Beetal Research Articles

EFFICACY OF COMBINATION OF AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANIC ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF PYODERMA IN BEETAL GOATS


 
 
 The present study was conducted in forty Beetal goats presented with severe-graded pyoderma on clinical grounds. These goats were treated with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination and compared with the treatment regimen already practiced in field i.e. co-trimazine. For this purpose, goats were randomly divided into two groups; A (control) and B (experimental), with 20 animals in each group. Group A was treated with co-trimazine, while group B was administered intramuscularly with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination at the rate of 15 mg/kg body weight (BW). At seventh day of treatment, goats of both groups were evaluated for comparative efficacy of two treatment protocols through observing the clinical manifestations of disease. Complete clinical cure of the lesions or a marked improvement was set as the main criterion for evaluation of efficacy of drugs. In group B, 18 (90%) goats showed clinical cure of therapy, while cure rate in group A was 11 (55%) which showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in success rate of treatment protocol in group B over its counterpart (group A). The results of the study have shown that that severe cases of pyoderma in goats could be effectively treated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.
 
 

Effect of Supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia on Nutrient Utilization, Blood Biochemical Profile, Cell Mediated Immune Response and Rumen Microbial Profile in Beetal Goat Kids

Background: Tinospora cordifolia is a common climbing shrub that grows on other trees. It is native to India. Its root, stems and leaves are used in Ayurvedic medicine. Methods: Experimental animals (n=10) were equally divided into two groups of five animals each (average body weight 16.53 kg), designated as control (C) and treatment (C + T. cordifolia) group. A 60 day growth trial was conducted after giving adaptation period of 20 days. A 7-day metabolic trial was conducted towards the end of the experiment using standard protocol. Blood samples were collected at the end of study to determine biochemical and antioxidant profile. Rumen liquor samples were collected by oral intubation and used for quantification of microbial population. Result: T. cordifolia supplemented at the rate of 2% of DM intake in the total mixed ration of goat kids reduced the relative abundance of methanogens in the rumen, without any significant effect on nutrient digestibility, N balance, blood biochemical profile, cell mediated immune response and growth performance.

Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from milk of indigenous Beetal goats of Punjab.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a burning issue in the present era. Mastitis in dairy animals is one of the most important causes of huge production loss to dairy farmers. Aims: The study aims to find the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile, and resistance genes in the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in mastitic milk. A total of 125 milk samples were collected from Beetal goats suffering from clinical mastitis from different districts of Punjab and processed for bacterial isolation and further identification. The drug resistance profile of ESBL-producing E. coli and its associations with molecular markers was analyzed using statistical analysis. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in dairy goats of Punjab was recorded as 6.4%. The isolates showed the highest resistance to the beta-lactam group of antibiotics. The resistance percentages of streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clotrimazole, and colistin were 50%, 37.5%, 50%, 25%, 25%, and 50%, respectively. The isolates showed intermediate resistance to imipenem (12.5%) and tetracycline (25%). The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates harbored the resistance genes blaCTXM (100%), blaTEM (62.5%), blaSHV (25%), blaOXA (37.5%), tetA (37.5%), tetB (25%), aadA (37.5%), sul1 (25%), MOXM (12.5%), DHAM (25%), and blaCMY-2 (50%). Tetracycline and sulphonamide resistances were statistically associated with their respective resistance genes (P<0.05). Streptomycin resistance was not statistically associated with the presence of the aadA gene (P>0.05). The genes blaIMP and blaNDM were not recorded in any of the isolates. In this study, 12.5% of the isolates showed co-resistance to colistin and carbapenem. Antimicrobial resistance is a hot topic and requires immediate attention.

