Beginning Of Human Life Research Articles

The Value of Human Life: Volatility of Concepts

The right to life is a fundamental right, the legal basis for all other human rights. Recognition and proper protection at the state level of this most important right is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of other rights. However, do we respect each life, regardless of any personal characteristics? The history of humanity shows that the caste/class approach to the formation of society is one of humanity's most brutal inventions. The categorization of people into more critical and less critical in many cases led to antihuman practices, such as slavery or serfdom, and atrocious crimes ranging from rape to murder. Scientific and social progress must have pushed aside such medieval approaches, but the results of this study indicate that social neglection just shifted from those who have stood for their rights for hundreds of years to those who cannot - to the unborn. In this study, we demonstrate the historical development of embryology, medicine, biology, psychology, and other sciences in order to understand the exact point of the beginning of human life. Scientists in the United States of the mid-19th century were found to be the leading opponents of artificial termination of pregnancy and believed that most abortionists carry vestiges of outdated dogmatic views on the nature of human life, including its beginning and prenatal development. We present that, despite the achievements of science, the society press the legalization of the murder of the unborn, the primary reason for which is the irresponsible attitude to sexual life. This study presents the positions of modern scientists on the prenatal development of the child; data on the old and the new paradigms in embryology in the context of the relationships between mother and child; the results of the psychological research on the impact of abortion scenario in the family system on the health of offspring; and other data indicating that a child before birth is not just a material clot of cells, but a full-fledged subject, person and participant of social life.

ЭСТЕТИЗАЦИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕССА: ВЫЗОВЫ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ

The article reflects critically on the modern educational paradigm, in the centre of which capitalist relations are hidden, changing the very purpose of education as a form of a personality’s reproduction. Modern technologies, the general crisis of the educational system, coupled with the processes of the world globalization and capitalization of relations between people, form a new type of a personality, including through filling the aesthetic beginning of human life with market ideals and images. The task is to understand the process of aestheticization in the educational sphere as a system-forming factor responsible for the final result - a personality’s formation. On the basis of the concepts of the aesthetic by W. Benjamin and G. Schulze the author shows the immanent content of the aesthetic and aestheticization at the present stage of the society development. Particular attention is paid to the figure of a lecturer in modern higher education, as well as the goals and objectives of the modern educational system.

The problem of determining the beginning of human life and regulation of the embryo use as an object of storage in the biobank

The problem of determining the beginning of human life and regulation of the embryo use as an object of storage in the biobank

La inviolabilidad de la vida humana

The beginning and end of human life is in our days a controversial issue. The most significant achievement of actual discussion is that a human being does not "become" a human being; but rather, that he "is" a human being from the moment of conception. Such demands an adequate treatment of his dignity in all stages of existence.

A Brief Analysis of the Historical Origin and Development of Nursing

The history of nursing can be traced back to the beginning of human life. In the long process of development, nursing work has been developed from self-protection to independent subject. This process is what that nursing workers need to learn and sum up. This article summarizes the history of nursing development by combing its development, sorting out the major historical events, and briefly analyzing the origin and general situation of nursing development. Hope the article will enable nursing workers to remember history and to move forward.

Evaluation of the Physical Quality Livestock Hygiene Environment Rule on the Development of the Health of Human and Livestock in the Rural Regions (Case Study: Rural Regions of Firouzeh County)

Purpose: Evaluation of zoonotic diseases have existed since the beginning of human life on earth, but in recent decades it has become much more important. Today, zoonotic diseases not only important in health area, but also in international economics and politics are also special place are important. the main objective of the present article is to assess the impact of the physical quality livestock building on the development of human and animal health in rural areas. Methodology: In this regard, a survey method has been used. After applying the Cochran formula, 382 questionnaires were prepared in the form of a form and a questionnaire. case study is rural regions of Firouzeh county. For measure the research hypotheses, Binomial test and Linear Regression and TOPSIS has been used. Therefore, the research method is descriptive and analytical. Results: Binomial test results show that the villages are unfavorable in terms of physical quality of livestock buildings. Linear regression results show that increased physical quality of livestock buildings has a direct impact on the development of livestock and human health. Also according to TOPSIS, Taghiabad village, Nayerabad and Shorab are ranked first to third in terms of the high quality of livestock buildings. Practical solutions: Provide trifle and long term loans to ranchers, making changes to the old buildings keeping the livestock according to the quality standards of the livestock building, having a regular program for washing and cleaning the livestock building, more systematic monitoring of health centers by collecting livestock excrements and preventing the accumulation of waste at public passages are suggestions that can help improve the quality of livestock building and human health. Significance of the Study: Regarding the approach to physical quality and its impact on the development of human health and livestock in rural areas and in terms of the area studied, this research has been the first research on the health of animals and humans in rural areas (Firouzeh villages).

