plot was elucidated with the occurrence of both dynamic and static fluorescence quenching mechanisms in the binding interaction. In addition, the two acquired Ksv values in the ternary system signified the existence of two sets of binding sites with two different interaction behaviors. The binding constant values of HSA-Nano KMP, HTF-Nano-KMP, and (HSA-HTF) Nano-KMP complexes formation were (2.54 ± 0.03) × 104, (2.15 ± 0.02) × 104 and (1.43 ± 0.04) × 104M−1at the first set of binding sites and (4.68 ± 0.05) × 104 M−1 at the second set of binding sites, respectively. The data of thermodynamic parameters confirmed the major roles of hydrogen binding and van der Waals forces in the formation of HSA-Nano KMP and HTF-Nano KMP complexes. The thermodynamic parameter values of (HSA-HTF) Nano KMP revealed the dominance of hydrogen binding and van der Waals forces in the first set of binding sites and hydrophobic forces for the second set of binding sites. Resonance light scattering (RLS) analysis displayed the existence of a different interaction behavior for HSA-HTF complex in the presence of Nano-KMP as the ternary system. Moreover, circular dichroism (CD) technique affirmed the conformational changes of the secondary structure of proteins as binary and ternary systems. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (for 100 ns) were performed to investigate the mechanism of KMP binding to HSA, HTF, and HSA-HTF. Next to observing a concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity, the down regulation of PI3K/AkT/mTOR pathway resulted in cell cycle arrest in SW480 cells.

Integrated experimental and computational study of a fluorescent Schiff base: Synthesis, characterization, electronic structure properties, and biological potentials of (1E,1’E)-1,1’-(1,4-phenylene) bis(N-(2-chlorophenyl) methanimine) with a focus on molecular docking and dynamics simulation

This work provides a thorough characterization of a Schiff base molecule that is produced when terephthaldehyde and 2-chloroaniline are combined. A variety of spectroscopic methods, including FTIR, UV–VIS, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR, are used to reveal the compound's spectral characteristics. It was remarkable for showing a strong fluorescence emission at 340 nm, suggesting possible uses in fluorescence based technology. To its unique qualities are added the compound's amazing thermal resilience, which can withstand temperature as high as 399 °C without experiencing any noticeable degradation. Calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) provided information about its electronic structure by revealing an energy gap of 1.74 eV The compound's superior effectiveness against Candida albicans is demonstrated by molecular docking and antimicrobial tests, indicating its potential as an antimicrobial drug. An insight is given into the compound's superior stability in the biological settings by molecular dynamics simulations, which is shown consistent behaviour of protein-ligand complex in a complicated biological environments. The molecule has shown to have a favourable safety profile based on in-silico toxicity tests. This suggests that the compound is a potential candidate for further modification and pharmacological applications. This work makes a significant contribution to the area of its innovative combination of spectroscopic characterization, electronic structural insights, antimicrobial properties and safety considerations.

Asymptotic behavior of Markov complexity

Let A be any integer m×n matrix of rank d. We prove that the Markov and Graver complexities of A may be arbitrarily large for n≥4 and d≤n−2. In contrast, we show they are bounded in terms of n and the largest absolute value a of any entry of A.

Characterization of behavior of the inclusion complex between methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nimodipine in water-ethanol mixed media

The knowledge of behavior of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) in different solutions and thermodynamic aspects of complex host/guest formation with nimodipine (NMD) is essential in determining the best formulation in manifold fields of application. In the presented article, the behavior of MβCD in aqueous, mixed and alcoholic solutions was analyzed by using densimetric and acoustic methods within the temperature range of 288–313 K. Host/guest complex formation tendency between methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nimodipine was interpreted on the basis of thermodynamic parameters obtained from Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) in mixed media at 298 and 310 K. Obtained results reveal the tendency to aggregation of MβCD in water solutions and an inhibitory effect of ethanol on its course. The obtained results confirm the formation of a complex between MβCD and nimodipine of stoichiometric in a 1:1 ratio stabilized by nimodipine van der Waals forces. Complexation is spontaneous independently of temperature, driven mainly by hydrophobic forces.

