Beginning Of Twentieth Century Research Articles

Mining in Sicily: Slavery, Humanitarian Rhetoric and Global Network

ABSTRACT This article discusses how, at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of twentieth centuries, the labour conditions of the sulphur miners in Sicily were recurrently understood and described through a problematic adoption of a humanitarian language that often employed a miner – slave analogy. By identifying some lines of convergence between diverse narrations the article will explore the extent to which an intersection between global concerns about slavery and attitudes to labour in Southern Italy entered public discourse. It suggests that varied narrations mystified the ways in which complex systems of exploitation functioned together amidst significant global transformations in labour relations and capital. As a consequence, foreign and Italian debates contributed placing Sicilian labour, directly or indirectly, in a pre-modern world and to distancing the miners from the global network and modernity to which (paradoxically) they already belonged.

Caste, Resistance, and Religion: A Critical Study of ‘Making of Matuaism’

Matuaism developed into a full-grown organized religion in the beginning of twentieth century, and a popular religion in contemporary time. Its genesis and development has sparked many questions and concerns for the simple reason that, a large section of Namasudra people got organized under a leadership of two anti-caste leaders of Bengal, namely Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur, and invented a new religion for the so-called untouchables of Bengal. The present article is an attempt to historicize the nascent journey of Matuaism from second half of nineteenth century till present time, and to critically evaluate its religious doctrine that primarily dismantles Brahminical hegemony as enunciated and canonized in the Rig Veda and other religious texts. Drawing within the framework of anti-caste movements, the present article evaluates Matuaism as a resistant religion to Brahminical hegemony on the one hand, and justifies its theology as a praxis solely devoted to public welfare and utilitarianism on the other. The so-called untouchables of Bengal who did not have any social identity and respect, invented their own religion and secured their social and cultural identity through authentic representation of their religious culture.

Optimum window based modified periodicity spectrum method for the detection of protein coding regions in DNA sequences

Identification of protein-coding regions with high accuracy in eukaryotic genomes is considered as a challenging task because these regions remain in non continuous fashion along the length of DNA sequences. Various frequency domain algorithms have been designed for the detection of protein-coding regions since the beginning of twentieth century. The basic functionality of frequency domain approaches is to convert the signal from one domain to another and consequently probability of loss of important information is quite high. In this paper modified periodicity spectrum based algorithm (MPSBA) is proposed for the identification of protein-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes. There is no domain transformation requirement in the proposed algorithm. The key contribution of proposed algorithm is optimization of the window length by varying between 27 to 351 in step size of 3 corresponding to maximum area under curve (AUC). For the testing of applicability of proposed algorithm, benchmark data sequence F56F11.4 & thereafter bigger data sets HMR195, and BG570 have been employed. The recent state of art algorithms have been compared with proposed algorithm for performance assessment. The results obtained reflect the superiority of proposed algorithm and its applicability to identify the protein-coding regions of short and big sizes as well.

Impact of movie direction studies on Kurdish director

The distinctive success achieved by cinema, at the beginning of twentieth century, as a mass art with form and content, and the great power it has for recording and representing reality, on one hand, and the magical production power of images and subjects, most of it falls on the process of movie production, and the director appears as the first responsible of movies. When directing finds its path as a solid foundation in the world of movie making and cinema industry, then the outlook and idea of directors, as individuals or as groups, leads to up-rise of different studies of movie directing, where these studies constitute many principles and regulations of their own, which they build form and content of their films, and their influence will spread in the world of cinema extensively and become an important part of cinematic theories. Influences of these studies on movies and various cinematic productions of international directors can be seen and found, therefore in recent years we notice that Kurds were not exempt from these influences, and Kurdish movie directors were, directly or indirectly, making their movies under effects of these influences. These influences matched with the internal conditions of their people, their suffering, and their visions, according to message and content of the movies they include. On the other hand, due to the small budget required to produce a film, Kurdish filmmakers and directors need to make films with low cost and techniques and to be able to prove their imagination and ideas well.

