Beginning Of 20th Century Research Articles

Guardianship for Popular Sobriety in Russia at the Beginning of 20th Century: from Wine Monopoly to “Dry Law”

The article is devoted to the guardianship of popular sobriety — institutions created by the government of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century to organize the fight against excessive alcohol consumption at the provincial and district levels. The study describes the situation with the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, provides the main provisions of the state wine monopoly, introduced in 1895 with the direct participation of the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte. Based on the Charter of Guardianship of People’s Sobriety, the authors describe their powers, composition, and features of work organization. Based on the analysis of diverse sources (including unpublished archival sources), the article characterizes the diverse activities of guardianship in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as its assessment by contemporaries. The conclusion is made about the relatively low efficiency of the work of sober institutions due to their bureaucracy and insufficient funding. The article describes the problem of reforming the guardianship, which was discussed with varying intensity in the 1900—1910s in the Ministry of Finance, the State Council, public and zemstvo circles. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the problems faced by the guardianship of popular sobriety during the First World War after the introduction of the “Prohibition”. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt to analyze the entire set of issues related to the activities of guardianship in the period under review, starting from documents of a legal and office-work nature, statistical materials, periodicals, journalistic and memoir literature.

Rights over “The Property of Another” (Iura in re aliena) in Byzantine and Mediaeval Serbian Law

In some cases, when a person owned property, his rights over such property might be limited. The most important rights over another’s property, mentioned by Byzantine law and accepted in mediaeval Serbian legal sources are servitudes, pledge and emphyteusis. The rules on servitudes (δουλεία – rabota) penetrated in Serbian law at the beginning of 13th century, when Saint Sabba (Свети Сава) incorporated in his “Nomokanon” the whole Byzantine “Procheiron”. Its chapter XXXVIII, under the title “On novelties” (Περὶ καινοτομιῶν), contains different provisions, concerning the servitudes, mixed with administrative rules on building the new houses. That was the reason why Serbian translators of “Procheiron” entitled this chapter as “On building of new houses, reconstruction of the old and other things”. While the chapter XXXVIII of “Procheiron” contains 64 provisions, Matheas Blastares took in his “Syntagma” only 18, and created a short Chapter K-3 under the same title “On novelties” (“O novotvorenxhь” in Serbian translation). It contains, beside different decrees and prohibitions by administrative authorities, some urban servitudes, that could be changed by special agreements (συμφώνον – sьglasi«). Byzantine legal miscellanies always put together the rules on pledge in the same chapter with the provisions on loan, although modern legal science treats pledge as a part of the law of property and loan as a real contract and the part of the law of obligation. The chapter X of “Ecloga” has a title “On literal and unliteral loans and for them given pledges”; the chapter XVI of “Procheiron” is known under the title “On loan and pledge” and the chapter XXVIII of “Epanagoge” entitled “On loans and pledges”. For this reason, Matheas Blastares included the chapter Δ-2 under the title “On lenders, and loan, and pledges” in his “Syntagma”. Among Serbian legal sources, pledge was mentioned only in a few documents: these are so called “Justinian’s Law” (art. 26 and 27); King Milutin’s chrysobull, granted to the Hilandar’s pyrgos in Chrousija; King Dušan’s chrysobull, giving the church of Most Holy Virgin in Lipljan to the Hilandar’s pyrgos in Chrousija; and Dušan’s “Law Code” (art. 90). The chapter XV of the “Procheiron” has the title “On emphyteusis” and contains six provisions, speaking on emphyteusis of Church estates. Matheas Blastares introduced a short Chapter E-8, entitled “On emphyteusis” (“O nasa`denîi” in Serbian translation), in his “Syntagma”. Its chapter represents an interpretation of Justinian’s Novella CXX, chapters 2 and 8. In Serbian legal sources we can not find any information on emphyteusis.