Changes in searching behaviour of CSL transcription complexes in Notch active conditions.

During development cells receive a variety of signals, which are of crucial importance to their fate determination. One such source of signal is the Notch signalling pathway, where Notch activity regulates expression of target genes through the core transcription factor CSL. To understand changes in transcription factor behaviour that lead to transcriptional changes in Notch active cells, we have probed CSL behaviours in real time, using in vivo Single Molecule Localisation Microscopy. Trajectory analysis reveals that Notch-On conditions increase the fraction of bound CSL molecules, but also the proportion of molecules with exploratory behaviours. These properties are shared by the co-activator Mastermind. Furthermore, both CSL and Mastermind, exhibit characteristics of local exploration near a Notch target locus. A similar behaviour is observed for CSL molecules diffusing in the vicinity of other bound CSL clusters. We suggest therefore that CSL acquires an exploratory behaviour when part of the activation complex, favouring local searching and retention close to its target enhancers. This change explains how CSL can efficiently increase its occupancy at target sites in Notch-On conditions.

How the strength of proteins interactions affects the phase behavior of protein complexes

How the protein−protein interactions affect the phase behaviour of protein complexes can afford technical support for the application of egg white protein in food industry. Here the drawing of phase diagram of ovalbumin-lysozyme (Ova-Lys) complexes was reported, and the effect of interaction between Ova and Lys on the phase behaviour of three phases (co-soluble polymers, insoluble complexes and soluble complexes) was investigated by combining experimental and computational approaches. The soluble and insoluble complexes displayed an amorphous pattern, with the insoluble complexes manifesting a cross-linked conformation. Ova and Lys exhibited strong co-localization within heteroprotein complexes, where Ova being the predominant component on the surface of the complexes. Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions were the main driving forces to afford co-soluble polymers, while electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions existed in insoluble and soluble complexes. The strong force facilitated to yield insoluble complexes, while the weak force favoured to give co-soluble polymers.

A unified viscoelastic constitutive model for studying the mechanical behaviors of polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels with different crosslinker degrees

Bio-based hydrogels formed by the chemically or physically cross-links are promising materials in the biological system. In this paper, we propose a constitutive model within the framework of finite-strain viscoelasticity to investigate the mechanical behaviors of bio-based polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogels from the ionic complexation of sodium hyaluronate (HA)/chitosan with and without chemical crosslinkers. The structure of the viscoelastic constitutive model consists of a spring and a Kelvin element, in which two softening factors are adopted to represent the states of ionic bonds and bridges in the hydrogels. Based on some constitutive assumptions and through the conventional approach of thermodynamics, the constitutive equation system of the model is derived. Corresponding to the hydrogels with different crosslinker concentrations, the values of material parameters in the model are identified. To show the validity of the model, it is applied to simulate the mechanical behaviors of the hydrogel samples in the uniaxial tensile tests and cyclic loading–unloading tests. It is found that the model predictions can fit the experimental data quite well. Based on the modeling results, some further analyses regarding the effects of softening factors on the response of HA/chitosan hydrogels have also been conducted.

Catalytic Behavior of Cobalt Complexes Bearing Pyridine-Oxime Ligands in Isoprene Polymerization.

Several cobalt(II) complexes Co1-Co3 bearing pyridine-oxime ligands (L1 = pyridine-2-aldoxime for Co1; L2 = 6-methylpyridine-2-aldoxime for Co2; L3 = phenyl-2-pyridylketoxime for Co3) and picolinaldehyde O-methyl oxime (L4)-supported Co4 were synthesized and well characterized by FT-IR, mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction of complex Co2 reveals that the cobalt center of CoCl2 is coordinated with two 6-methylpyridine-2-aldoxime ligands binding with Npyridine and Noxime atoms, which feature a distorted octahedral structure. These Co complexes Co1-Co4 displayed extremely high activity toward isoprene polymerization upon activation with small amount of AlClEt2 in toluene, giving polyisoprene with high activity up to 16.3 × 105 (mol of Co)-1(h)-1. And, the generated polyisoprene displayed high molecular weights and narrow molecular distribution with a cis-1,4-enriched selectivity. The type of cobalt complexes, cocatalyst and reaction temperature all have effects on the polymerization activity but not on the microstructure of polymer.