Effect of Autologous Multiple Bone Marrow Aspirate on the Healing of Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures Reduced by Internal Fixators in Beetal Goats

Effect of Autologous Multiple Bone Marrow Aspirate on the Healing of Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures Reduced by Internal Fixators in Beetal Goats

Age-Related Gross and Histomorphometrical Dynamics of Pineal Gland (Epiphysis cereberi) Associated with Melatonin Profile in Beetal Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) of Pakistan

Age-Related Gross and Histomorphometrical Dynamics of Pineal Gland (Epiphysis cereberi) Associated with Melatonin Profile in Beetal Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) of Pakistan

Effect of Different Types of Floors on Beetal Goats’ Preference, Lying, Standing, and Elimination Behavior

Production and performance of small ruminants is affected by the fluctuation of the housing system. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the behavior of Beetal goats on different types of floors including soil, sand, sawdust, and concrete. Twenty-eight (n=28) female Beetal goats having age of 3±0.5 years and weight 40±5kg were selected randomly and behavioral observations were recorded from 20 March to 3 May 2019 (spring season). All animals were individually weighed and randomly divided into 4 groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4) have seven animals each. Each group was restricted (remain on the one floor) for 10 days to each of the four treatments i.e., T1 (soil), T2 (sand), T3 (sawdust), and T4 (concrete). After the restriction phase, free access was given to all four groups for all the four treatments i.e., T1 (soil), T2 (sand), T3 (sawdust), and T4 (concrete) for 2 days, so that animal can spend time at any floor willingly and no of animals spending time between treatments was recorded. The data for the selected parameters (Lying time, lying bouts, standing time &amp; other, Preference lying time, Preference Standing time &amp; other, Defecation frequency, Urination frequency) were collected for one hour at 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 04:00, and 08:00 hours in the last two days of each treatment period. The method of behavioral observation was based on the method of “Time sampling and “Point sampling. The maximum average lying time observed on soil was 37.00min/hr, urination frequency was observed more on sand (1.10/hr) and defecation frequency was found more on soil (1.33/hr.) Average lying time during the free access period was also higher on soil 30.53min/hr as compared to other flooring types. Finally, it is found that lying time was higher on the soil floor, although the result was not significantly more urination frequency was noticed on the sand floor. Multiple floors in the far may provide the preferred area for goats lying and elimination and consequently help in managing the animal health security. The purpose of this study is to provide awareness about the effect of floor on the production and performance of Beetal goats.

Activities of indigenous proteases in cow, buffalo and goat milk of Indian subcontinent and their correlation with somatic cell count

Activities of indigenous proteases such as plasmin, plasminogen-derived and cathepsin D in milk from different milch species (Murrah buffalo, Sahiwal and Gir cow and Alpine × Beetal and Sanen × Beetal goat) varied significantly (P <0.05) with the stage of lactation. Plasmin and plasminogen-derived activities were highest in goat and cow milk, respectively. Cathepsin D activity was found to be highest in goat milk and lowest in buffalo milk. The plasminogen-derived activity was 5–6 times higher in buffalo and cow milk vis-à-vis plasmin activity while goat milk exhibited a higher plasmin activity than plasminogen-derived activity. Somatic cell count showed a direct influence on protease activity with the highest being in goat milk. The correlation coefficients of the protease(s) activity with the stage of lactation and somatic cell count were positive indicating a direct impact of somatic cells and lactation on it.

Successful medical management of acute cystitis in a Beetal goat- A case report

Successful medical management of acute cystitis in a Beetal goat- A case report

Effect of supplementation of oilseeds co-products on production performance and fatty acids composition of Beetal goats.