A Look of the Bulgarians through the Prism of a Textbook from the Beginning of 20th Century – “Pictures from the General Geography” by Ivan Hoic

In our modern reality, one of the constantly relevant topics that excites the researchers, the teachers and the general public, is the content of the textbooks especially those on social and humanitarian subjects. The present study focuses on the analysis of a textbook from the beginning of 20th century – “Pictures from the general geography” of the Croatian Ivan Hoic. This work is characterized by a humanistic approach to the issue of otherness and the other. Hoic’ s work presents a real presentation of a foreign culture as a mandatory element of educational process. The view of Bulgarians presented by Hoic creates conditions for our self-knowledge even in the reality of the 21st century.

Roman law in the period of profound changes in Polish science

Separating Roman law from the theory of applicable private law inspires - from the beginning of 20th century – the questions pertaining to the meaning, aims, and methods of researching Roman law. This article analyses these issues in the context of the changes of the evaluation of research resulted from the Polish higher education and science act enacted in 2018. The core of this analysis is the comparison of the traditional understanding of the internationalization of the study of Roman law by Polish researchers and the understanding of world-class research according to the new Polish law. The tension between traditional approach of Romanists and bibliometric criteria of evaluation has significant implication for whether and how the Roman law should be studied and taught on the Polish faculties of law. The paper stresses the role of the impact of Polish researches of Roman law on the European debate about basic problems of private law and legal method today. The future of Roman law in Polish legal education interacts with today’s fundamental dispute about what is Western civilization and how it is to be understood.

Patronage and Social Sponsorship’s Role in the Development of Russian Medicine in the Second Half of the 18th and in the Beginning of 19th Century

This article analyzes different aspects of the patronage and social sponsorship’s role in the development of Russian medicine in the second half of the 18th and in the beginning of 19th century. The present study includes the scientific data concerning patrons and philanthropists’ aid for Russian medical education. This article also includes the overview on formation of Russian tradition of charity, patronage and social sponsorship during different periods of Russian history. The present study reveals the patronage’s influence on Russian hospital system from 1750s to 1820s. Authors of this article also explore the interaction between the patronage and the charity establishments founded by Russian monarchs in the second half of the 18th century and in the beginning of 19th century.

Negative disorders: history of clinical concepts (prenosological studies)

In this review, sequential stages of the development of negative disorders doctrine are presented beginning from first description of negative symptoms (Aretaeus of Cappadocia - AD I-II) and the first deficit classification (including two polar types: congenital and acquired dementia by J.-E. Esquirol) to indigenous Russian (I.M. Balinsky, I.P. Merzheevsky, S.S. Korsakov, V.P. Serbsky and others) and foreign (B. Morel, H. Schüle, K. Kahlbaum, E. Hecker) studies of the middle 19th - beginning of 20th century. Special attention in this review of studies in prenosological period is given to the W. Griesinger's development of the main statements of deficit changes' classification and development pathways. Authors' studies created conditions not only for psychopathological construct of negative disorders to be set apart into particular category - «secondary insanity» (a group of psychiatric set of symptoms, which accumulate manifestations of mental deficit), but for to be subsequently clinically studied.

Tradition and contemporary architecture of Orthodox churches: Image and meaning

The article is devoted to one of the most striking problems of contemporary church construction in Russia — the formation of artistic images of newly erected churches and determination of meaning in their architecture. Today, the mentality of architects, patrons and the parish is primarily determined by the traditional approaches to the creation of new churches. Simultaneously, many architects are longing to find innovative meaning and artistic structures, noting that only these attempts are able to express the present-day emotions of believers. It is also essential to define the features of the cultural code of modern architecture for the Russian Orthodox church. The church hierarchy, believers and scholars, including foreigners, proceed from the idea of Russian Orthodox architecture’s unique identity. The recognizable image of the churches is determined by the constant interest in late medieval decoration from the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich as the main artistic source and its interpretation by masters of the Neo-Russian style of the 19th — beginning of 20th centuries. The article emphasizes that national identity in Russian Orthodox church architecture is not a combination of immanent features, but a historical process of treasuring artistic character and the formation of meaning over several centuries. At the current time, it is vital to turn to all the creative and meaningful wealth in the development of Russian Orthodox churches, and it is better to seek innovation from within traditional images and meanings, based on the sacred experience of our church. This will support the creation of new churches, which are comparable to the standards of the Russian Orthodox architectural heritage in its artistic variety and semantic profoundness.

