Beginning Of First World War Research Articles

« J’ai pensé qu’il fallait étudier les aliénés » : l’œuvre de Charles Darwin et la médecine mentale

ObjectivesTo help position the “evolutionist point of view” in psychopathology and psychiatry, given that the history of the influence of Charles Darwin's (1809–1882) theory of evolution in these areas remains unclear and a source of misunderstandings. MethodsWe propose a historical essay on the relationships between Charles Darwin, his work, and psychiatry and psychopathology. The methodology implemented draws on the historiographic rules of verification and contextualization advocated by Henri Ellenberger, and on Sonu Shamdasani's “historical cubism”. ResultsCharles Darwin himself drew much inspiration from the writings of British psychiatrists of his time, and was directly in contact with some of them, such as James Crichton-Browne (1840–1938), with whom he decisively collaborated for his work on the expression of emotions. However, from the middle of nineteenth century to the beginning of First World War, European psychiatry was mainly influenced by the theory of degeneration, and later – to a lesser extent – by the anthropological evolutionism of Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) and the eugenic movement. Some of the founders of modern psychopathology were later influenced by an evolutionary approach, in particular Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) who, together with Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933), applied to mental disorders hypotheses that were influenced mainly by the psychological Lamarckism of August Pauly (1850–1914) and the recapitulationism of Ernst Heckel (1834–1919). More recently, John Bowlby (1907–1990), through his theory of attachment, became a precursor of neodarwinian psychopathology. DiscussionDespite appearances, the degeneracy theory, Spencerism, and eugenics all differed markedly from Darwin's thinking, particularly with respect to the complex mechanisms of natural selection. Although more sophisticated, the evolutionary approach according to Freud and Ferenczi was based on biological principles that were challenged by scientific discoveries in the interwar period. Bowlby's continuators, and in particular the somewhat tendentious sociobiology, lost sight of the issue of pre-human biological evolution. ConclusionFinally, the path remains open today for a rational Darwinian approach to human emotions and their vicissitudes.

Misleads in the book titled Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story

Abstract.The allegations related to the relocation of Armenians during the beginning of First World War, mainly built on the book titled Morgenthau's Story written by so-called Mr. Henry Morgenthau Sr. .Actually the book was written by the Pulitzer Prize winner of the era Mr. Burton J. Hendrick. He is the ghost writer of this doubtful book and received a very huge lump sum of money from Mr. Morgenthau for his very professional, devoted and rapacious services.The fact is that Ambassador Morgenthau officiated as an US Ambassador in Istanbul from late 1913 to early 1916 but never travelled eastwards on the overland. His book is totally based on hearings and makeup created by the two US Embassy employees. No information in this book is based on any official document released by any neighboring country to the Ottoman Empire or even the US Senate or Congress.When this book is checked against Mr. Morgenthau's Diary, it can be clearly observed by anybody that it includes made up rather than reflecting the true life memories.This paper, based on information excerpted from the non Turkish or non Ottoman formal documents and/or official releases, tries the bring into life what happened actually during this era.Keywords: Morgenthau, Armenian, Relocation, 1915, Deportation1 INTRODUCTIONThe allegations on the matters related to relocation of Armenians in the year 1915, mainly based on two books.One of these two books is titled Morgenthau's Story. It is said written by the USA Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Mr. Henry Morgenthau Sr., published in the year 1918 at New York by the publisher Doubleday, 407 pages.The other book is called in short Book, titled Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce. It is written by the British Historian Arnold J. Toynbee and viscount James Bryce, published in the year 1916, by H.M. Stationary Office, London and Sir Joseph Causton & Sons, London.2 ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE'S BLUE BOOKThis book will be studied in depth in another paper and is not the core subject of this paper.As a short brief to the researchers and academicians, it is clearly understood from the confessions of Toynbee that the was fabricated by himself on the encouragements of Viscount James Bryce to serve the interests of Great Britain in Middle East during World War I.Author Sukru Server Aya, in the page 7 of his book titled Preposterous Paradoxes of Ambassador Morgenthau, explaines the the reason of fabricating the Blue Book as below;Actually the Blue Book was hurriedly prepared to divert the attention of the USA and the neutral countries from the massacres that the Russians had undertaken in Poland on the Jews!. When the war started Germans made the first attack in Russian territory and when they witnessed the Russian massacres on the Jews, they asked reporters from USA to come and see with their own eyes!. Britain of course did not want their ally Russia to appear as barbarous, and they immediately shifted the massacre stories from Jews to Turks who were already reputed for their criminality! The trick worked; the Russian massacres were quickly forgotten and replaced by Turkish ones on Armenians in the front pages of newspapers!.Arnold Toynbee confessed in a later work that the was a piece of war propaganda (Toynbee, 1992).He co edited the Blue Book (Bryce, 1916) and later, after decades wroteIn the redistribution of Near and Middle Eastern Territories, the atrocities which have accompanied it from the beginning have been revealed in their true light, as crimes incidental to an abnormal process, which all parties have committed in turn, and not as the peculiar practice of one denomination or nationality.(Toynbee, 1922)Toynbee, on his final statement on the matter, stated as: Armenian political aspirations had not been legitimate. …