Multiphase granular suspension flow of fresh concrete during pumping in complex geometries

AbstractDuring the pumping process of multiphase granular suspensions, such as concrete, through pipe systems, many parameters can influence the material's ability to flow. To understand the hydrodynamics and particle mechanics in granular, non‐Newtonian suspensions under nonlinear flow conditions, the authors have been working on a joint project within the Priority Program SPP 2005 “Opus Fluidum Futurum ‐ Rheology of Reactive, Multiscale, Multiphase Construction Materials” funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Based on the results obtained, it is possible to describe the relationships between concrete composition and the rheological properties of the fresh mixture for pumping applications. The effects of particle geometry and flow conditions on flow‐induced particle migration (FIPM), subsequently the formation of a lubricating layer (LL), and eventually on pumping pressure were also shown. While the behavior of concrete and other complex, multiscale suspensions in generic flows (Couette, Poiseuille) is still part of current research and only partially understood, the behavior in complex geometries is even less explored so far. Here, additional effects based on the curvature of streamlines and mass inertia of the particle phase come into play. In the framework of the project, these effects have been investigated experimentally and numerically. Various experimental approaches have been developed to observe the behavior of particles within their carrier fluid in an opaque, dense, and enclosed moving system, yielding insightful results. Currently, models are being developed and experimentally validated to describe particle migration quantitatively, allowing conclusions about the local rheological behavior to be drawn. This information is essential to predict the flow behavior necessary for modern processes such as 3D printing and energy‐optimized pumping.

Single-Cell Plasmonic Immunosandwich Assay Reveals the Modulation of Nucleocytoplasmic Localization Fluctuation of ABL1 on Cell Migration.

Cell migration is an essential process of cancer metastasis. The spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling molecules influences cellular phenotypic outcomes. It has been increasingly documented that the Abelson (ABL) family kinases play critical roles in solid tumors. However, ABL1's shuttling dynamics in cell migration still remains unexplored. This is mainly because tools permitting the investigation of translocation dynamics of proteins in single living cells are lacking. Herein, to bridge this gap, we developed a unique multifunctional integrated single-cell analysis method that enables long-term observation of cell migration behavior and monitoring of signaling proteins and complexes at the subcellular level. We found that the shuttling of ABL1's to the cytoplasm results in a higher migration speed, while its trafficking back to the nucleus leads to a lower one. Furthermore, our results indicated that fluctuant protein-protein interactions between 14-3-3 and ABL1 modulate ABL1's nucleocytoplasmic fluctuation and eventually affect the cell speed. Importantly, based on these new insights, we demonstrated that disturbing ABL1's nuclear export traffic and 14-3-3-ABL1 complexes formation can effectively suppress cell migration. Thus, our method opens up a new possibility for simultaneous tracking of internal molecular mechanisms and cell behavior, providing a promising tool for the in-depth study of cancer.

X3DFast model for classifying dairy cow behaviors based on a two-pathway architecture