This study evaluated the effect of different oilseed co-product supplementations on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, N retention, yields of milk and milk constituents, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of Beetal goats. In the lactation trial, thirty-six lactating multiparous Beetal goats (45 ± 2.04kg; 15 ± 2.3days in milk) were assigned to four experimental rations according to randomized complete block design. The blocks were balanced for daily milk yield, parity, and body weight. The goats were either fed a maize silage and wheat straw-based basal ration ad libitum (control) or the control ration was supplemented with cotton seed cake, mustard seed cake, or maize oil cake on an iso-N basis. At the end of lactation trial, four goats (44 ± 0.8kg BW; producing 1250 ± 110g milk/day) were selected and moved to individual metabolism crates for a digestibility and N balance experiment, using a Latin square design (4 × 4). Supplementation of the co-products increased intakes of forage mixture (P = 0.002), total dry matter (DM; P < 0.001), neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.003), and crude protein (CP; P < 0.001). The additional N supplied by the co-products increased (P < 0.001) N retention, yields of milk, fat, protein, and lactose. Further comparison of the rations supplemented with the co-products revealed that the greatest (P < 0.05) increase in yields of milk (240g/day), milk protein (11.6g/day), fats (16.3g/day), and lactose (11.2g/day) was recorded for maize oil cake, as compared to the control. Except C8:0, supplementation of the co-products decreased (P < 0.01) the contents of all de novo-synthesized saturated FAs (SFAs) and increased (P < 0.001) the contents of health beneficial C18:1n-9, C18:1 tans-11, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:5n3, and total unsaturated FAs in milk fat. Our findings demonstrated that the oilseed co-product inclusion in dairy goat rations significantly improves forage biomass utilization, yields of milk and milk constituents, and milk FAs' profile, with the largest impact being observed for maize oil cake.

Feeding barley and corn hydroponic based rations improved digestibility and performance in Beetal goats

The current trial aimed to determine the impacts of fed goats with hydroponic fodder-based maize or barley rations on nutrient digestibility, growth and efficiency of consumed feed, and some blood constituents. Twenty-four post-weaned growing Beetal male kids (3 months of age with an initial body weight of 12.4 ± 0.03 kg) were randomly allocated into six equal groups (n = 4, each one). Each group was offered one of the following dietary treatments: T0, fed 100 % basal diet (BD; containing 80 % Lucerne hay and 20 % wheat straw); T1, fed 80 % BD + 20 % Hydroponic fodder Maize (HFM); T2, fed 80 % BD + 20 % Hydroponic fodder Barley (HFB); T3, fed 60 % BD + 40 % HFM; T4, 60 % BD + 40 % HFB; T5, 60 % BD + 20 % HFM + 20 % HFB for 90 days feeding trial period. Animals were kept under the same hygienic, rearing and environmental conditions. The dry matter and crude protein intake results revealed significant increases in all hydroponic-based rations, with T4 and T5 reporting higher values when compared to the control and other treated groups. Whereas, the T1 group had the maximum fiber intake compared to the other treated and non-treated groups. At the same trend, the T5 group recorded the highest final weight, weight gain, and total weight gain values and the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to the other experimental groups. In addition, goats fed a diet containing two types of hydroponic-based fodder (T5) exhibited a highly significant improvement in all nutrient digestibility and total nitrogen balance compared with other experimental groups. Furthermore, feeding goats hydroponic maize and barley-based rations had no significant influence on blood biochemical and hematological parameters, except that the lymphocyte percentage increased considerably in T2 and T3 groups compared to other experimental groups. In conclusion, in arid and semi-arid regions where most feeds are imported and resources of both land and water are scarce, feeding animal diets incorporating hydroponic fodder might improve growth and production while filling a feed supply gap.

Comparison of Beetal Goats’ Reproductive Effectiveness under Different Management Approaches

The Beetal goat or Lahori goat is a breed from the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is used for milk and meat production. It is similar to the Jamnapari goat and the Malabari goat. Beetal goats have been widely used for improvement of local goats throughout the subcontinent. These goats are also adapted to stall feeding, thus are preferred for intensive goat farming. The Beetal goat and the Malabari goats are usually compared for their body characteristics. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of beetal goat reproduction under different management techniques. Based on reproductive effectiveness and growth parameters, the results of two goat production management systems, namely (1) seasonal breeding and (2) year-round breeding, were compared. The study was performed out during a one-year period. The data was collected from two farms for this study, the 1st farm was the private farm known as Noor-Hussain Goat Farm in Raiwind and 2nd farm was Bahadurnagar Research Institute in Okara which is run by the government. Adult goats (n=72+) were collected for this study and their reproductive and productive traits were examined (2-bucks with each flock).

