Addition Of Beeswax Research Articles

Fabrication of interfacial crystallized oleogel emulsion for quercetin delivery with enhanced environmental stability and bioaccessibility.

Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with numerous bioactivities. However, the low solubility, easy degradation and low bioaccessibility limit its application. In this study, a novel interfacial crystallized oleogel emulsion was fabricated, where beeswax was used as the oleogelator, for quercetin encapsulation with enhanced stability and bioaccessibility. The process of interfacial crystallization was investigated using interfacial rheology and polarized microscopy, with a positive correlation between crystal density and beeswax content in the oil phase. Emulsion stability was directly linked to beeswax concentration in the oil phase, with 100 mg g-1 showing enhanced stability under storage, UVB light exposure and ionic conditions. Beeswax addition significantly increased the quercetin loading capacity of the emulsion; particularly, at a 200 mg g-1 beeswax concentration, the loading capacity was improved by 285.55%, and the environmental stability was enhanced against UV light and Ca2+. Ultimately, in vitro simulated digestion experiment indicated improved bioaccessibility of quercetin. This strategy significantly enriched the formulation of oleogel emulsion and its potential applications in delivering bioactive ingredients with high environmental vulnerability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mechanical and optical properties assessment of an innovative PDMS/beeswax composite for a wide range of applications

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an elastomer that has received primary attention from researchers due to its excellent physical, chemical, and thermal properties, together with biocompatibility and high flexibility properties. Another material that has been receiving attention is beeswax because it is a natural raw material, extremely ductile, and biodegradable, with peculiar hydrophobic properties. These materials are applied in hydrophobic coatings, clear films for foods, and films with controllable transparency. However, there is no study with a wide range of mechanical, optical, and wettability tests, and with various proportions of beeswax reported to date. Thus, we report an experimental study of these properties of pure PDMS with the addition of beeswax and manufactured in a multifunctional vacuum chamber. In this study, we report in a tensile test a 37% increase in deformation of a sample containing 1% beeswax (BW1%) when compared to pure PDMS (BW0%). The Shore A hardness test revealed a 27% increase in the BW8% sample compared to BW0%. In the optical test, the samples were subjected to a temperature of 80 °C and the BW1% sample increased 30% in transmittance when compared to room temperature making it as transparent as BW0% in the visible region. The thermogravimetric analysis showed thermal stability of the BW8% composite up to a temperature of 200 °C. The dynamic mechanical analysis test revealed a 100% increase in the storage modulus of the BW8% composite. Finally, in the wettability test, the composite BW8% presented a contact angle with water of 145°. As a result of this wide range of tests, it is possible to increase the hydrophobic properties of PDMS with beeswax and the composite has great potential for application in smart devices, food and medicines packaging films, and films with controllable transparency, water-repellent surfaces, and anti-corrosive coatings.

Influence of beeswax-based fish oil oleogels on the mechanism of water and oil retention in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) meat emulsion gels: Filling, emulsification and phase transition

Oleogels have been used in the gelled surimi products to replace animal fats due to its structure characteristics. The effect of structure characteristics in fish oil oleogels on the mechanism of oil/water retention was investigated in meat emulsions. Beeswax assembly improved the oil and water retention. The unsaturation degree of fatty acids lowered the mobility of bound water, immobilized water as well as bound fat in the fish oil oleogel, but enhanced the mobility of free water and protons of unsaturated fatty acids. Beeswax addition and oil phase characteristics could enhance β-sheets, disulfide bonds and hydrophobic force to improve the viscoelasticity, gel strength and oil/water retention. Beeswax assembly facilitated the tight micro-sol network and filling effect, and high unsaturation degree promoted the emulsification effect, thus reducing phase transition temperature and juice loss. The study could lay the foundation for development of gelled shrimp meat products with EPA and DHA.

Enhancing polyvinyl alcohol surface properties through pre-drying treatment and modified electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers

The application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a biodegradable polymer is restricted by its low water resistance, particularly for the packaging of moisture-sensitive products. In this paper, we report on a surface-modification approach for PVA films using electrospinning of beeswax-modified polycaprolactone (PCL) following a 10 min pre-drying process. The pre-drying process led to physical binding between the hydrophobic PCL/beeswax nanofibers and the hydrophilic PVA substrate while the addition of beeswax to PCL improved its physical properties, leading to larger surface roughness and lower wettability of the PVA film. In particular, by adding a proper amount of beeswax to PCL, a PVA/PCL/beeswax composite film showed high hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 144.1°, demonstrating a significant improvement in the surface properties compared to the hydrophilic bare PVA film. Moreover, the oxygen permeability of the PVA film decreased from 5.5 to 2.2 cc.m−2.day−1 after electrospinning the PCL/beeswax, which was related to the rougher surface morphology generated by the electrospun nanofibers. Therefore, our cost-effective approach has the potential to modify the physical properties of hydrophilic polymers and to broaden their industrial applications.