Behavior is one of the important factors reflecting the health status of dairy cows, and when dairy cows encounter health problems, they exhibit different behavioral characteristics. Therefore, identifying dairy cow behavior not only helps in assessing their physiological health and disease treatment but also improves cow welfare, which is very important for the development of animal husbandry. The method of relying on human eyes to observe the behavior of dairy cows has problems such as high labor costs, high labor intensity, and high fatigue rates. Therefore, it is necessary to explore more effective technical means to identify cow behaviors more quickly and accurately and improve the intelligence level of dairy cow farming. Automatic recognition of dairy cow behavior has become a key technology for diagnosing dairy cow diseases, improving farm economic benefits and reducing animal elimination rates. Recently, deep learning for automated dairy cow behavior identification has become a research focus. However, in complex farming environments, dairy cow behaviors are characterized by multiscale features due to large scenes and long data collection distances. Traditional behavior recognition models cannot accurately recognize similar behavior features of dairy cows, such as those with similar visual characteristics, i.e., standing and walking. The behavior recognition method based on 3D convolution solves the problem of small visual feature differences in behavior recognition. However, due to the large number of model parameters, long inference time, and simple data background, it cannot meet the demand for real-time recognition of dairy cow behaviors in complex breeding environments. To address this, we developed an effective yet lightweight model for fast and accurate dairy cow behavior feature learning from video data. We focused on four common behaviors: standing, walking, lying, and mounting. We recorded videos of dairy cow behaviors at a dairy farm containing over one hundred cows using surveillance cameras. A robust model was built using a complex background dataset. We proposed a two-pathway X3DFast model based on spatiotemporal behavior features. The X3D and fast pathways were laterally connected to integrate spatial and temporal features. The X3D pathway extracted spatial features. The fast pathway with R(2 + 1)D convolution decomposed spatiotemporal features and transferred effective spatial features to the X3D pathway. An action model further enhanced X3D spatial modeling. Experiments showed that X3DFast achieved 98.49% top-1 accuracy, outperforming similar methods in identifying the four behaviors. The method we proposed can effectively identify similar dairy cow behaviors while improving inference speed, providing technical support for subsequent dairy cow behavior recognition and daily behavior statistics.

Drug Encapsulation via Peptide-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes.

Peptide-based polyelectrolyte complexes are biocompatible materials that can encapsulate molecules with different polarities due to their ability to be precisely designed. Here we use UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy to investigate the encapsulation of model drugs, doxorubicin (DOX) and methylene blue (MB) using a series of rationally designed polypeptides. For both drugs, we find an overall higher encapsulation efficiency with sequences that have higher charge density, highlighting the importance of ionic interactions between the small molecules and the peptides. However, comparing molecules with the same charge density, illustrated that the most hydrophobic sequence pairs had the highest encapsulation of both DOX and MB molecules. The phase behavior and stability of DOX-containing complexes did not change compared to the complexes without drugs. However, MB encapsulation caused changes in the stabilities of the complexes. The sequence pair with the highest charge density and hydrophobicity had the most dramatic increase in stability, which coincided with a phase change from liquid to solid. This study illustrates how multiple types of molecular interactions are required for efficient encapsulation of poorly soluble drugs and provides insights into the molecular design of delivery carriers.

Embracing Heterogeneity: Challenging the Paradigm of Replisomes as Deterministic Machines.

The paradigm of cellular systems as deterministic machines has long guided our understanding of biology. Advancements in technology and methodology, however, have revealed a world of stochasticity, challenging the notion of determinism. Here, we explore the stochastic behavior of multi-protein complexes, using the DNA replication system (replisome) as a prime example. The faithful and timely copying of DNA depends on the simultaneous action of a large set of enzymes and scaffolding factors. This fundamental cellular process is underpinned by dynamic protein-nucleic acid assemblies that must transition between distinct conformations and compositional states. Traditionally viewed as a well-orchestrated molecular machine, recent experimental evidence has unveiled significant variability and heterogeneity in the replication process. In this review, we discuss recent advances in single-molecule approaches and single-particle cryo-EM, which have provided insights into the dynamic processes of DNA replication. We comment on the new challenges faced by structural biologists and biophysicists as they attempt to describe the dynamic cascade of events leading to replisome assembly, activation, and progression. The fundamental principles uncovered and yet to be discovered through the study of DNA replication will inform on similar operating principles for other multi-protein complexes.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND XRD ANALYSIS OF COPPER (II) AND IRON (II) COMPLEXES OF BENZOIC ACID HYDRAZIDE.

