Beginning Of XX Century Research Articles

Underground structures and cultural layers XIX – beginning of XX century in 101 quarters of Samara

The article studied cultural layers and underground structures that were discovered during security and rescue archaeological excavations in the 101 quarter of Samara. The types of foundations of buildings of different ages were identified and an attempt was made to determine the stages of use of the territory for construction. Petrographic study of brick images is described. Natural weak soils were investigated in the territory of 101 quarters of Samara.

Idea of Man by Max Sheler and Modern World

The paper is dedicated to the critical reconstruction of the project of philosophical anthropology drafted by German philosopher Max Sheler at the beginning of XX century in his article “On the Idea of Man” (“Zur Idee des Menschen”). The author tries also to show the contemporary relevance of the main notions and ideas of the anthropological conception which is drafted in this article. From the very title of the article, it becomes clear that Max Sheler based his philosophical anthropology on the phenomenological methodology. According to this methodological approach, we should grasp the idea of man in the act of ideation, which is a result of phenomenological reduction. In accordance to the phenomenological critique of the psychologism, Sheler shows that we cannot find the peculiar idea of man in the natural reality, since from this point of view a man is just an animal among other animals. Being human means overcoming yourself every movement of your existence. The “self-transcendence” is the main feature of the human being. One of the main instrument of the self-transcendence is a human language that gives world a chance to articulate itself. The human self-transcendence can lead to development and creation, but at the same time, it can lead to degradation and destruction. In the modern world, we can find many examples of the both processes.

Ideologists of Regionalism on the Territorial Status, Population and Development Prospects of Siberia (End of XIX - Beginning of XX centuries)

Ideologists of Regionalism on the Territorial Status, Population and Development Prospects of Siberia (End of XIX - Beginning of XX centuries)

Protest sentiments of the Russian peasantry at the beginning of the XX century as a factor of destructive influence on the stable development of society

The article is devoted to a protest sentiment of Russian peasants as one of the problems of society in Russian Empire at the beginning of XX century. The Russian peasantry influenced the path of development of the country objectively as being the majority of the population of Russia. The protest sentiments of the Russian peasants were one of the important elements that influenced the destructive processes in the Russian Empire. The article draws attention to the motivation of the peasant protest and raises the question of the historical responsibility of the peasantry for the revolutionary events of 1917. The authors noted that the traditions of communalism, collective ownership of land, a “moral” rather than a market economy, and the rejection of individualism among peasants were in conflict with the modernization processes that began in post-reform Russia, based on opposing values. In the 1880–1890s an unprecedented industrial boom begins and, as a result, a significant numerical reduction of the peasantry due to the city’s need for labor and the mechanization of agricultural labor. The peasant community also had to become an inevitable victim of the modernization process. The authors concluded, that disruption of the centuries-old way of life became a natural source of protest reaction from the peasantry beginning at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Stolypin's government briefly restored stability in the country. The Great War aggravated the existing problems and the protest of the peasants destroyed the old society.

Activities of the architect and artist I. S. Stepanov on Sakhalin Island

The article reflects intermediate results of the research project “Architects and Engineers of Eastern Outskirts of Russia (Second Half of XIX – Beginning of XX Century)”. On the basis of archival material obtained from the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (RSHA FE), the author describes the creative and professional activities on the island of Sakhalin performed by Ivan Stepanovich Stepanov, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, architect and artist.

Public Charity at Own Expense: «Svoekoshtnye» Boarders in an Almshouse the end of XIX – the beginning of XX century (the Example of Krasnoyarsk)

Public Charity at Own Expense: «Svoekoshtnye» Boarders in an Almshouse the end of XIX – the beginning of XX century (the Example of Krasnoyarsk)

The becoming and development of the academic subject and scientific discipline "public health and health care organization" (to the centenary of the academician Yu. P. Lisitsyn Chair of Public Health and Health Care). Report I (beginning of XX century - 1963)

The article presents analysis of becoming of academic subject and scientific discipline "Public Health and Health Care Organization" in Russia from beginning of the 20th century to 1963. The special attention was paid to the role in their becoming and development that played the Chair of Public Health and Health Care Organization of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University that is celebrating its centenary in 2023-2024 academic year. The contribution into this process of its prominent scientists and heads is considered.