Regulation of fine structure of different types of natural waxes by octenyl succinate starch in starch bioplastics

This work conducted a comparative study on the ability of octenyl succinate starch to regulate the fine structure and physicochemical properties of starch-based plastics containing different types (beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax) and contents of waxes. All the waxes increased the apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the film-forming solution, and obstructed the establishment of hydrogen bond within the film matrix. The limited emulsifying capacity of octenyl succinate starch resulted in different distributions of the three waxes in the matrices, thereby forming different films' microstructures. Carnauba wax negatively affected the hydrophobicity, barrier and mechanical properties of the films due to its poor compatibility with the starches. In contrast, the addition of beeswax and candelilla wax effectively improved the hydrophobicity and moisture barrier, especially for some appropriate wax heterostructures presented in the matrices. Results suggested that octenyl succinate starch could be well emulsified and compatible with beeswax (5%–15% w/w content) to regulate the fine structure to achieve lower water sensibility of starch bioplastics.

Study of Physicochemical Properties of Beeswax Addition to Chocolate Candy Products

The development of the cocoa agro-industry in West Sumatra cannot be separated from the variety of products produced including chocolate candy which is the most popular processed cocoa product but this product has the disadvantage of melting easily at room temperature. Beeswax is one of the materials that can be a hardness base that can be applied to food. The use of beeswax in chocolate candy is expected to provide a solution for the cocoa agro-industry. This study aims to determine the effect of different percentages of beeswax on the characteristics of chocolate candy. The design used in this study is a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 3 replications. Observational data were analyzed with variance analysis (ANOVA) if significantly different, DNMRT (Duncan's New Multiple Range Test) was conducted at a real level of 5%. The treatments used were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% addition of beeswax percentage to chocolate candy. The results showed that the addition of beeswax percentage had a significant effect on fat, hardness, and organoleptic properties but did not significantly affect the water content of chocolate candy. The physical and chemical values are hardness 209.92 N/cm2, moisture content 1.01%, fat content 44.11%. Meanwhile, the organoleptic test results showed that treatment E was the most desirable product.

Characteristics of Bioplastics with Addition of Beeswax and Glucomannan

Packaging for cheese products usually uses plastic with a polymer base. Plastic is divided into two types: plastic made from synthetic polymer raw materials (difficult to decompose) and plastic made from natural polymer raw materials. The impact of using plastic with synthetic polymer materials, or what is usually called commercial plastic, will cause a buildup of waste and result in environmental pollution, so a solution for packaging using bioplastic is needed. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of bioplastics with the addition of beeswax and glucomannan. By examining the variables of thickness, water resistance, water vapor permeability, biodegradability, tensile strength, and elongation, we will analyze the characteristics of bioplastics that have been enhanced with beeswax and glucomannan. The results showed that the addition of beeswax and glucomannan had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on thickness, water vapor permeability, biodegradability, tensile strength, and elongation. However, the addition of beeswax and glucomannan had a significant effect (p > 0.05) on water resistance. The addition of beeswax and glucomannan also increased (p <0.05) the results of water resistance and tensile strength while reducing (p <0.05) the results of thickness, water vapor permeability, biodegradability, and bioplastic elongation. It can be concluded that beeswax and glucomannan are able to provide strong bioplastic characteristics and have protective properties for products with a longer shelf life at room temperature.

The efficacy of beeswax in extending frying life of sunflower oil and storage stability of fried potato chips

AbstractThis study was performed to investigate the impact of adding beeswax to sunflower oil on its frying life and the oxidative stability of the fried potato chips during storage. In this study, sunflower oil and its oleogels containing 2, 4, and 6/100 g(w/w) of beeswax were used in order to fry potato chips for 4 h each day for 4 days consecutively. Samples fried in sunflower oil absorbed the highest amount (37.0%) of oil compared to the lowest (32.9%) in 2% oleogel. The addition of beeswax did not negatively affect the color, texture, and sensory quality of potato chips. Based on the analysis of total polar components, changes in fatty acid composition, and p‐anisidine evaluation, the findings of this study indicate that the utilization of beeswax‐sunflower oil oleogel, particularly the 6% oleogel, may offer enhanced frying stability compared to sunflower oil. Moreover, chemical analyses of the potato chips stored for 30 days revealed that the control sample contained highest level of secondary oxidation products compared to the oleogels, indicating that fried potato chips in oleogels were more resistant to oxidation during storage. Therefore, beeswax can be considered as a natural preservative that improves the shelf life of fried potato chips as well as the frying stability of sunflower oil.