The unique drawing of the Zaporozhian Sich and the Kamenny Zaton fortress of the beginning of 18th century

The paper presents and analyses the undated drawing of Zaporozhian Sich and Russian fortress Kamenny Zaton (Stone Bay), completely unstudied before. The drawing was made at the beginning of 18th century and has preserved in collection of Malorossiysky prikaz (Little Russia Office) in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Using methods of source criticism and historical geography authors attribute the drawing and conclude that it can be connected with the special mission to Sich, headed by Stol’nik (Steward) Fedor Protasyev and the General Esaul of Zaporozhian Host (Cossack Hetmanate) Ivan Skoropadsky in 1703. The main goal of the mission, that is studied on the base of new archive sources, was to oblige Zaporozhian Cossack to take an oath to the Peter I in return for tsar’s salary. Authors also analyzes in details the drawing itself, describing at the same time the process of building of the Kamenny Zaton and correcting the timeline of it, including the foundation date of the fortress. It appeared that Kamenny Zaton had earthen fortifications only, as the Russian government didn’t manage to build stone ones. The picture of the Kamenny Zaton on the drawing was made in the orthogonal projection as quadrilateral bastion fortress, whereas in reality it had five bastions. The Zaporozhian Sich is pictured as symbolical agglomeration of buildings with gable roofs and four towers. Considering technical and stylistic characteristics of the document it can be identified as the Russian geographical drawing, the unique artefact that reflects and visualizes the history of Russian colonization of the lower Dnieper River territories in the beginning of 18th century.

Опека и попечительство у башкир в 1840-х годах – начале XX века

The article discusses the development of the institution of wardship and guardianship over children-orphans of Bashkirs in the 1840s – the beginning of 20th century. The aim of the study is to show the legal basis and the process of establishing guardianship of a minor orphan in Bashkir-Meshcheryak army, their implementation in the canton and post-reform periods. The article thoroughly analyzed the legislative framework for the introduction of wardship and guardianship: the decree of 1843, a circular of the Governor-General dates 1858, the articles about Bashkirs of 1863 with changes in 1865, a number of articles of the 1858 circular since it was contrary to the Sharia law. It is noteworthy that these documents do not specify the role of a Muslim judge in the appointment of a guardian, since the procedure usually was a part of the duties of the Yurt foreman. Using various examples, the study shows guardians and trustees were under the strict control of the authorities. The audits of guardianship reports provides statistical data demonstrating the growth of the number of Bashkirs under wardship during the cantonal period of management. Based on the archival cases on the sale of property of orphans by guardians the article considers the development of wardship and guardianship. The archival findings demonstrate that in the case of wardship and guardianship of Bashkirs in the post-reform period, the all-Russian legislation had been applying primarily. The analysis of the above-mentioned sources leads to the following conclusion: initially the development of wardship and guardianship among Bashkirs was dominated by all-Russian laws, taking into account only some rules of the Sharia and customary law.

Development of Clothing Supply from Japan to Europe in Late 19th – Beginning of 20th Century and its Cultural Influence

В статье рассматриваются пути экспорта кимоно в Европу и предпосылки появления экспортных адаптаций японского костюма. Прослеживается многостороннее влияние Всемирных выставок на развитие технологий производства тканей и одежды на японском рынке, а также на распространение на Западе японского кимоно и японской эстетики в целом. Приводятся данные о развитии торговых домов Иида Такасимая и Сиино Сёбэй. Выявляются этапы влияния кимоно на западную моду и стиль.