Georgian historical realities in Julier Chevalier’s «Noah’s Grandchildren»

A novel “Noah’s Grandchildren” by Julier Chevalier – an American writer of the first part of XX century, has made an outstanding contribution not only in the field of literature, but in history as well. The novel, however, by far surpasses many well-known facts taken from the history of our country and focuses attention on the legends of historical value. Because of not having had the novel translated hardly ever been accessible to the people who have deep interest in it, “Noah’s Grandchildren” has remained inaccessible not only to the masses of readers but its slipped specialists’ attention too. In the novel, the action takes place at the beginning of XX century. The novel centers the events depicting the major economic-political reality in Democratic Republic of Georgia. To a certain extent Georgia fights its way against Soviet Russia, which ends in annexation of our country by Russian invaders. Furthermore, it leads to the emigration of government of Democratic Republic of Georgia etc. The American writer narrates impressive episodes from the history of our country (Christianization of Georgians by St. Nino, origination of the Georgian alphabet, etc). The description of the living conditions of Georgians and ethnographic traditions is given specific significance here.

INTERACTION OF THE VLADIMIR GOVERNORS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES

INTERACTION OF THE VLADIMIR GOVERNORS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES

The Sources of Library Democracy in Russia in the Beginning of XX Century

The article investigates the history of native public library associations . It is noted the main landmarks of the Petersburg library science society creation and functioning as well its achievements . Also the negative aspects of its activity are identified and analyzed . The systemic flaws of participation of liberal specialists in the post-revolutionary library policy and practice are considered .

Is Aquatic Fern <i>Salvinia natans</i> (Salviniaceae) Rare in Russia?

According to publication and literature, herbarium data, materials of Internet resources, the change in distribution of aquatic fern Salvinia natans (Salviniaceae) on Russian territory was traced since the beginning of XX century until 2021, and the current boundaries of its range were determined. Among the bioclimatic and temperature indicators that determine the distribution of S. natans, the minimum and maximum temperatures in October and January and the maximum temperatures in April and July showed the highest statistical significance, which is associated with important stages of the life cycle of S. natans. Comparison of species localities with climatic and temperature indicators for the time periods of 1960–1969, 2010–2018, 2011–2021 showed that up to 2021 in the European part, West Siberia, and the Far East there was significant spreading of S. natans to the north (more than 200 km). A notable increase in the number of records of the species has been found since the 2000s in different regions. For example, in the Ivanovo Region from 2018 to 2021 their number has increased more than three time. The expansion of the species occurs against the background of a noticeable increase in average annual temperatures and changes in other bioclimatic indicators. If present temperature trends continue, S. natans will expand its range even further north, east, and west in European Russia, north and west in West Siberia and the Far East. Due to the ongoing expansion of S. natans, the premises for the exclusion of the species from a number of regional Red Data Books were discussed.

ТЕРМІННА ДЕРИВАЦІЯ ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛО ЗБАГАЧЕННЯ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО СЛОВНИКА ІВАНА ФРАНКА

У статті висвітлено проблему творення, вживання й розвитку політичної терміно- лексики в наукових текстах Івана Франка. На матеріалі однослівних термінів-політонімів висвітлено новаторський характер термінологічної практики мислителя, його історичний вплив на модернізацію української політичної думки.

Proposals for unification and use of the Ukrainian national nomenclature for native and exotic species of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ukraine. Part I: subfamilies Spondylidinae and Prioninae