Evaluation of Beeswax Supplementation on Productive Performance of Growing Assaf Lambs.

The aim of this work was to assess the effects of beeswax supplementation on growth rate, feed intake, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and economic sustainability in Assaf lambs. Eighteen growing Assaf (5 months old) lambs were separated into three experimental groups (n = 6 lambs/group). The lambs were fed a basal diet without supplementation (G1) or supplemented with 2 and 4 g beeswax/head/day in G2 and G3 groups, respectively. Zootechnical performance was evaluated over a 90 day period. Feed digestibility was assessed in faeces through the acid insoluble-ash method, and rumen liquor was collected to measure ammonia (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) levels. Blood samples were obtained for the titration serum metabolites by colorimetric tests. The findings showed that G3 had an improved performance compared to the other groups (p < 0.01). The lambs in G3 revealed the highest nutrient digestibility and feed use, followed by G2, and G1. G3 recorded the highest economic efficiency followed by G2 and G1 (p < 0.01). The TVFA, acetate, and propionate concentrations were higher and the pH values, NH3-N, and butyrate concentrations were lower in G3 compared to G2 and particularly to G1 (p < 0.01). The concentrations of total protein, globulin, and glucose were significantly higher with 4 g beeswax (p < 0.05). However, albumin, cholesterol, total lipids, urea, creatinine, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) concentrations as well as the albumin to globulin ratio decreased significantly with both levels of beeswax (p < 0.05). The addition of beeswax at the level of 4 g/head/day for growing Assaf lambs significantly improved the growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood serum parameters in addition to the economic efficiency.

Effect of Beeswax on hydrophobicity, moisture resistance and transparency of UV curable linseed oil based coating for compostable paper packaging

Compostable bio-sourced moisture barrier coating is among the most emerging material alternative to non-degradable single use plastics liner in paper packaging applications. In the current work, highly unsaturated linseed oil is epoxidized and acrylated to form UV curable bio-acrylate resin (Acrylated Linseed Oil) to be used as bio-coating material for paper substrate to improve its barrier properties. Beeswax has been proposed as an excellent barrier to water vapour permeability, the hydrophobicity being imparted by esters of long chain fatty alcohols, acids and long chain alkanes present within. Beeswax is incorporated into AELO resin to enhance the water and moisture barrier property of the coating due to its hydrophobicity and food compatibility. The addition of beeswax has significantly reduced the Water Vapour Transmission Rate (WVTR) to 20 g/m2.day.atm while improving the Water Contact Angle (WCA) to 111° for 10 wt% beeswax loading. Further, the WCA remains above 90° even after 50 cycles of abrasion revealing the durability of the coating. The hydrophobicity is further reinstated by the SEM images which show microscale roughness imparted by uniformly dispersed beeswax. Beeswax thus improves hydrophobicity both by virtue of its composition and the surface roughness imparted. Improved transparency (>95% UV–vis transmittance), higher thermal stability (T5 >250 °C, T10 >300 °C), and reasonable glass transition temperature of the bio-coatings reveals its wide application in the field of packaging. The compostability of the coating in soil and paper repulpability after removal of the coating, both explored its potential in paper-based food packaging by replacing single use plastics.

Physical Characteristics of Biocomposite Edible Films Based on Fish Gelatin and Nanochitosan with the Addition of Beeswax: A Review

Edible films is a thin layer that can be eaten directly with the food it is coated with and is biodegradable, so it is used as an alternative to plastic packaging. The components of the edible film consist of hydrocolloids (proteins and polysaccharides), lipids (fatty acids), and composites (a combination of hydrocolloids and lipids). The physical characteristics of edible films that are commonly used are thickness, tensile strength, elongation percentage, water vapor transmission rate and solubility. Several studies have shown that the addition of beeswax to gelatin and nanochitosan edible films can produce films with good physical characteristics. The addition of a greater concentration of beeswax can increase the thickness value and decrease the value of the water vapor transmission rate and water solubility of the edible film.