Good Science: The Ethical Choreography of Stem Cell Research by Charis Thompson

Reviewed by: Good Science: The Ethical Choreography of Stem Cell Research by Charis Thompson Stefan Timmermans (bio) Good Science: The Ethical Choreography of Stem Cell Research. By Charis Thompson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014. Pp. 360. $36. The core argument of Charis Thompson's Good Science: The Ethical Choreography of Stem Cell Research is that strong bioethics benefits strong bioscience. The issue at stake is the controversy over human pluripotent stem cell research (PSCR). The Bush administration restricted the procurement of embryonic stem cells in 2001 and put an ethical cordon around the science with bioethical advisory committees. The Obama administration in 2009 partially lifted the restrictions, deploying a different squadron of bioethicists. California passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to allocate $3 billion to stem cell research for ten years. Several countries, especially in Asia, also invested heavily in stem cell research. Practical questions about procurement of embryonic biomaterials morphed into bioethical questions about the value and beginning of human life, who should benefit from the public funding of science, how stem cell research can address health inequities and broader inequities between the wealthy and poor, and what the relationship is between PSCR and disability advocacy and animal rights. While Thompson frames her work as an exploration of the biopolitics, necropolitics, and geopolitics of stem cells, she offers the perspective of a participating bioethicist: a recipient of stem cell funding, participant at national and international meetings, and advocate for women, animals, and disability rights. This is bioethics more in than of PSCR. The book focuses on the fifteen-year period when PSCR faced heightened bioethical and regulatory scrutiny. Thompson argues that rather than a roadblock to progress, public and bioethical pressure pushed scientists to be innovative, inclusive, and responsive in their science and, iteratively, sharpened bioethical arguments; hence the notion of ethical choreography. Advocates presented PSCR as a pathway to cure with the roadblock of how to procure cells. Thompson instead argues for situating PSCR, especially since it draws on public funding, within a broader agenda of addressing health inequities. Much of the ethical attention to PSCR originated within the U.S. abortion debate, especially the destruction of embryos to create cell lines, but Thompson expands the ethical implications of PSCR. [End Page 503] At the geopolitical level, Thompson makes research visits to South Korea and Singapore to examine the transnational stratification of stem cells, with U.S. politicians concerned about science brain drains for more permissive countries and medical tourists traveling abroad in hope for a cure. In California, Proposition 71 led to two kinds of public donations: taxpayer funding and donated tissue and cells. Thompson explores in detail the circumstances under which egg donors contributed to PSCR. Most donation of embryo surplus was without compensation, but the model for egg donation was payment. Thompson argues for asking women to donate eggs specifically for research and to implement a mutually beneficial model of reciprocity, where donor anonymity is abandoned but donors remain involved in how their tissue is used. She notes that anonymity can no longer be guaranteed with current genomic technologies and altruism is unrealistic in light of the commercialization of the value chain after donation. In the last chapter, Thompson argues for decommissioning "non-human animals" as substitute research subjects in the name of the "greater moral universe," an interspecies solidarity of subjecthood no longer dependent on rationality. In an era of personalized medicine, stem cells should come from patients or in vitro models. The book has a nostalgic tone. Thompson recognizes the normalization of PSCR: she starts with the International Bioethics Committee's decision to move on from human cloning to different topics with the understanding that embryonic pluripotent stem cells may no longer be critical for research. Thompson relishes the bioethical intensity of the earlier period and worries that the field may also normalize its ethics and fall back on market models not developed for tissue economies that lose sight of the common good. The litmus test of any strong bioethics is the difference it makes in science. Thompson is not just analytical but deliberately prescriptive and aims for policy interventions. Therefore, it is fair to ask how she sees bioethics acting in the world...