Effect of eCG dose on ovarian haemodynamics, hormonal profiles and prolificacy rate when oestrus was induced during low-breeding season in Beetal goats.

The objectives of the experiment were to determine the effect of two doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in a standard synchronization protocol based on a short-term progesterone (P4 ) priming on ovarian structures and haemodynamics, concentrations of steroid hormones and prolificacy rate when oestrus was induced during low-breeding season (LBS) in Beetal dairy goats. We hypothesized that inclusion of eCG in a short-term P4 priming-based synchronization protocol would increase the blood perfusion to ovarian structures leading to enhance oestrous and ovulatory responses and prolificacy rate in goats. Forty-two multiparous acyclic goats were blocked by body condition and, within block, assigned randomly to receive saline as control (CON), low eCG (L-eCG; 300 IU) or high eCG (H-eCG; 600 IU) dose. Initially, a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device was placed in the anterior vagina on d -8, followed by removal of CIDR on d -3, concurrent with the administration of PGF2α and eCG according to their respective treatments. Goats were monitored for oestrous response. B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography was performed with 12-h interval, starting from day -3 until natural breeding (day 0), and then on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 post-breeding to monitor follicular and luteal dynamics and blood flow, respectively. Blood was sampled at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 60 h after CIDR removal to quantify plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β (E2 ), whereas plasma concentrations of P4 were assayed at days 5, 10, 15 and 20 after breeding. Pregnancy and prolificacy rates were determined at day 30 and 150 after breeding, respectively. Data were analysed with mixed-effects models, and orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effect of treatment [Con vs. (½L-eCG + ½ H-eCG)] and dose of eCG (L-eCG vs. H-eCG). Data are presented in sequence as CON, L-eCG, H-eCG (LSM ± SEM). The oestrous intensity score (152.9 vs. 182.7 vs. 186.5 ± 15.1; p =.02) was greater in eCG-treated goats as compared to CON. Administration of eCG reduced the intervals to standing oestrus (66.2 vs. 41.8 vs. 48.9 h ± 5.5; p =.05), breeding (70.2 vs. 44.4 vs. 45.4 h ± 4.5; p =.03) and ovulation (84.5 vs. 61.2 vs. 63.4 h ± 6.2; p =.05) compared with CON goats. The mean growth rate of pre-ovulatory follicle was greater (1.11 vs. 1.49 vs. 1.45 mm ± 0.08; p =.01) in eCG-treated goats resulting in an increased diameter of pre-ovulatory follicle (6.27 vs. 7.20 vs. 7.31 mm ± 0.07; p <.01) and corpora lutea (6.75 vs. 8.26 vs. 8.07 mm ± 0.42; p =.04) than CON. The mean follicular blood flow did not differ among treatments; however, the mean luteal blood flow was greater in L-eCG-treated goats (0.81 vs. 1.61 vs. 1.07 cm2 ± 0.12; p =.001). The mean concentrations of E2 (4.03 vs. 5.21 vs. 4.78 pg/ml ± 0.42; p =.04) and P4 (4.85 vs. 6.39 vs. 6.22 ng/ml ± 0.34; p =.04) were greater in eCG-treated goats. The twinning rate did not differ between treatments; nevertheless, prolificacy rate was greater (p =.04) in L-eCG-treated goats. Collectively, our data suggest that the administration of eCG improves the induction of oestrous and ovarian dynamics. Administration of L-eCG enhances prolificacy rate, therefore, a low dose of eCG might be practically beneficial to improve reproduction during LBS in acyclic Beetal dairy goats.