Nutritional status of preschool children of Moscow megalopolis at the beginning of the 21st century (somatometric aspects)

Obesity is one of the most important and actual problems of public health, of healthcare, which dramatically expanded through the latest four decades. The aim of the study was the analysis of physical conditions of Moscow preschoolers at the beginning of 21th century as the indicator of nutritional status in «obesogenic» environment of megalopolis. Material and methods. Complex anthropometric study of children attending kinder gardens in Moscow (aged 3-7 years) was held in 2005-2006 (n=759). Literature data on samples of the 1970s were used for comparison. Anthropometric measurements were used to calculate personal values of body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). The more detailed estimation of somatic specificity of children included calculation of average values of standardized differences of each single body dimension of material of 2005-2006 from the values of samples of the 1970s. Results and discussion. The distribution of BMI of Moscow preschoolers at the beginning of 21th century (13.6% were overweight and 7.5% were obese) is quite comparable to the results of other population studies in Russia and around the world. The circumferences, mediated by adipose tissue, and skinfolds of modern Moscow preschoolers showed very significant increase of average standardized levels of dimensions (0.9-1.1 standard deviations as compared to the data of the 1970s). The comparison with the results of the similar study of Moscow school children allows, probably, to speak about the existence of accumulation effect as the mechanism of obesity development in the age aspect. Conclusion. The effect of the significant and valid increase of adiposity in preschoolers, combined with very modest changes of the size and shape of skeletal/muscle system and even its relative weakening was shown based on the results of the survey of Moscow preschoolers, conducted in 2005-2006, in comparison with the series of the 1970s.

From the herringbone dome by Sangallo to the Serlio floor of Emy (and beyond)

Abstract The research starts from an analogy found between two apparently very different structural solutions: the double spiral pattern of the herringbone brick courses in the domes built by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484-1546) during the Renaissance, and the particular pattern of a wooden floor ‘à la Serlio’, described by Amand Rose Emy in his Treatise at the beginning of 19th century, made by diagonal beams reciprocally sustained. The diagonal pattern of the floor has a geometrical relationship with the cross-herringbone pattern, so that the latter can be obtained by some geometrical transformations of the former. This pattern was also used in thin shells built by Nervi, from the destroyed airplane hangars in Tuscany to the Palazzetto dello sport in Rome, and even by Piacentini in 1936 and earlier in some neoclassical domes. Thus the construction tool, useful for building domes without expensive scaffolding, could have a structural role at the completed construction stage. Within the research different structures were investigated, in order to observe the relevance of this peculiar structural scheme particularly in the construction of modern domes.

ІСТОРИКО-МІСТОБУДІВНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ОБОРОННИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ М. ВІННИЦІ РУСЬКО-ЛИТОВСЬКОЇ ДОБИ (XIV-XVI СТ.)

In this article for the first time the methods of the complex historical and town-planning analysis of urban defense complexes of the city of Vinnytsia formed during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is applied. The author compares chronicle and act sources, historical cartography and the results of modern field research to establish the location of ancient castle and urban fortifications. The thesis about the formation of the primary urban structure of Vinnytsia during the Lithuanian era according to the principles of urban planning on Rus’ law is proved. Two stages of town-planning development of defense complexes of the city of Vinnytsia are singled out. The first stage is dated to the late 15th middle 16th century. At this time, a castle appears on the basis of a probable ancient Rus’ settlement on Castle Hill in the Old Town area. Next to it, but at a distance, the city center is being built - a fortified post. Planning relics of the ancient city center could be read now. The topological unity of Vinnytsia city center planning with the cities of the medieval Romanesque and Old Rus’ tradition in the cities of Western Europe and Ukraine has been established by means of comparative analysis. Reconstruction of the view of Vinnytsia Castle on Castle Hill at the beginning of 16th century according to the lustrations of 1545 and 1552. The second period is associated with the construction of a new castle until 1558 on the opposite (right) bank of the Southern Bug and the development of a new middletown near castle. At this time, the Ukrainian lands are still dominated by the same principles of urban planning that existed during the construction of the Old Town. Therefore, the outline of the city fortifications, the market square and the parcelling of the New Vinnytsia city are similar to those in the Old City. Instead, the castle is already merging with the city's fortifications into a single system, which allows us to talk about a holistic urban defense complex.