The unborn child: history, philosophy and religion

Abstract All throughout history the unborn, and implicitly its protection, have been subject for academics and practitioners of various areas. The problem of the origin of the soul and the exact determination of the moment when it is united with the body was crucial in enabling us to define the exact moment when the human life begins, and, consequently, for providing proper protection for the unborn child. In this context visions of the Greek philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, and of the Latin writer Tertullian, as well as Christian perspectives were analysed in order to identify the starting point of the human being to help determine the level of protection provided for the unborn in history. Finally, considering the fact that not even today has consensus been achieved concerning the beginning of human life, it was and still is difficult to provide proper legal protection for the unborn child, but in our opinion this is by far not impossible.

Occurrence and dietary factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in breast milk of nursing mothers in Iran

Breast milk is recommended as the sole source of nutrition for the first 6 months of life and its purity is essential for the beginning of human life. Aflatoxins, a group of highly toxic metabolites, can be accumulated in breast milk as a result of maternal dietary exposure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the occurrence, levels and dietary factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in breast milk samples collected from Kurdish lactating women in Iran.A total of 88 breast milk samples obtained from urban and rural areas were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin B1 and M1 using Enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay method (ELISA). A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to determine the daily intake of foods, focused on more probable AFs contaminated foodstuffs.Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 were detected in 93.2% and 100% of samples in the range of 10–80 and 0.1–13.6 ng/L respectively. There were no significant differences in the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins in breast milk samples between urban and rural regions (p > 0.05). The presence of aflatoxin B1 was significantly associated to consumption of bread and egg (p < 0.05) and the presence of aflatoxin M1 was associated to consumption of wheat flour and traditional Doogh (p < 0.05). The mean daily intake of aflatoxin B1 by mothers and infant was 0.61 and 3 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively which suggested, for the first time, that breast-fed infants in Kurdish areas in West Azarbaijan province, Iran, are exposed to significant levels of this toxin through mother's breast milk. However, the mean daily intake of aflatoxin M1 by infants (0.33 ng/kg b.w./day) was close to the calculated tolerable daily intake of 0.2 ng/kg b.w./day of AFM1.These findings highlight the high risk of infants’ exposure to aflatoxins and the necessity for developing strategies to reduce exposure to aflatoxins especially aflatoxin B1, involving interventions targeted at decreasing contamination of consumed foods.

Criteria and Factors Affecting Sustainable Housing Design in Iran

Since the beginning of human life, housing problems are the most important matters of his life and with the expansion of urban life, importance in terms of the needs of mental, psychological and physical users has been doubled. The housing subject has been always interest to architects from various aspects and attempts made to improve affordable housing, attempts to improve relations or social housing, or seek to identify and develop the cultural origins, economics, management and other macro policies. On the other hand due to the growing population and consequently expand need to housing, and also identifying of residential needs of people in different dimensions necessity of this research is doubled. This study assuming more than half of the land in our cities is devoted to residential use and also lack of attention to sustainable development in the Residential Buildings the purpose of this study sustainable urban development and the achievement of sustainable affordable housin pattern.This study focuse on descriptive- analytical and based on library research seeks to answer this question: What are the criteria for designing sustainable housing in Iran? Thus, after the introduction, do analysis and commentary related content. Conclusion suggest that in addition to aspects of sustainability (economic, social and environmental), factors such as social, cultural and attention to the flexibility according to Iranian households, design sustainable housing should be considered.

Ungewisse Zukünfte am Lebensbeginn

The article explores a new area of action situated in between family and medicine at the beginning of human life from a sociological perspective. Empirical data is used to demonstrate how the knowledge of an unborn child’s malformation creates diff erent forms of uncertainty for medical professionals and parents, coining their social construction of the child. Lastly, these two specifi c ways of dealing with uncertainty are systematically characterised.

The juridical status of the unborn: a person, an object or a tertium genus?

Legal scholars are currently debating many complex issues regarding the juridical status of unborn human beings (i.e., embryos and fetus): When does human life starts? Are the concepts of “human being” and “person” synonyms? Does the unborn have rights?Some of these questions, namely the biological beginning of human life, are not to be answered by the law, but by medical science. Nonetheless, it is up to the law to establish when should the unborn receive legal protection and under which conditions; and when does it become a person and acquires fundamental and human rights. These issues have legal nature, and, for this reason, the legal solutions are to be set by the lawmaker; but the fact is that they are grounded in knowledge coming from other fields, namely from biology, but also from philosophy and ethics.The present article will examine the various theories regarding the juridical classification of the unborn and the moment in which it acquires rights, trying to compare the Chinese and the Western legal cultures. In the end we will provide a juridical qualification for the unborn, i.e., if it is a person, an object, or something else in between these two categories; and afterwards define the juridical consequences derived from the chosen status.