Development of antimicrobial gelatin-ulvan-beeswax composite films: Optimization of formulation using mixture design methodology

A new generation of antimicrobial film was developed by incorporation of ulvan extracted from Ulva intestinalis into gelatin from common carp scale and its water sensitivity was reduced with addition of beeswax. Optimum composition of gelatin (0–100%w/w), ulvan (0–100%w/w) and beeswax (0–10%w/w) for achieving composite films with minimum water solubility (S) and water vapor permeability (WVP) and maximum tensile strength (TS), elongation at break point (EAB) and antibacterial effect on E. coli (EC) were investigated using mixture design methodology. Both pure gelatin and ulvan films and their composites had relatively good mechanical and optical properties. Addition of ulvan to gelatin produced composite films with good antibacterial properties but water resistance of all the films was weak. Addition of beeswax up to ∼5 % improved the water resistance and mechanical properties of the films without jeopardizing their antibacterial properties. The final optimum formulation with a desirability of 0.709 was achieved as 52.18 % of gelatin, 40.83 % of ulvan and 6.97 % of beeswax resulting in a minimum possible S (40 %) and WVP (1.86 10−10 g/ms Pa) and maximum possible TS (6.23 MPa) and EAB (89 %) with good EC (7.66 mm). Finally, good mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of the optimum composite film was confirmed. Altogether, a combination of ulvan and beeswax can be a promising solution for development of gelatin films with both antimicrobial properties and lower water sensitivity.

Effect of beeswax on the physical and mechanical properties of solution cast poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch/beeswax films

Biodegradable films of poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/thermoplastic starch (TPS)/beeswax have been prepared by solution casting method. Beeswax has been used as a hydrophobic content to improve the water barrier properties of the films. The prepared films have been characterized for tensile properties, morphology, water absorption, and water vapor permeability. Tensile strength of the films initially increases with the addition of beeswax and then decreases with increase in beeswax content. Tensile strength of film with 0.5 wt% of beeswax is about 213% greater than the film without beeswax. Water absorption percentage of films decreases gradually from 18.7% in film without beeswax to 0% with an increase in amount of beeswax, i.e., 0.5wt%, 1wt% and 2wt% due to the hydrophobicity of beeswax. Water vapor permeability of these films reduces upon increasing the amount of beeswax.

The Effect of Beeswax and Glycerol Addition on the Performance of Bioplastic Film Made of Konjac Glucomannan

In this study, bioplastics made of Konjac glucomannan have been successfully prepared via film casting method. The effects of addition of beeswax content (i.e. of 0%, 0.5%, and 1%,), as well as glycerol content (i.e. 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) on the properties of the bioplastics have been investigated. The bioplastics produced have been characterized for their tensile strength, percent elongation, swelling degree, and biodegradability. The results of this study, showed that most of the bioplastic samples have weight loss of about 95% after the drying process as well as the finished film. The addition of beeswax and glycerol concentrations also increased tensile strength and percent elongation of the bioplastics. The highest value of tensile strength occurred at bioplastic film with a concentration of 1.5% beeswax and 1% glycerol (i.e. Sample C3) with a value of approximately 3.5 MPa. Whereas, the highest percent elongation value occurred at bioplastic film with a concentration of 1.5% beeswax and 1% glycerol (i.e. Sample C3) with a value of approximately 23.29%. These tensile and percent elongation values were higher or comparable to other bioplastic samples made from starch of different raw materials reported by literatures. In the other hand, the addition of beeswax and glycerol decreased the degree of swelling. The degree of swelling for all the bioplastic film samples were in the range of 316.77 – 481%.

Characterization of the Structural and Physical Properties of the Thermoplastic Starch Film with Kaolinite and Beeswax Addition

Characterization of the Structural and Physical Properties of the Thermoplastic Starch Film with Kaolinite and Beeswax Addition

Trendy Remedies With Natural Origin Used in the Cosmetology

Research relevance: natural origin remedies are relevant in the production of various cosmetic products. The basis of hygienic lipstick is made up of natural components is necessary to maintain the water-lipid balance of the skin of the lips. Research purpose: preparation of restorative and nourishing lip balm in laboratory conditions based on natural components from plant and essential oils. Research materials and methods: natural origin ingredients based on essential oils were used in the preparation of lip balm in laboratory conditions with addition of beeswax to improve the product consistency. Research results: unlike the decorative lipstick, as prepared hygienic lipstick does not have color, or has an imperfectly expressed color. Conclusion: tonic balm not only heals, but also color lips. They contain a coloring pigment that is why in make-up it can be used instead of a regular lipstick. Balsams used for moisturizing are not dry lips and retains moisture.