صور من أساليب التقديم والتأخير في كتاب نهج البلاغة: دراسة بلاغية

The research aims at analyzing the style of Imam Ali in the “Hysteron Proteron”, and the style was dealt in three ways as follows: - 1) Idiomatic hysteron proteron. 2) Grammatical hysteron proteron 3) Non-idiomatic hysteron. And the finally a summary of the research, and also the results with reference to comments were mentioned in the conclusion. Most of critics are on the view that, the Arabic language is characterized by other languages by features that are not found in other languages, such as flexibility in leaving freedom to the speaker to speak what he wants in his speech. But this is only done through clear and well-known rules, and in spite that, there are cases in which Hysteron is bidden, and for that reason the scholars of grammar and rhetoric began to talk about the term “Hysteron”. When stylistics appeared at the beginning of twentieth century, stylist prepared themselves to search for Hysteron proteron in the studies of deviational manner. The method used is descriptive analytical approach that seeks to describe, analyze and reveal the places of Hysteron Proteron and select them in term of analysis, and it is concluded during the study that, Imam Ali has reached the climax of skill in the Hysteron proteron.

Legacy of Islamic Education in Russia Since the Bulghar Kingdom

This paper provides a brief review of Islamic education in Russia from the tenth century until modern times based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources. The first part of the paper examines the role of Islam in Russian history and suggests that Islam played an important role in building what today is called the Russian civilisation. It also reviews the historical, educational system in the region and indicates that the Volga-Urals region was the centre of Islamic education and civilisation in the Muslim world for at least five centuries until Tsarist Russia colonised the area in the sixteenth century. The second part of the paper briefly elaborates on the educational reforms and provides an overview of Islamic periodicals published at the beginning of twentieth century in Russia. The final part of the paper focuses on the status of Islamic education in modern Russia and suggests that the decade of absolute religious freedom enabled the mushrooming of Islamic madrasahs and various kinds of religious literature. As this study finds, the restrictions on Islamic literature and activities were mainly proliferated after the tragedy of September 11, 2001, and they affected the well-being and security of local Muslims. Thus, this paper recommends a review of the Extremism Law of 2002 in light of basic human rights for faith and education.

Craniological features of Siberian cattle from the collection of the State Museum of Animal Husbandry named after E. F. Liskun

The study of the craniums of Siberian cattle has been carried out in the article. The research was carried out by researchers of the State Museum of Animal Husbandry named after E. F. Liskun of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy”. The purpose of the work was to analyze the craniological features of Siberian cattle from the collection of the State Museum of Animal Husbandry named after E. F. Liskun. The craniums of Siberian cattle collected by the expedition under the direct supervision of E. F. Liskun in 1910 served as the material for research. Unfortunately, to date not all craniums of this breed have been preserved in the museum’s collection, but morphological and craniometric studies conducted to a greater extent reveal the scientifi c aspects of craniology. The data of craniological measurements of Siberian cattle craniums collected more than 100 years ago clearly reveal the issues of the origin and formation of the breed. Siberian cattle had a number of valuable qualities that must be carefully considered, improved during purebred breeding and preserved during crossbreeding. It was the dairy cattle with highest fat content in milk among domestic cattle breeds in the beginning of twentieth century. The formation of local Siberian cattle was infl uenced by environmental conditions, as well as livestock breeds brought by Russian settlers. Based on the linear values of measurements of individual parts of the cranium and the study of the morphological features of the animal, Siberian cattle were assigned to one craniological type, and according to the measurements of the head it was divided into three groups. The craniums of cows and oxen within the same Siberian group of cattle diff ered slightly from each other in size. The main reasons for the diff erences in the cranium of Siberian cattle were the physical and geographical location of the habitat areas, natural and climatic conditions, as well as the cattle crossbreeding.