Ruminal fermentation and methane production in vitro, milk production, nutrient utilization, blood profile, and immune responses of lactating goats fed polyphenolic and saponin-rich plant extracts.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a composite plant extract (CPE) rich in polyphenolics and saponins from seeds of Dolichos biflorus (horse gram), root of Asparagus racemosus (shatavari), bark of Amoora rohituka (rohitaka), and peel of Punica granatum (pomegranate) on ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro, milk production, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and blood profiles in lactating Beetal goats fed CPE at 20 g/kg diet. Dose effect of CPE was assessed using different doses (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg substrate) to find out an optimum dose for the in vivo study. The in vivo experiment lasted 70 days including a 10-day adaptation period. In the in vitro study, dry matter (DM) and fiber degradability increased linearly (P < 0.05) and methane production and ammonia concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing doses of CPE. Concentrations of total VFA and proportion of propionate increased (P < 0.001) linearly, whereas proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio decreased with a linear effect. Dietary CPE increased milk yield (P = 0.017) and concentrations of protein and lactose (P = 0.045) by CPE, but concentrations of fat and solid not fat in milk were not affected (P > 0.10). Somatic cell counts in milk reduced (P = 0.045) in the CPE-fed goats. Apparent digestibility of DM (P = 0.037) increased significantly and NDF (P = 0.066) tended to increase due to supplementation of CPE. Blood glucose (P = 0.028) and albumin (P = 0.007) concentrations increased, while other liver-marker metabolites and enzyme activities and superoxide dismutase activity were not altered in goats due to feeding of CPE. Concentrations of total amino acids (P = 0.010), total essential amino acids (P = 0.012), and total ketogenic amino acids (P < 0.001) were greater in the CPE-fed goats than the control goats. Cell-mediated immune response improved due to CPE feeding. This study suggests that the CPE rich in both phenolics and saponins could improve ruminal fermentation, milk production, and nutrient utilization in lactating goats with better health status while decreasing methane emission.

Estimation of inbreeding and its effects on growth traits in Beetal goat.

The purpose of the present study was to estimate the inbreeding coefficient and its effects on various growth traits in Beetal goat using pedigree records of 963 kids born to 38 sires and 287 dams over the period of 2004 to 2019. The inbreeding coefficients for each individual were obtained under animal model. The effects of inbreeding along with other fixed effects such as year of birth, sex of kid, type of birth, and dam's weight at kidding on growth traits viz., weight at birth (BWT), 3 (WT3), 6 (WT6), 9 (WT9), and 12 (WT12) months of age were studied using least-squares analysis. Additionally, average daily gain and Kleiber ratio up to weaning age (90days) were studied under the same model. The overall inbreeding coefficient was low in magnitude (1.42%) and ranged from 0 to 25% over the study period. The significant (P < 0.05) increase in average inbreeding coefficient (%) over the years was observed among the studied population. Although, the effects of various factors had significant (P < 0.05) influence on growth traits under least-squares model, the regression of targeted traits on inbreeding were non-significant (P > 0.05) and the same ranged from - 0.06 to 0.04. The present findings indicated that there was no inbreeding depression among the growth traits of Beetal goat. However, as inbreeding (%) raised in recent years only, the scientific efforts must be taken to avoid inbreeding at resourced population by introducing new germplasms at earliest.

Neural network and Bayesian-based prediction of breeding values in Beetal goat.