Schiff bases are an important class of organic compounds, which play an important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. Metal complexes formed by the reactions of keto forms of Benzoic acid hydrazide (BAH) with Cu(II) and Fe(II) sulphate ions were prepared and characterized by X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and electronic absorption spectra studies. The results showed that the hydrazides reacted with the metal salts in 1:2 molar ratio in all the complexes and acts as neutral bidentate ligands. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the metal complexes provides a detailed comparative account of the behavior of the metal complexes of hydrazide ligand metal complexes. The pattern of BAH complexes shows the main characteristics peak and broad shoulder. In view of the relative half value width (FWHM), it may be concluded that the BAH-Cu is partially crystalline and while the BAH-Fe shows an amorphous nature. The broad characteristic peak indicates the amorphous nature of the polymers. The solubility test on the ligands and its metal (II) complexes revealed their solubility in ethanol and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The infrared spectra of the hydrazide showed that ?(C=O), the carbonyl stretching mode, the coupling between the in-plane bending ?(N-H) and ?(C-N) and the stretching frequency for the amino group ?(NH2) all experienced shifts to lower wave numbers in the complexes suggesting the coordination of the moieties to the metal ions. The electronic absorption spectra of Cu(II) complexes showed absorption band located at 36,496 cm-1 showing a tetrahedral geometry while Fe(II) BAH and BAH ligand show absorption band at a shoulder around 16051 cm-1 with 4A2 ? 4T1 (P) respectively consistent with a four coordinate tetrahedral geometry.

An experimental study on the adsorption behavior of gold glycinate complex on graphene oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) has recently gained plenty of attention as an effective adsorbent for gold recovery from leaching solutions, primarily due to its larger surface area compared to activated carbon (AC). In this study, the adsorption behavior of gold glycinate complex (Augly2−) on GO surface was investigated using equilibrium isotherm and kinetic studies for the first time. The optimal conditions for adsorption were determined using an experimental design software (DX-13) based on the response surface method (RSM). These conditions were found to be a pH of 10.5, GO dosage of 0.6 g L−1, gold concentration of 6 mg L−1, and contact time of 10 h, resulting in the adsorption percentage of 74.2% and adsorption capacity of 7.4 mg g−1. The equilibrium isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption process adhered to the Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, the results of the kinetic study revealed that the pseudo-second-order model exhibited a stronger correlation with the experimental data compared to other kinetic models. Surface analysis studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy demonstrated that the remarkable recovery of Augly2− was mainly attributed to the presence of oxygen containing functional groups on the GO surface.

New Spectroelectrochemical Insights into Manganese and Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes as Catalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide.

This study aimed to demonstrate the behavior of different complexes using IR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), a technique that combines IR spectroscopy with electrochemistry. Four different Mn and Re catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction were studied in dry acetonitrile. In the case of Mn(apbpy)(CO)3Br (apbpy = 4(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), SEC suggested that a very slow catalytic reduction of CO2 also occurs in acetonitrile in the absence of proton donors, but at rather negative potentials. In contrast, the corresponding Re(apbpy)(CO)3Br clearly demonstrated slow catalytic conversion at the first reduction potential. Switching to saturated CO2 solutions in a mixture of acetonitrile and 5% water as a proton donor, the SEC of Mn(apbpy)(CO)3Br displayed a faster catalytic behavior.

Sudden alteration in the seismic behavior of the Domuyo volcanic complex in the southern volcanic backarc zone, Argentina

The Domuyo volcanic complex (DVC) and its geothermal field in the retroarc zone of the southern Central Andes of Argentina present reduced seismicity according to different catalogs (USGS and INPRES). However, in 2015/2016, a local project was carried out in the area to describe its seismo-volcanic activity, registering a large number of volcano-tectonic (VT) events (538 VT). Considering there is scarce information on these events, this study focuses on analyzing the Domuyo Volcanic Complex (DVC) to assess its seismicity. Therefore, we installed a local seismological network in the study area and compared results with data registered by other authors. Four seismological networks were used, to obtain a more precise location of the seismic events and calculate the focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 2. For the first record of crustal seismicity detected by INPRES the September 10th, 2016 with a Ml 3.3, we calculated the focal mechanism with two possible solutions: a thrust solution with a strike component and a favored normal solution with a strike component. Additionally, we relocated the largest event in the Domuyo region on March 27th, 2019, with a magnitude of 4.4 (NEIC – USGS) and focal mechanism with a normal solution and a small strike component, obtaining a shallower depth of 3.9 km instead of 10 km. The new seismological data used in this paper, correspond to September 10th 2016, and two different time periods, the first comprising continuous data from March to April 2019, when the largest registered earthquake occurred in the Domuyo region, and the second from December 2019 to January 2021. At these periods, registered seismicity had magnitudes Ml between 1.9 and 2.8, and focal depths between 1.8 and 5.2 km. Four of these events count with focal mechanisms with extensional and limited strike-slip components that are tentatively linked to the known neotectonic structures affecting the western slope of the DVC. This seismic sequence agrees with previous proposals in which degasification from a magmatic body at shallow depths constitutes the trigger factor.