Between Tolerance and Exclusionism: Urban Iranian Youth’s Attitudes towards Race and Religion

Although the resurgence of race and religiosity among Iranians predates the past millennium, it was not until beginning of twentieth century that both religion and race entered the public discourse, gradually becoming the key constituents of Iranian identity. The emergence of the non-conformist young generation in early 1990s, however, raises important questions about the critical role of race and religion in shaping Iranian youth’s identities. With a specific attention to the most mature (25-29 years old) segment of the middle-class residents of Tehran, and through conducting a series of focus groups, this study explores how these individuals imagine their selves vis-à-vis the others in relation to race and religion. The findings ultimately point to the participants’ oscillation between tolerance and exclusionism towards other races and religions as a way to disentangle the complexities of their identities.

Studies on the Stability of Binding Media in Retouching Materials for Exterior Painted Wooden Decoration in Taiwan

The conservation of tradition polychrome in Taiwan adopted Western techniques from the beginning of twentieth century. However, the issue of whether such materials are suitable to the climate of Taiwan is a question that remains unanswered. The objective of this study was to assess the durability of three retouching binders under the external climate conditions of Taiwan. The binders that were tested included a watercolour coated with 5% acrylic resin Paraloid B72, an acrylic resin Paraloid B72 and a low molecule weight resin Laropal A81 using accelerated aging conditions that simulated the exterior climate of Taiwan. Alterations in colour, gloss, adhesion and solubility were measured to evaluate the stability and reversibility of the materials. The results showed that both watercolour coated with 5% Paraloid B72 and Laropal A81 had lower resistance to moisture, and thus are not recommended for use in exterior areas in Taiwan. Paraloid B72 remained more stable with good re-treatability after ageing, however it was still affected by UV/heat and condensation cycles. The observation of material behaviour in the study provides information for the selection of retouching materials for exterior Taiwanese traditional polychrome, and highlights the need for further systematic testing of suitable materials in the future.

Реукраїнізація авангардного мистецтва як процес ідентифікації української культурної спадщини

Метою статтіє простежити процес деколонізації українського мистецького модернізму 1910-х –1930-х рр. від відкриття в мистецтвознавчій критиці феномену «українського авангарду» до його історико-культурної ідентифікації як самодостатнього явища європейської культури. Прикладне завдання полягає у сприянні популяризації відомих імен і пам’яток українського авангарду як актуальної культурної спадщини України. Методологія дослідженняґрунтується на поєднанні загальнонаукових та спеціально-історичних методів з принципами об’єктивності, історизму, системності, науковості та верифікації. Наукова новизнароботи полягає у тому, що на основі мистецтвознавчої, культурологічної, історичної літератури і документів проаналізовано виникнення та розвиток російського і європейського авангарду першої третини ХХ ст.На цій основі здійснено спробурозкрити феномен «українського авангарду» не тільки в художній сфері, а й осмислити його через історичну площину деколонізації. Процес реукраїнізації включає, по-перше, повернення ряду імен всесвітньо відомих майстрів (О.Архипенко, О.Богомазов, Д.Бурлюк, О.Екстер, В.Єрмилов, К.Малевич, В.Меллер, А.Петрицький тощо) на карту української культури; по-друге, визнання їх непересічної ролі в зародженні, становленні російського і радянського авангарду; по-третє, реінтеграціюукраїнського складника в європейському модернізмі і переосмислення впливовості української мистецької мови на європейську художню культуру. Висновки.Український авангард є самодостатнім оригінальним історичним явищем в європейській культурі. Його виключність зумовлена поєднанням європейських інноваційних мистецьких тенденцій з етичними нормами й естетичними ідеалами української народної культури. Поліетнічністьі демократичність українського авангарду визначили і активно вплинули на постання російського авангарду. Відтак останній не слід характеризувати як суто здобуток російської культури.