The estimation of breeding values is prime concern for animal breeders in order to achieve desired genetic progress of farm animals. However, current methods for estimating BV involve simultaneous selection of animal model which are computationally intensive and time-consuming. The present attempt was made to predict breeding values of weaning trait under artificial neural networks (ANN), Bayesian technique (BT), and multiple regression (MR) methods. The data records comprising year of birth, sex, type of birth, dam's weight at kidding, birth weight, weaning weight, and estimated breeding values (BV) for weaning weight (under animal model) pertaining to 849 kids born to 37 sires and 237 dams between 2004 and 2019 were used in this study. All three methods, viz., ANN under multilayer perceptron (2 hidden layers), BT under Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, and MR under full model, were used for 75% training dataset initially and prediction model developed was applied on 25% test dataset. The initial analysis showed positive and significant (P < 0.01) relationship of BV with other variables which hinted that BV may be predicted with accuracy. Then, it was revealed from the results indicated that ANN, BT, and MR methods have similar accuracy (r = 0.86 to 0.87) for prediction of BV. However, ANN showed slightly higher but negligible model adequacy than BT and MR method. The prediction error under three methods was almost equal. The results indicated that these methods could be used as potential alternative for recurrent prediction of BV based on phenotypic data in order to optimize selection plans at young age in resourced population of Beetal goat.

Effect of parity on non-esterified fatty acid, oxidant/antioxidant status, and zinc and copper levels around periparturient period in Beetal goats of Himalayan Region.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of parity and physiological status on non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), oxidative stress, and zinc and copper levels among the Beetal breed of goat. Thirty dual-purpose Beetal goats reared under the semi-intensive system were selected and based on parity were divided into three groups with 10 animals each viz. Early parity (EP;≤2 parity), mid parity (MP; 3-6 parity), and late parity (LP; ≥7 parity). Blood samples were collected 3 weeks and 1 week pre-kidding followed by 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-kidding for the estimation of NEFA, oxidant (malondialdehyde [MDA], antioxidant (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione [GSH], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], and glutathioneS-transferase [GST]), and zinc and copper levels. Significant (p < 0.01) increase was observed in NEFA and MDA levels as the goats approached kidding and continued till 2 weeks post-kidding in MP and LP and 1 week post-kidding in EP goats. Significant decrease in SOD (p < 0.05), CAT (p < 0.05), GSH-Px (p < 0.01), GSH (p < 0.01), and GST (p < 0.05) activities were observed as goats approached kidding and continued to decrease up to 2 weeks post-kidding. Zinc and copper levels showed a significant decline from 3 weeks pre-kidding to 2 weeks post-kidding in MP and LP and 1 week post-kidding in EP goats. A significant effect of parity was observed on MDA (p < 0.05), GSH (p < 0.05), and GSH-Px (p < 0.05) activities only; however, parity × sampling time interaction was observed in all the parameters. Findings highlight a different metabolic, trace mineral (zinc and copper), and oxidative response around the periparturient period in Beetal goats, with the EP goats, responding first to increased metabolic and oxidative stress and also first to recover from oxidant/antioxidant imbalance.

Flavonoid enriched supplementation abrogates prenatal stress and enhances goat kids performance reared in a sub-tropical environment

The subtropical climatic conditions in the winter season characterized by low temperature may enable to induce cold stress in pregnancy and transition periods which results in the production of reactive oxygen species. However, flavonoid enriched impact on pregnancy and lactation of Beetal goats remains unclear in a subtropical cold environment. Forty-eight multiparous pregnant Beetal goats were randomly assigned into two groups, mid-pregnancy (n = 24), late pregnancy to early lactation (n = 24). Mid-pregnancy and late pregnancy were further sub-grouped into control and supplemented with an equal number of animals. Both groups of animals were offered concentrates while the supplemented group was provided additional flavonoid-rich supplementation (Loxidan) at 120 mg/kg/head during the experimental period of 45 days in each phase of pregnancy plus 33 days of kids suckling period only in late pregnancy to early lactation group. Fractional biochemical analysis of Loxidan feed revealed it contained a rich source of total flavonoids (8268 ± 92.1 μg/g) with total antioxidant capacity (14.6 ± 1.7 μM/g DW). Blood was collected fifteen days apart during mid-pregnancy (60 to 105 days) and late pregnancy plus early lactation (120 to 165 days) for the assessment of serum biochemical parameters. Results revealed that serum profile of total flavonoids, total antioxidant activity, total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, total phenolic, total proteins, and progesterone level showed significant values as compared to the control group in both phases of pregnancy (P < 0.05). Moreover, flavonoid enriched supplementation increased the initial kid's weight and total average weight gain as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Overall, results illustrate that supplementation increased kid's birth weight, average daily weight gain, and fetal survival. Therefore, flavonoids could be used as an antioxidant regimen to mitigate cold stress of subtropical environment on pregnancy and lactation to improve reproductive traits.