Poczęcie człowieka i status jednokomórkowej ludzkiej zygoty z perspektywy bioetyki katolickiej

In the discussions on the status of human zygote, the issue of its animation appears only occasionally. Current teaching of the Magisterium of the Church on the beginning of human life emphasises the fact that life of a new human being begins with the conception. The moment when single 2n diploid cell called zygote comes into being is very often considered as a start of a new human life. According to embryology, this takes place 12 to 24 hours after fertilization. The discoveries in epigenetics allow to claim the human character of a zygote is then defined. From the moment of conception, that is when the head of spermatozoon combines with oocyte cytoplasm and two pronuclei come into existence (the nuclei of both male and female gametes), the processes related to a new human life begin.

Theological Anthropology at the Basis of Inter-Denominational Controversies: Dialogue within the World Council of Churches

The article discusses moral concerns, which are a challenge for Churches and constitute principal foci of controversy. Anthropological questions underpin moral issues. The answer to the question about the source of human dignity and inherent human rights determines the response to specific matters, such as defining the beginning of human life and its inviolabil- ity, the approach to abortion, euthanasia, genetic engineering, and even disability. The crea- tion of man in God’s image and cooperation with the Creator in the development of creation results in the need for a proper setting of the world, including the establishment of a social, political, and economic order serving each man. The way to overcome the differences in the interpretation of Christian anthropology – and thus determine the moral issues – are ecumenical dialogues in which the parties seek to discover the truth. Dialogue must be made in the two dimensions simultaneously: vertical (the essence of faith) and horizontal (social and moral issues). The unity of faith determines the unity in moral issues. If dialogue is to bear fruit in the form of mutual recognition, the parties should avoid anthropological errors contained in contemporary thinking (a.o. materialism, atheistic socialism, genetic reductionism, utilitarianism, and relativism as well as the falsehood of gender ideology). The recipe for this is to return to the biblical anthropology and to a patient and humble search for the truth.

Los Comités Hospitalarios de Bioética y la educación en salud: Notas para la discusión

&lt;p&gt;El trabajo toma el caso mexicano de la exigencia legal de comités de bioética: comités hospitalarios de bioética (CHB; comités de ética asistencial, o comités de ética clínica), y los comités de ética en investigación (CEI). La Ley General de Salud hace obligatorios esos comités desde una modificación en 2011. La literatura refiere que los comités de bioética cuentan con tres funciones básicas: educativa, consultiva y normativa. El marco legal vigente retoma elementos teóricos importantes. Uno de ellos corresponde a las funciones de los comités de bioética. Se profundiza en el análisis de la función educativa, toda vez que una buena parte de la literatura disponible se dirige a la función consultiva. Así mismo, se realizan algunas propuestas sobre algunos contenidos en materia educativa. Pueden organizarse grupos de problemas éticos alrededor del inicio de la vida humana, y problemas éticos alrededor del final de la vida humana. Efectivamente, hay muchos problemas éticos toda la vida, pero entrar o salir de la vida parece ser más conflictivo desde el punto de vista ético.&lt;/p&gt;

Reproductive Rights in Italy

The intervention of medicine in human reproduction (contraception, abortion, artificial procreation) has softened the boundaries between nature and culture regarding the beginning of human life. This change has spread in a way unknown before for personal self-determination, and therefore individual responsibility with respect to the choice of giving birth to children: no longer a gift of God, but a realistic chance to accomplish a wish. This circumstance opened a debate as to whether or not the right to parenthood and procreation is absolute, and if the person has the right to choose whether or not to conceive, especially for women. Indeed, the Italian debate has related to two specular aspects of the same issue concerning the alleged absolute inviolability of the embryo. On the one hand the request of infertile couples to be able to conceive a child through assisted reproduction, including through the use of external biological materials to the couple, subject to rulings of the Constitutional Court, and on the other hand on the still controversial access to abortion governed by a law in force since 1978, almost forty years ago.In the light of these considerations the relationship between pluralism, religion, culture and jurisdiction on contraception, abortion, assisted reproduction, and childbirth will be analyzed with particular attention to the influence of objection of coscience, which is allowed under certain conditions by Italian law, and how it is used as a boycotting tool by certain professional categories in relation to individual choices.