Польський національний рух у Галичині під час Першої світової війни

Метою статті є дослідження розвитку польського національного руху в Галичині під час Першої світової війни. Методи дослідження: аналіз, синтез, узагальнення, проблемно-хронологічний, історико-системний. Наукова новизна: вперше у вітчизняній історіографії комплексно досліджено ґенезу польської національної ідеї в Галичині в 1914–1918 рр. та діяльність місцевих польських політиків задля її реалізації. Висновки: Завдяки ліберальному політичному режиму Австро-Угорщини польський національний рух Галичини наприкінці ХІХ ст. – на початку ХХ ст. досяг значних результатів. Тому польська політична еліта бачила (у початку І світової війни) шанс для звільнення від Російської імперії польських земель та відновлення своєї національної держави. На думку більшості представників польського національного руху, досягнення цієї мети мало базуватись на підтримці та тісному союзі з Габсбурзькою монархією. Унаслідок усі польські партії Галичини та їхні представники у Віденському парламенті урочисто стали на сторону Австрії та Четверного союзу у світовому конфлікті. На першому етапі світової війни польське суспільство краю з ентузіазмом підтримувало Австро-Угорщину та допомагало формувати національні підрозділи у складі австрійської армії – польські легіони. Ситуація зазнала кардинальної зміни після підписання Четверним союзом договору з Українською народною республікою. Таємний додаток до цього документу передбачав поділ Галичини за національною ознакою. Це підірвало довір’я польського політикуму та суспільства до Відня. Крім цього, американський президент В. Вільсон у січні 1918 р. у своїх «14 тезах» гарантував відновлення польської держави з виходом до моря. Зі вступом у війну США на стороні Антанти Четверний союз практично втратив шанси на мілітарну перемогу. Тому наприкінці 1918 р. польська політична еліта Галичини усвідомила потребу об’єднання задля відбудови Польської держави в кордонах 1772 р. без підтримки Четверного союзу.

История Золотой Орды в публикациях татарских интеллектуалов начала ХХ века (по материалам журнала «Шура»)

Research objectives: To analyze the publications of R. Fakhreddin and other Tatar intellectuals devoted to the Golden Horde which were published on the pages of the “Shura” journal. The author used their example to show the methods and formats for the dissemination of historical knowledge, and to outline the key topics that were popular in Tatar society at the beginning of twentieth century. Research materials: The article examines the materials of the “Shura” journal for 1909–1912, dedicated to the history of the Golden Horde and the Golden Horde’s khans. Results and novelty of the research: The author of the present publication tried to analyze the articles of the famous educator, historian, religious figure, and journalist, Rizaeddin Fakhreddin, published in the “Shura” journal. The selected materials are devoted to the problem of the history of the Golden Horde and the Golden Horde’s khans. Also, the author considered the journal’s articles by other authors who were representatives of the Tatar intelligentsia of the early twentieth century on the same topic. “Shura” was published in the city of Orenburg, its editor being R. Fakhreddinov. The journal was distinguished by great interest in the coverage of the theme of the history of the Turko-Tatars. It published academic articles as well as educational materials. Its creators aimed to disseminate and popularize historical knowledge among the people. Interest in the history of the Tatars was heightened not only by historians, but also by ordinary people. Therefore, R. Fakhreddin tried to devote a lot of time and space in the journal to this problem. The presented materials are interesting primarily because their authors drew on various sources and works of Tatar, Russian, and Arab scholars. This indicates a high level of knowledge of information in different languages and a high degree of competence in the history of the Turko-Tatars, particularly the Golden Horde. These materials can serve as additional sources in the study of the historiography of the Golden Horde.

Deafening Modernism: Embodied Language and Visual Poetics in American Literature

Deafening Modernism: Embodied Language and Visual Poetics in American Literature

Residual life of a historic riveted steel bridge - engineering critical assessment approach

Sustainability has become an increasingly important component of requirements for the rehabilitation of bridge structures. Responsible use of our limited natural resources is essential for future generations, so the whole bridge rehabilitation process must be taken into account, in terms of structural integrity. The environmental impact for these types of structures is major – demolition and reconsideration of e.g. reinforced concrete structure being examples of poor management of resources and energy. On the existing roads and railways network steel bridges with more than 100 years in service lifetime are numerous. The in-service safety assessment of these structures is a complex problem. This article emphasizes the importance of rehabilitating the structure of existing steel bridges, considering the historical monument character of these structures, as well as the reuse of existing structures, part of sustainable development. The paper is presenting a study case for an historical riveted steel bridge build in the beginning of twentieth century, with an assessment method considering the structural integrity by means of fracture mechanics.