Changes in the testicular histomorphometry and their association with genes expression pattern of testes from birth to puberty in Beetal goat kids

In the present study, twenty-eight (n = 28) longitudinally rear male goat kids were slaughtered at monthly intervals (n = 4/group) till the 6th month of age; to examine the testicular development and establishment of spermatogenesis through histo-architecture along with mRNA expression of related genes. The results showed that seminiferous tubular diameter was linearly increased (P < 0.001) at birth (40 µm) to 6th months (200 µm). The epithelial height was 18.41 ± 0.65 µm at birth and 164 ± 2.82 µm at 6th months. Whereas, at 3rd months age greatest increase was observed (74.08 ± 1.66 µm), possibly due to a rapid increase in the numbers of spermatocytes and spermatids (4.0 ± 0.3 and 0.9 ± 0.04, respectively). At the same time point (4–6 months of age), a dramatic increase (P < 0.001) was observed in the mRNA level of genes expressed in haploid germ cells including Protamine (PRM1), Outer dense fiber protein (ODF2) and Stimulated by Retinoic Acid (STRA8). In addition, the maturation of Sertoli cells (SCs) was appeared to be completed at the start of 1st month (5.6 ± 0.5), which was further validated by sudden repression (P < 0.001) of SC-specific SOX9 and FSHR mRNA levels during this period. The spermatids that appeared at the end of the 3rd month reflect the start of spermatogenesis. However, a significant (P < 0.001) number of elongated spermatids and mature spermatozoa was observed at the end of 6 months, which indicated pubertal onset (9.8 ± 0.7 and 9.9 ± 0.9, respectively). The mRNA expression of other genes altered during this developmental phase was Heat-shock Protein 8 (HSPA8) and Aromatase (CYP19A1), both was important in sperm maturation and testosterone level. In conclusion, marked changes in cellular and molecular events were observed from the 3rd month; when active spermatogenesis initiated, and mature spermatozoa appeared in the 6th month at pubertal onset in Beetal bucks.

Um estudo preliminar sobre a elaboração de uma fórmula hematológica para a estimativa da hemoglobina do volume de células embaladas em cabritos beetal

ABSTRACT The study was devised with the aim to evaluate the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in beetal goats being reared under pastoralism. It also aims to devise a hematological formula for estimation of Hb from PCV. Female (n=59) and male goats (n=41) were bled for PCV determination through microhematocrit method, and Hb estimation through Sahli’s hemoglobinometer (HbD) as well as through calculation being 1/3rd of PCV (HbC). The HbD and HbC were statistically non-significant (P≥0.05) for male and female beetal goats. Overall, significantly (P≤0.01) positive correlation coefficient was noticed between HbD and PCV, and between HbD and HbC (r=0.75; adjusted r-square=0.57). As the overall model predicted that 57% variability in HbD could be deduced from PCV, hence, in order to enhance the prediction probability, the regression equation i.e. Hb concentration= 0.24(PCV) +1.5 was utilized to deduce corrected hemoglobin (CHb). The comparison of this CHb with HbD gave a non-significant (P≤0.05) difference. Similarly, linear regression of CHb with PCV gave a 99% prediction. We accordingly recommend a simplified pen-side hematological formula for deducing Hb concentration from PCV viz. Hb concentration= 0.24(PCV) +1.5 for beetal goats instead of its calculation as one-third of PCV.

Effect of Vitamins and Hormones during different stages of Lactation in Lohi Sheep and Beetal Goats

Effect of Vitamins and Hormones during different stages of Lactation in Lohi Sheep and Beetal Goats