Beginning Of Training Session Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM STRENGTH (BRAIN EFFICIENCY) IN YOUNG TAEKWONDO ATHLETES DURING TRAINING SESSIONS

Introduction. The article explores the dynamics of indicators of nervous system strength (brain efficiency) in young athletes during taekwondo training sessions, taking into account their age and gender characteristics. The relevance and prospects of the research are determined by the relationship between the psychophysiological properties of athletes and their performance in taekwondo competitions, as well as the necessity of considering this relationship in the training process. The research aims to assess the indicators of higher nervous activity (HNA), particularly the strength of nervous processes (brain efficiency), in young taekwondo athletes during training sessions, considering age and gender. Material and methods: general scientific (logical, inductive); analysis of scientific and methodological literature and internet sources; instrumental methods (study of nervous system strength as an indicator of brain efficiency), methods of mathematical data processing. The indicators of nervous system strength (brain efficiency) in young taekwondo athletes were assessed instrumentally using the PND method (M.Makarenko). Results. The dynamics of indicators of higher nervous activity, particularly the strength of nervous processes (brain efficiency), were studied in 34 young taekwondo athletes, taking into account their age and gender characteristics. Measurements were taken during training sessions: in the warm-up phase, the main phase, and the cool-down phase. The test results were systematized, and based on quantitative indicators, corresponding graphs were constructed, followed by analytical evaluation. Conclusions. The research on the dynamics of indicators of nervous system strength (brain efficiency) in young athletes during taekwondo training sessions, considering their age characteristics in two age groups of young taekwondo athletes, revealed that athletes in the older age group (boys aged 13–16 and girls aged 12–15) demonstrate better indicators of brain efficiency (fewer mistakes) compared to the younger group (boys aged 8–12 and girls aged 8–11), presumably due to developmental age characteristics and greater training experience. It was established that at the beginning of training sessions, the results of girls in the younger group outperform the results of boys, while in the older age group, boys' results are higher compared to girls. It was also found that young athletes in both groups demonstrate the best indicators of brain efficiency in the main part of the training session compared to the beginning and the cool-down phase.

Determination of Optimal Readiness to Specialized Loadings of Qualified Boxers and Fencers on the Basis of the Integral Indicator of Coordination Abilities

The purpose of the research was to optimize competitive activity of qualified boxers and fencers. Methods used in research: analysis of literature sources, pedagogical testing, expert assessment, methods of mathematical statistics. In the research participated 46 skilled athletes aged 18-21 years (25 boxers, 21 fencers (rapier)). During the experiment, the accuracy indicators of the ball throwing into the target (as an integral criterion of coordination abilities) have been recorded. In order to determine the influence of athletes` level of coordination abilities on the effectiveness of their accuracy during competitive activity, competitive fights were held. Independent experts (two boxing judges of the national category and two international judges in fencing) recorded only those punches and touches that were accurately put on target. According to the results of the ball throwing accuracy, boxers and fencers are divided into two different types: first type includes athletes with higher (P < 0.01) accuracy indicators at the beginning of training session; second type includes athletes with higher (P < 0.01) accuracy indicators at the end of training session. The fact of determining the stable indicators of coordination abilities at the beginning or at the end of a training session indicates a certain kind of workability of each athlete – fast or inert. Competitive fights showed that athletes with fast kind of workability have higher effectiveness of technical and tactical actions in the first half of fight (P < 0.01) and worsening in the second half, but athletes with inert kind of workability – on the contrary.

Influence of the course prescription of sodium succinate on functional state and general physical working ability of footballers organism during the training sessions