Solution for consolidation and retrofitting a historical steel bridge

Sustainable development is a fundamental goal of the European Union and seeks to meet the needs of the present, without compromising the future. The rehabilitation of historic steel constructions and old steel bridges in service, is part of the maintenance and conservation of existing heritage, thus considering a sustainable development concept, while constituting an act of culture.In present time, in Romania there are a relatively small number of steel bridges older than 100 years, especially in Transylvania region; they can be considered "witnesses of the past". Two important aspects are highlighted: consolidation costs are lower than for a new structure and the retrofitted bridge can receive a new, modern functional role that fits functionally into the landscape. The paper is presenting a study case for an existing steel bridge build in the beginning of twentieth century (around year 1925). There are presented solution for consolidation of the bridge and retrofitting, taken into account fatigue design and structural integrity assessment. Critical flaws values were determined for each case type using the failure assessment diagrams. These values are used as limit values for fatigue analysis based on fracture mechanics principles, to determine the number of cycles for a crack to extend from initial to critical dimension, i.e. failure. For the assessment was used the code cyclic loading as a block independent iterative solver – applying the specified stress ranges sequentially line by line, repeating the entire cyclic loading - entire group of cycles for a number of blocks (one block representing all the applied cycles of stress ranges).

Ханский указ о назначении муфтия: мусульмане под властью волжских калмыков

Research objectives: This article is dedicated to preliminarily research and the publication of the decree of the Kalmyk ruler, Donduk-Dashi Khan (r. 1741–1761), assigning to Mustafa Hajji the position of the mufti of the Muslims – people which were dependent on Donduk-Dashi Khan – as well as the position of the qadi and zaisang of the Nogays. Research materials: The decree (dated to 1750) reached us as a copy from the nineteenth century which was kept in the private archives of Abd al-Rahman Umerov – the Tatar religious leader and enlightener who was active at the end of nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century. Cartographic and lexicographic sources were used as well as works on Turkic and Mongolian diplomacy. Results and novelty of the research: The legal status of the representatives of Turkic-Muslim subjects of the Kalmyk rulers and the methods of their administration were not studied sufficiently up to the present. This is a result of the small number of the documentary sources which have been thus far introduced into scholarly circles. The publication of this decree of Donduk-Dashi Khan will fill the gaps in our knowledge of this problem.

Dark-skinned pioneers in European national football teams: patterns and stories

ABSTRACT A national football team is perceived as symbol of the national identity. One of the elements of European national identity is race. At the beginning of twentieth century on the Old Continent, most of the state teams’ players were light-skinned, likewise the other citizens of their countries. Nevertheless, since the 1930s it has been observing the growing process of appearance of dark-skinned players in subsequent national football teams. The paper explores the emergence of the dark-skinned football players in European national teams (UEFA members). It considers all the 39 cases of the dark-skinned pioneers in European national teams – from Andrew Watson (Scotland, debut in national team in 1881) to Ariclenes da Silva Ferreira ‘Ari’ (Russia, debut in 2018). Based on them, the text distinguishes the seven waves of this interracial transnationalism.