Here, I presented the study on historical development and changes in the Ukrainian national nomenclature of the longhorn beetles, which traditionally named "Skrypuny". I collected and arranged the traditional Ukrainian names for the longhorn beetles, their regional variations, and historical attempts for their codifications. Since the middle of XIX century, vernacular names, collected in folklore expeditions, of certain groups of the longhorn beetles have been published in multiple scientific papers and school textbooks of zoology. On the beginning of XX century, most vernacular names of the longhorn beetles have been relevantly arranged in the dictionaries of the Ukrainian zoological nomenclature. The development of the Ukrainian national zoological nomenclature was forcibly stopped in the early 1930s. Due to the politics of "internationalization" and artificial "convergence of languages" in the USSR, the traditional Ukrainian vernacular names were withdrawn from the scientific use and replaced by "Vusachi" consonant with the Russian. In the second half of XX century, the Ukrainian vernacular names of the longhorn beetles were repeatedly replaced by Russian tracings and Latin transliterations in specialized zoological dictionaries and in the general dictionaries of Ukrainian language. In the current paper, I proposed methodological approaches to the derivation and standardization of Ukrainian vernacular names based on the Ukrainian Spelling. I also substantiated the reasons for choosing certain Ukrainian vernacular names for scientific use parallelly with the scientific Latin name. In the Part I, I presented Ukrainian names for 46 taxa, including 1 subfamily, 10 tribes, 17 genera, and 17 species.

Relics of Animism in the traditional beliefs of Kazakh and Tuvan people (the end of XIX century – the beginning of XX century): comparative analysis

The article is devoted to the problems of studying of religious wordldview in the ethnography of Kazakh and Tuvan people. It is known that in the modern period Tuvans practices Buddhism, partly Christianity and traditional beliefs (also like several other South Siberian folks – Khakasses, Altayans, Shors), Kazakhs are Muslims of Sunni direction and the Khanafi school of thought. These peoples has common historical roots and traditional worldview, that is related with religious beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples. The religion and religious culture of ancient Turks is little-known to modern science. As is well known, new information can be obtained by different methods. That’s why the aim of this article is uncover the components of religious beliefs, existing of which is not caused by canonic Buddhism of Tuvans and Islam of Kazakhs, pre-Islamic elements in the traditional worldview of Kazakhs and pre-Buddhic relics in the beliefs of Tuvans. Theoretical and methodological basis of this are advances of ethnology in the modern emphirical and theoretical studies of religious beliefs and rites. The chronological framework of research includes the end of XIX century – the beginning of XX century. The author of article comes to conclusion that the religious beliefs of Kazakh and Tuvan peoples in the period of the end of XIX century – the beginning of XX century were syncretistic. This syncretism found explicit expression in the traditional ritualism.

Cultural-Historical Background of New Ukrainian Theater Creation (End of XIX – Beginning of XX Century)

The purpose of the work is to generalise the main factors influencing the development of the new Ukrainian theatre at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The research methodology is based on the use of the following methods: comparative-analytical, cultural, and source studies. The scientific novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive study and generalisation of the main cultural and historical prerequisites for the creation of a new Ukrainian theatre in a certain historical period. Conclusions. The cultural and historical prerequisites for the creation of a new Ukrainian theatre are mainly related to the social and political situation in which the Ukrainian nation was during the struggle for independence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Based on the research of Ukrainian theatre experts, it has been concluded that the prerequisites for the creation of a new Ukrainian theatre were changes in the political situation in the Ukrainian territories at the end of the 19th century, namely the reform policy of the 1860s and 1870s, the abolition of serfdom, judicial reform, educational reform, land and city reforms, and repression of the Ukrainian people, in particular regarding Ukrainian culture. Oppression of the Ukrainian language and culture could not restrain the development of the general theatre process, which led to the creation of the first Ukrainian-language theatre companies, such as the company of H. Ashkarenko, M. Kropyvnytskyi, M. Sadovskyi, and M. Starytskyi, which became the foundation for the formation of a new Ukrainian theatre Key words: theatre, theatre art, history, cultural and historical prerequisites of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new Ukrainian theatre

The development of fishing in the Turkestan region (XIX century – the beginning of XX century)