Аналитическая философия

The paper provides an overview of the most fundamental ideas representing analytic philosophy throughout its history from the beginning of 20th century up to now. The history of analytic philosophy is divided into two stages – the early and the contemporary ones. The main distinguishing features of early analytic philosophy are using mathematical logic as a tool of stating and solving philosophical problems, and critical attitude toward ‘metaphysics’, i.e., traditional and contemporary non-analytic philosophical theories. The genesis of analytic philosophy was closely related to the revolution in logic that led to the rise of mathematical logic, and it is no coincidence that some founders of analytic tradition (first of all Frege, Russell, and Carnap) were also prominent logicians. (But there were also authors and schools within early analytic philosophy whose researches were based on less formal tools such as classical logic and linguistic methods of analysis of language. Ordinary language philosophy is an example of this type of philosophy.) Using the new logic as a philosophical tool led to a huge number of new ideas and generated a new type of philosophical criticism that was implemented in a number of projects of ‘overcoming metaphysics’. These features constituted the methodological and thematic profile of early analytic philosophy. As opposed to the later, contemporary analytic philosophy cannot be characterized by a prevailing method or a set of main research topic. Its characteristic features are rather of historical, institutional, and stylistic nature. In the paper, early analytic philosophy is represented by Frege, Russell, early Wittgenstein, Vienna Circle (Schlick, Carnap etc.), and ordinary language philosophy (later Wittgenstein, Ryle, Austin, and Searle). Contemporary analytic philosophy is represented by Quine, and direct reference theory in philosophy of language (Kripke, Donnellan, Kaplan, and Putnam).

Еthics, Sensuality and European Rationalism: Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology in European Graphic Arts of the 17th–18th Centuries

The purpose of this article is to analyze the transformation of European consciousness attitude to sensuality by means of European graphic arts of 17th–18th centuries. The perception of Ancient Greek and Roman mythological stories as moral emblems was an integral part of the inheritance that the Renaissance had left to the baroque consciousness. Myths were perceived within the framework of the cause-and-effect relation of sin and punishment. Any feeling was considered as an instrument of complying with the moral devoir or as a temptation to slide into sin. An euhemeristic approach to Ancient Greek and Roman mythology became very popular at beginning of 18th century. The popularity of this approach was connected to the rationalism of 17th century. Moreover, the euhemeristic approach and rococo style were two unseparable parts of one conception in a number of illustrated books. At that time, self-commenting of the image became symbolic, not moral. The works by G. Vico, J. Winkelmann and French Enlighteners gradually were preparing a radical change in the perception of the Ancient Greek and Roman mythology as an embodiment of human feelings. Antiquity began to be understood as the Other, with its own internal laws of existence. This change was reflected in the stylistics of the graphics and in the glorification of feelings. The main emphasis was moved from the inner purity of the characters to the plot of the illustrated myth. The emblematic approach to the Ancient Greek and Roman mythology disappeared almost completely after the end of French Revolution and the mythology gradually was becoming the object of professional studying. Ethics and human nature merge in a harmonizing synthesis of early Romanticism.

A Study of Oddity in a Russian Clinical Sample.