«Добрый» или «святой» Джанибек-хан (1342–1357) в устной исторической памяти кочевников-казахов

Research objectives: To identify the main reasons for the formation of the cult of Janibek Khan of the Golden Horde in the oral historical memory of the nomadic steppe tribes which was embodied in the narrative tradition of Kazakhs from the fifteenth to eighteenth century. Research materials: The texts of the Kazakh folklore sources from the last quarter of the eighteenth to the beginning of twentieth century, published in different genres (tales, epics, legends, fairy tales) and dedicated to Janibek Khan or characters of the oral narratives closely related to him. Results and novelty of the research: The historiography of the Golden Horde and the medieval history of Kazakhstan considers it conventional wisdom that Uzbek Khan (r. 1313–1342) played the decisive role in the Islamization of the tribal population of the Ulus of Jochi during the fourteenth century. However, none of the Kazakh folklore sources recorded from the last quarter of eighteenth to beginning of twentieth century mentions his name. Rather, this role is given to the son and successor of Uzbek, Janibek Khan, who is the most popular character of oral narratives of Kazakhs dedicated to the Eurasian Middle Ages. This fact leads to the conclusion that the innovative activities of Uzbek in the field of religion covered mainly the western part of the Ulus of Jochi but had a limited impact on the steppe nomads of the Eastern Dasht-i Kipchak. The main role in the spread of Islam and Islamic culture to the east of the Ural River valley, in the territory of the ethnic nomadic ancestors of the Kazakh tribes, was played by Janibek Khan, which was reflected in the popular historical consciousness of Kazakhs. This article demonstrates the influence of Sufism’s cult of the “saints” borrowed by Muslim communities of the steppe in the process of sacralization of the historical Janibek Khan in the Kazakh narrative tradition and highlights the most characteristic features of his mythologized image. The scholarly novelty consists in the statement of the abovementioned theme of research and the structural analysis of the revealed folklore texts, which allows one to solve the long-standing problem of the association of the folk literature Janibek Khan of the Golden Horde and the historical Kazakh Khan of the same name who ruled in the eastern part of the former Ulus of Jochi in the later period.

Cladocera paleocommunity to disentangle the impact of anthropogenic and climatic stressors on a deep subalpine lake ecosystem (Lake Iseo, Italy)

In big lakes with strong anthropogenic pressure, it is usually difficult to disentangle the impacts of climate variability from those driven by eutrophication. The present work aimed at the reconstruction of change in the species distribution and density of subfossil Cladocera in Lake Iseo (Italy) in relation to climate and anthropogenic pressure. We related subfossil Cladocera species composition and density in an 80-cm sediment core collected in the pelagic zone of Lake Iseo to long-term temperature trends and phosphorus concentration inferred by diatoms frustules. The Cladocera remains detected in Lake Iseo sediment reflected the species composition and density of modern pelagic Cladocera assemblages. Cladocera rapidly respond to environmental change, and that climate change combined with eutrophication can induce changes in community composition and species density. At the beginning of twentieth century, when global warming was not yet so accentuated, the nutrient increase in water resulted as the principal driver in determining the long-term development of plankton communities and pelagic food web structure. Moreover, catchment-related processes may decisively affect both species composition and density of the lake planktonic communities due to the decrease of lake water transparency induced by input of inorganic material from the catchment area to the lake. The paleolimnological investigation, through the combined study of biotic and abiotic factor, allowed clarifying the synergic effects of the most important drivers of change in lake ecosystems, suggesting that climatic factors should be considered with nutrient availability as determinant element in controlling the temporal development of plankton communities and pelagic food web structure.

A MAN IN THE COURT: EXPLORING THE THEME OF JUSTICE IN AND THEN THERE WERE NONE

Having to interact with crime fiction which presumably is considered as ephemeral literature, cannot be an excuse to dissolve the theme of justice inside the plots. Agatha Christie as the Mistress of Complication and Mystery, has written series of murder and mystery fiction since the beginning of twentieth century. And Then There Were None or entitled Ten Little Niggers, one of her masterpieces depicts Christie’s unique disposition of turning perception from ‘detective as criminal solver’ into ‘murderer as justice protector’. This paper seeks to analyze how justice is portrayed and challenged by looking at the characters created by Christie as well as making a more thorough analysis of the symbols and dialogues. The result of this paper portrays that the idea of justice, just like human beings, can be flawed or misinterpreted even by the so- called a man in the court.