New perspective of the ternary complex of nano-curcumin with β-lactoglobulin in the presence of α-lactalbumin: Spectroscopic and molecular dynamic investigations

Understanding the interaction between nano-curcumin (Nano Cur) and proteins is essential for elucidating the potential therapeutic applications of curcumin in nano formulations. In this study, we investigated the interactions of Nano Cur and two important milk proteins, β-lactoglobulin and α lactalbumin as binary and ternary systems, in molecular-level through the employment of various biophysical methods including various different spectroscopies, and molecular dynamic simulations. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed distinct changes in the fluorescence emission of both proteins upon binding to Nano Cur as an indication of protein-Nano Cur complexes formation. The non-linear Stern-Volmer plots of β-lactoglobulin-Nano Cur complex formation in the absence and presence of α-lactalbumin displayed two set of binding sites that referred to the dominance of two different interaction behaviors with two set of binding sites. Also, the comparison between Ksv and Kb values of β-lactoglobulin-Nano Cur in the absence and presence of α-lactalbumin with the temperatures revealed the influence of combined dynamic and static quenching. Circular dichroism measurements further provided insights into the potential enhancement of the secondary structure of proteins upon interaction with Nano Cur through the induced alterations. In order to access a deeper view on the dynamic behavior of protein-Nano Cur complexes, time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed to reveal the kinetics of interaction process. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations were employed to simulate the atomic-level interactions and explore the stability and conformational changes of protein-Nano Cur complexes over time. The results of these comprehensive biophysical investigations shed light on the binding characteristics, structural alterations, and dynamic behavior of Nano Cur upon interaction with β-lactoglobulin in the absence and presence of α-lactalbumin as the binary and ternary systems. This study reveals the Nano-Cur role in the protein–protein interaction behavior and provides valuable insights into the potential applications of α-lactalbumin in the design of functional food formulations and drug delivery systems.

An innovative strategy for deeply separating macro amounts of molybdenum from tungstate solutions via vulcanization step-by-step and microbubble floating-extraction: Theoretical and experimental investigation

The gradually increasing demand for high-purity tungsten products has become a key challenge and attracted considerable attention in chemical industry, the premise of which is to achieve the deep separation of molybdenum impurities from tungstate solutions. An innovative separation of molybdenum impurity from tungstate solutions were systematically investigated in this work. On the foundation of the theoretical analysis, a novel strategy named vulcanization step-by-step and the vulcanized trajectory of which were proposed. It was found that the thiomolybdate method is still suitable to separate molybdenum from tungstate solutions (Mo/WO3 > 2 wt%) based on the vulcanization step-by-step, and satisfactory separation results were obtained by microbubble floating-extraction. Under optimized conditions, the separation efficiency of molybdenum can reach over 99 %, and the loss of tungsten is approximately 2 %. As a results, the tungstate solutions with Mo/WO3 less than 2 × 10−6 was obtained. Subsequently, the tungsten products (WO3) with a purity greater than 99.99 % was prepared from purified tungstate solutions. Ultimately, the microbubble floating-extraction mechanisms including the mineralization behaviors of target component, the attachment behaviors of hydrophobic complexes on the surface of rising microbubbles and the mass transfer process at the oil–water phase were comprehensively interpreted at the molecular level. This work can provide an important technical support for the preparation of high-purity tungsten products from tungstate solutions containing macro amount of molybdenum.