The article analyzes the formation and development of fishing in the Turkestan region of the XIX-XX centuries. based on new documentary materials and principles of objective research in the source funds of the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. As a result of Kazakhstan's accession to Russia, cardinal changes have taken place in the political, cultural, socio-economic life of Renion. The Russian Empire, through administrative and political reforms, destroyed the traditional system of governance in Kazakhstan, dismantled it into governors-general, counties, as a result of which ethnic unity and integrity were violated. As a result of Kazakhstan's accession to Russia, Kazakh nomads were able to carry out exchange and trade relations, capitalist, industrial relations began to develop in the course of trade development in Kazakh villages. The article reveals the identity and importance of the region in the development of fisheries in Kazakhstan. The prerequisites for the formation of fishing entrepreneurship in the Turkestan region and internal and external factors that directly influenced its development, the characteristic features of the southern region, the social and ethnic composition of fishermen are described. Key words: Fisheries, Turkestan region, Syrdarya region, fishing, fish processing.

Religious reformism and Jadidism in the Volga-Ural region of Imperial Russia (XIX – the beginning of XX centuries

The Authors of this article assess the phenomenon of how was perceived religious reformism and Jadidism in the public thought of Muslims who lived in the Volga-Ural region (Russian Empire). The approach to this phenomenon and its assessment differ in the pre-revolutionary Russian, Soviet and foreign historiography, which is due to the heterogeneity of the subject of research itself. By stressing the fact that in international scholarship there are different views on the formation of this phenomenon, the Authors of the article offer a more balanced approach to this phenomenon. This approach differs from that popular in historiography, labelled as "jadidocentrist". Equally, they suggest making the distinction and clear the technical terms such as "Islamic discourse", "religious revival" and "Jadidism" itself.

The role of V. Vshelyachynsky and his students in the formation of piano performance in Ternopol

The purpose of the work. The publication is devoted to the presentation of famous personalities who played an important role in the initial stage of the formation of professional piano performance in Ternopil in the late XIX – early XX centuries, on the example of Vladislav Vshelyachinsky and his pupils. The research methodology. The research methodology is to use historical-comparative and personalistic approaches. This allows us to highlight the figure of musician-teacher Vladislav Vshelyachynsky and his pupils associated with Ternopil, in particular Denis Sichinsky, in the context of the cultural and educational life of Ternopil during this period. Scientific novelty. The line of piano pedagogical and performing tradition of K. Mikuly as a student of F. Chopin in the next generations of musicians connected with Ternopil is traced. Among them: Vladislav Vshelyachynsky, Denis Sichynsky, Maria Soltysova (Bibulych), Denis Leontovych. Attention is focused on various aspects of V. Vshelyachynsky's activity, in particular as a teacher, and D. Sichynsky. He entered the history of Ukrainian music as a composer and choral conductor, the first professional Ukrainian musician in Galicia. The example of the analysis of two-piano miniatures by D. Sichynsky (as pupils of K. Mikuly and V. Vshelyachynsky) illustrates the characteristic features of writing associated with the piano style of F. Chopin and, at the same time, with folk song intonation, features of Ukrainian solo singing, song-romance. Conclusions. The role of musician-teacher Vladyslav Vshelyachynsky in laying the foundations of piano performance in Ternopil, on the formation of the creative personality of Denis Sichynsky as the first professional composer-pianist is traced. Keywords: musical culture of Western Ukraine, end of XIX – beginning of XX century, piano performance, Vladyslav Vshelyachynsky, Denis Sichynsky.

The problems of railroad medicine at the Pirogov Congresses. Report I. The organization of medical care at railroad transport.

The article considers problems of organization of medical care at railroad transport in Russia at beginning of XX century. The implemented historical reconstruction was based on materials of section of railroad medicine of Congresses of the Society of Russian Physicians in memory of N. I. Pirogov. The issues are analyzed concerning legal basis of railroad medicine, duties of services and position of railroad physicians, principles of organization of medical sanitary unit and medical care of passengers, organization of sanitary supervision of status of railroad workers and ensuring safety on railroad transport.

ABOUT PREPARATION AND QUALIFYING DESCRIPTION OF TEACHERS OF DRAWING IN UKRAINE OF THE XIX CENTURY

In the article the requirements are examined to the teachers of drawing in folk formation of Ukraine in XIX and beginning of XX century. On the basis of analysis of normative documents is traced evolution maintenances of the proper personnel training for different links of school formation of that time.