At the beginning of 20th century, the phenomenon of oddity began to be studied. It was defined as a set of characteristics responsible for an individual giving the impression of being unusual, odd, and peculiar. Later, psychiatrists integrated oddity into the concept of schizotypy. Yet, while considered a part of the schizotypy construct, oddity has remained singular and maintained its status as an independent dimension. The present article discusses oddity as a set of particular clinical traits that can be evaluated both by self-report measures and clinical assessment. We set out to investigate the oddity phenomena as manifested in a clinical sample, in order to delineate key features that constitute this concept. Seventy-one patients were selected according to a specific set of criteria and subjected to a set of self-report measures (the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and the Adult Personality Traits Questionnaire), a clinical interview, and a pathopsychological experiment. A number of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional characteristics were analyzed. An intra-group comparison was carried out in order to clarify the potential differences between the self-reported and clinically assessed phenomenon of oddity. The study's first finding was that the SPQ-74 does not identify odd personalities in the general population, as reflected in the fact that the sample's average scores proved to be low. Secondly, restricted emotionality and a deficit in social interactions proved to be the prevalent characteristics of the sample of "odd" individuals. Furthermore, a set of certain speech peculiarities (word coinage, bizarrerie, etc.) and thinking impairments of various types (distortion of abstraction level and motivational deficit) emerged as prominent characteristics in the majority of subjects. Finally, it was determined that clinical assessment allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of the psychology of odd personalities than self-report measures, due to a number of the personality, temperamental, and cognitive characteristics that the latter tend to exhibit. "Odd" individuals can be characterized by a number of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral features independent of social perception and relevant to clinical practice; they can be captured more successfully by the application of qualitative methods. Further research is needed to elaborate this set of traits and test this hypothesis on new samples.

«СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ» В ДРЕВНЕМ ЕГИПТЕ: ПОЛЕМИКА И КОНФЛИКТ МЕЖДУ В.В. СТРУВЕ И С.Я. ЛУРЬЕ В 1920-е ГОДЫ

The article considers an episode of the Leningrad academic life in the 1920s, the dispute between the Egyptologist Vassily Struve and the Classicist Solomon Lurye (Salomo Luria) on the problem of the alleged “social revolution” in Ancient Egypt. Such interpretation of a few Ancient Egyptian texts (first of all, The Admonitions of Ipuwer and The Prophecy of Neferty) was forwarded by V. Struve not later than in 1919; it was connected with the interpretations of his teacher Boris Turaev and of the German Egyptologist Kurth Sethe and largely coincided with the vision of these texts by Adolf Erman, the leader of the German Egyptological school at the beginning of 20th century. In the early 1920s, this hypothesis was met with strong objections by S. Lurye, who denied the historical message of the texts. The dispute turned into a conflict caused by S. Lurye’s accusations of plagiarism against V. Struve. Symptomatically, the background both for this dispute and the conflict that followed could be the difference between the attitudes of V. Struve and S. Lurye towards the Russian revolution: S. Lurye welcomed it (especially its stage between February and October 1917), while B. Turaev and, at that time, his pupil V. Struve saw in it, first of all, a great upheaval (the same must be true about A. Erman’s attitude towards the German revolution of 1918). The article publishes the detailed drafts of V. Struve’s response to S. Lurye’s accusations.

Rendering comfort and control in Tundra Nenets sambadabc

This article approaches Nenets sambadabc, shamanic ritual songs, bringing together current understandings about Tundra Nenets language, folklore and singing with discussions about reindeer herding. The research material consists of ten texts gathered by Toivo Lehtisalo in the beginning of 20th century. The analysis concentrates on the Nenets language ideologies and the ways singing is objectified and commodified; on Nenets honorific registers and the ways in which spirits are interacted with; and on the interrelationship of the ways spirits and reindeer are interacted within the frames of sentient ecology. As a result, the article draws a spectrum of differing materialities that are inherent in understanding the performance and revoicing of the sambadabc and in informing the interaction between human and variable non-human others.

The role of jadid obidjon makhmudov in the shaping of muslim press in central asia at the end of 19th -in the beginning of 20th centuries

The role of jadid obidjon makhmudov in the shaping of muslim press in central asia at the end of 19th -in the beginning of 20th centuries

Germany-Turkish military and political co-operation at the beginningof 20th century and position of Russia

Germany-Turkish military and political co-operation at the beginningof 20th century and position of Russia