Kwestie bioetyczne w encyklice „Laudato si’” papieża Franciszka

Artykuł podejmuje refleksję nad wątkami bioetycznymi zawartymi w ostatniej encyklice papieża. W punkcie pierwszym analizuje modele filozoficzne we współczesnej bioetyce, szczególnie rozpowszechnione w ostatnich latach, takie jak: scjentyzm, utylitaryzm, model absolutnej autonomii i personalizm. W punkcie tym ukazano również ocenę tych sposobów filozofowania dokonaną przez papieża Franciszka i jego wniosek, że jedynie model personalistyczny jest adekwatny do właściwego rozwiązania kwestii ekologicznej i bioetycznej.W punkcie drugim opisane są trzy modele ekologiczne: model antropocentryczny, biocentryczny i partnerski. Ukazana jest także refleksja Franciszka w tej kwestii: relacja człowieka do przyrody powinna mieć charakter partnerski i uwzględniać fakt odpowiedzialności człowieka przed Bogiem za działania wobec przyrody. Człowiek powinien być nie władcą tego świata, lecz sługą mającym na celu dobro stworzeń i winien szanować nadane przez Boga prawa.W trzeciej części omówiono kazusy bioetyczne poruszone w encyklice Laudato si’. Dotyczą one początków życia człowieka (status embrionu ludzkiego, aborcja), przemocy wobec dzieci, godności osoby cierpiącej i starszej oraz bioetyki ekologicznej (zadawanie cierpień zwierzętom i żywność GMO).

Facts and Doubts about the Beginning of Human Life and Personality

ABSTRACTScientists have been negligent in failing to translate science into the terms that allow mankind to share their excitement of discovering life before birth. In spite of remarkable scientific development, man's curiosity, and speculations dating back to Hippocrates, life before birth still remains a big secret. Various kinds of intellectuals were involved in trying to offer their contribution to solve the human life puzzle. Their leading idea is that each newborn child will reach its full potential if its development in uterus is not exposed to any adverse influence, providing the best possible environment for the embryo/fetus. Considering the embryo/fetus, we should always keep in mind the amazing aspect of human life where the mother and the embryo/fetus, although linked in the most intimate relationships, are at all times two separate people. Considering the embryo/fetus as the person opened a new set of questions about its personality and human rights. Today, scientific data and hypotheses, philosophical thought, and issues in the humanities have become a necessity in order to deal with ethical, juridical, and social problems arising from man's interference in many aspects and stages of life.How to cite this articleKurjak A, Spalldi Barisic L, Delic T, Porovic S, Stanojevic M. Facts and Doubts about the Beginning of Human Life and Personality. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(3):205-213.

Thomas Aquinas, the Beginning of Human Life and the Science of the Soul

The research question of the paper is: Is a view – prevalent within a modern Catholic Church – that human life begins at the moment of conception coherent with the Catholic teachings on the soul and man? The thesis of the paper is the following assertion: A modern view that human life begins at the moment of conception is incoherent with the Catholic teachings on the soul and man. A view that is coherent with these teachings is a view that human life begins at some time after conception (delayed hominization account). The research method employed in the paper is the method of reflective equilibrium. The main conclusion of the paper is a call for the revival of the delayed hominization account both in philosophy and Catholic teachings.

Why Hamlet Slaughtered Himself Redefining the Confusion and Ambiguity in the Issue of Killing and Committing Suicide in Shakespeare’s Hamlet

The terms “killing” and “committing suicide” have always been a matter of question in the world of literature since the beginning of human life on earth. These issue has also taken part in Shakespeare’s works repeatedly. Shakespeare questioned the reasons of these in terms of the dilemma between nature and nurture. In Hamlet he revisits these concepts and casts doubts about the nature of human beings while they are capable of taking each other’s or own lives. In this paper, how Hamlet character is centralized for these sort of killings by making mistakes and how he sacrificed himself for the sake of his believes will be discussed thoroughly. This clarification of the details about this seminal work should be regarded as a reflection of reshaping Shakespeare reality from another perspective.