Pharmacological purpose of metabotropic preparations including burshtin acid and its derivative succinate sodium copes with the number of tasks the main of which is an activation of alternative ways of energoproduction at the work of submaximal and maximal force and preliminary training of the separate links of metabolism.The task of research is to ascertain changes that take place in functional state of sportsmen during long physical loadings and optimization of the work of cardiovascular system (CVS) and prophylaxis of psychical strains with the help of succinate sodium.Methods and organization of research. There were examined 84 sportsmen to ascertain changes that take place in the functional state of sportsmen during the long physical loadings and optimization of the work of CVS with the help of succinate sodium. Examinations took place during the training sessions (TS) in January, February and July 2012-2013 years.Results of research and its discussion. There was studied an efficiency of the course use of succinate sodium in footballers 100 mg 3 times a day during 14 days. Energetic supply of processes of intracellular homeostasis in erythrocytes realizes by means of ATP that is created in the process of glycolysis. According to the results of research after course prescription of succinate sodium in sportsmen the content of ATP in erythrocytes increased and an amount of ADP and AMP decreased. An improvement of general metabolic situation under an influence of succinate sodium was proved by the decrease of products of reactions of peroxidation in blood plasma of footballers.These results indicated an essential antiacidotic effect of the course use of succinate sodium by footballers after loading in anaerobic and glycolytic zone of intensity. At the same time there was ascertain in our research that the use of succinate sodium had a positive effect on the dynamics of lactate content during the processes of renewal after training in aerobic-anaerobic (85-90%intensity) and anaerobic (90-100% intensity) zones of preparation.The results of analyses of sportsmen who took succinate sodium had essentially lower level of enzymes activity than indicators of sportsmen who did not take this preparation. Indicators of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alaninaminotransferata (АLТ) were lower than at the beginning of TS. The received results indicated the stabilization of membranes of the cells of liver that consequently proved hepatoprotective effect of succinate. As under an influence of succinate sodium the speed of utilization of lactate accelerates so its course prescription favors an increase of oxygen flow capacity of arterial blood and the rise of transport capacity of O2 into tissues.The use of succinate sodium improves the work of adaptive mechanisms during the training and increases anti-stress effect. An assessment of the functional state of CVS on indicators of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (AP syst, AP diast), pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate demonstrated that at the use of succinate sodium the aforesaid indicators of the footballers at the end of TS did not differ from the ones at the beginning of session.According to the results of research the course use of succinate sodium led to an essential growth of general force of cardiointervals spectrum. The spectral force increased in diapasons of the high (HF) and low frequencies (LF), and an indicator LF/HF decreased (84,9 % versus 139 % indicators of footballers who did not take succinate sodium) and was even lower than at the beginning of TS. Footballers who underwent the course prescription of succinate sodium noticed: an absence of signs of overstrain or overtraining; the rise of desire to train; the rise of the level of physical and psychical capacity for work and sport effectiveness.Conclusions. Metabotropic preparations are an important reserve for improvement the functional state of organism of sportsmen during the training in different zones of intensity. There was ascertained that course use of succinate sodium had a positive effect for metabolism, cytoarchitecture and functional abilities of erythrocytes. Normalization of indicators of the mean size of aggregate, indicator of aggregation and percent of unaggregated erythrocytes indicated an improvement of the state aggregative activity of erythrocytes, and the changes of rigidity index of erythrocytes indicated an improvement of its ability to deformation. The decrease of erythrocytes aggregation and normalization of its ability to deformation have a positive effect on rheological properties of blood and therefore lead to an improvement of blood circulation in microvessels and normalization of tissue metabolism.High physical activity and low fatigability; normal sleep and appetite; absence of transient attacks of head ache, unmotivated changes of mood, irritation and so on indicated an improvement of the general state of sportsmen who underwent the course prescription of succinate sodium

Influência da ordem dos exercícios no desempenho do número de repetições com baixa intensidade de carga em homens destreinados

Introdução: A ordem dos exercícios pode afetar significativamente o desempenho de força muscular. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho de repetições máximas e percepção subjetiva de esforço adotando diferentes ordens de exercícios. Métodos: Trinta e seis homens destreinados (27,86 ± 2,89 anos) realizaram duas sessões, a saber: SEQA – com a seguinte sequência: supino reto (SR), puxada alta (PA), desenvolvimento (DS), rosca bíceps (RB), rosca tríceps (RT), leg press (LP), cadeira extensora (CE) e mesa flexora (MF); e SEQB – com ordem inversa adotada para RT, RB, DS, PA, SR, MF, CE, LP. Resultados: Os exercícios SR, PA, RB e RT mostraram valores significativamente maiores no número total de repetições na SEQA. Quanto a MF, CE, LP, não houve diferença significativa. A percepção subjetiva de esforço apresentou diferença para os seguintes exercícios: MF, RB e RT entre as sequências. Conclusão: Dessa forma, os grupos musculares priorizados devem ser exercitados no início das sequências.

Effects of criterion-level probing on demonstrating newly acquired discriminative behavior.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether probes of the final criterion-level discrimination administered during and after training provided an accurate measure of acquisition. Training and probe stimuli were designed to make training and probe trials initially very discriminable and then progressively less discriminable as training progressed. Initially, the discrimination required on probe trials was more difficult than the discrimination required on training trials. However, this difference in difficulty was gradually eliminated as training stimuli were topographically altered and made identical to probe stimuli by the end of training. Results showed that while correct responding was maintained throughout training, error patterns occurred on all probe trials administered during training. Error patterns developed regardless of whether probe trials occurred only at the beginning of training sessions (temporally discriminable probes) or were randomly interspersed in the training sessions (temporally indiscriminable probes). Probe error patterns seemed to be controlled by the stimulus properties of training and probe trials. Thus, probes did not measure acquisition as it occurred during training. Probe error patterns were maintained when probes were administered after completion of training. This final measure of acquisition did not agree with the demonstration of acquisition provided by the final training trial. The results suggest that probe trials can measure a different stimulus-response relationship from that trained when training starts with an easier or known discrimination and probes involve a final or criterion test of a more difficult or unknown discrimination. Stimulus control of correct responses versus error patterns is discussed.