Co-pyrolysis of beeswax with different consumer plastics for synergetic production of sustainable fuel oil

Pyrolysis is one of the most popular recycling techniques for the valorization of plastic wastes into liquid/gaseous fuels as major products. However, the process is highly energy expensive and needs attention. In this context, four different kinds of waste plastics viz. polypropylene (PP), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Polystyrene (PS), and Polymethylene methacrylate (PMMA) are subjected to co-pyrolysis with beeswax in 1:1 proportion using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to reduce the energy requirement. The TGA data obtained are subjected to kinetic analysis by the first-order Coats- Redfern method. The addition of beeswax to plastics is found to significantly reduce the activation energy of the reaction, which is more pronounced in PS. Thermodynamic parameters of the thermal degradation of plastics are also found affected due to the blending of beeswax. The enthalpy value in the plastic-beeswax blend is found lower than that of from respective waste plastics. Gibbs free energies ranged between 2.011 × 105 and 1.722 × 105 J/mol for plastic and 2.041 × 105 to 1.791 × 105 J/mol for the blend. The co-pyrolysis of beeswax with plastics gives an overall improvement in the process.

Effect of the addition of beeswax on the gel properties and microstructure of white mushroom powder-based hybrid gelator system for 3D food printing

Using white mushroom powder as raw material, this study proposes a new strategy to apply it to 3D food printing and improve its printing applicability. The effects of beeswax-gelatin-carrageenan hybrid gelator on the gel strength, rheological properties, microstructure and thermal stability of white mushroom powder-based inks were investigated. The results showed that the addition beeswax could significantly increase the gel strength of the ink (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), and enable 3D food printed objects (cubes and seals) with smoother surface and great self-supporting capacity. The rheological results revealed that the hybrid gelator system was a pseudoplastic fluid with shear-thinning behavior, and beeswax addition could increase its elastic modulus and loss modulus. This rheological property was caused by the formation of new crystal forms of beeswax after mixing with the ink in water bath. It could be seen from the microstructure that the added beeswax was evenly distributed in the network structure, which affected the printing performance during the printing process. In addition, the addition of beeswax could reduce the thermal stability of the ink, but had little effect at room temperature. These results suggested that addition of beeswax had positive effects on the gel properties of the hybrid gelator system, and this work facilitated the practical application of white mushroom in 3D food printing.

Integration of Phase Change Material in the Design of Solar Concentrator-Based Water Heating System.

Indonesia has been blessed with excellent solar heat distribution, which can be used as renewable energy to heat water. Various technologies have been developed to utilize these inexhaustible thermodynamic resources, in the form of photons arrays, converted into concentrated heat for daily use, i.e., solar water heater. This renewable-based water heating system can provide significant energy efficiency, benefit the environment, and reduce energy use costs. This experimental study attempts to harvest the energy from the sun using a cylindrical through collector (CTC) type solar concentrator. The CTC was made of the solar reflective film (SRF) affixed to concentrator collector surfaces which was then mounted on an adjustable angle frame of the concentrator collector support. The heat generated from the concentrator was stored in water, and phase change material is embedded in the system to retain the heat longer. The research was carried out in Langsa City, Aceh, Indonesia. The results showed that water heaters using CTC systems could produce 16 L of hot water retained at 40–60 °C for four hours. With the addition of beeswax, the water temperature of the same capacity can be maintained at 40–60 °C for around 5 h. This technology demonstrated an excellent result that produces as much as 60 L of water per day, increasing solar thermal energy efficiency. This technology presented a great potential for replication or even for further development on an industrial scale.

Mechanical, barrier, thermal, and microstructural properties of poly (lactic acid) and gelatin–beeswax emulsion bi‐layer films

In this study, biodegradable bi-layer films from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and bovine gelatin (BG)–beeswax emulsion were produced. PLA film was used as first layer, while BG containing beeswax at 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1% was the second layer, and optical, mechanical, barrier, thermal, and microstructural properties were characterized. The increasing beeswax concentration significantly increased the color difference (ΔE) and opacity of films, whereas decreased the light transmittance. Although tensile strength (TS) values decreased with the addition of beeswax, elongation at break (EAB) values increased. The highest oxygen permeability was observed from PLA film and production of bi-layer film significantly decreased the oxygen permeability. Microstructural images of bi-layer films containing 0.25 and 0.50% beeswax had good compatibility; however, increasing beeswax concentration to 0.75 and 1% weakened the interfacial adhesion of layers. PLA coated with BG–beeswax emulsions enhances the suitability of PLA films for food packaging applications. Novelty impact statement Poly (lactic acid) film was coated with gelatin–beeswax emulsion films to produce bi-layer films with low oxygen permeability. Gelatin–beeswax emulsion as outer layer improved the oxygen barrier properties of inner PLA layer. The production of PLA–gelatin/beeswax emulsion bi-layer films could be valuable for food packaging applications due to low water vapor and oxygen permeability.