Suet Research Articles

Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profile of Eggs from Pasture-Raised Hens Fed a Corn- and Soy-Free Diet and Supplemented with Grass-Fed Beef Suet and Liver.

There is increasing interest in using grass-fed beef (GFB) by-products to augment the nutrient profile of eggs among local pasture-raising systems in the US. The objective of this study was to characterize egg yolk fatty acid and antioxidant profiles using eggs from pasture-raised hens fed a corn- and soy-free diet and supplemented with GFB suet and liver compared to eggs from pasture-raised hens fed a corn and soy layer hen feed and commercially obtained cage-free eggs. The egg yolk vitamin and mineral profile was also assessed by a commercial laboratory. Both pasture-raised groups had twice as much carotenoid content, three times as much omega-3 fatty acid content, and a 5-10 times lower omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio compared to the cage-free eggs (p < 0.001). Eggs from hens fed a corn- and soy-free feed and GFB by-products had half as much omega-6 fatty acid content and five times more conjugated linoleic acid, three times more odd-chain fatty acid, and 6-70 times more branched-chain fatty acid content (p < 0.001). Feeding pasture-raised hens GFB suet and liver reduces agricultural waste while producing improved egg products for consumers, but further research is needed to quantify optimal supplementation levels and the efficacy of corn- and soy-free diets.

Effects of Grass-Fed Beef Suet and Liver Supplementation on Fatty Acid and Nutrient Profile of Chicken Eggs

ObjectivesThe nutrient composition of chicken eggs can be manipulated by altering the composition of layer hen feeds and adding supplements to chicken diets. Current nutrition guidelines recommend consuming diets with less saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and a lower omega-6: omega-3 (n-6: n-3) ratio to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease. There has been interest in utilizing the byproducts of grass-fed systems to reduce the SFA content and n-6: n-3 ratio of eggs in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the FA and nutrient profile of pasture-raised chicken eggs supplemented with grass-fed beef suet and liver (n = 6) to pasture-raised chicken eggs fed a standard non-GMO layer hen feed (n = 6) and cage-free chicken eggs from a local grocery store (n = 6). MethodsEgg samples were collected and lyophilized prior to analysis. FA profiles were determined by microwave-assisted lipid extraction, acid-base methylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Total carotenoids were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and total phenolic content was measured using a microplate reader and compared to a gallic acid standard. Vitamin and mineral content were assessed by a commercial laboratory. FA profiles of the layer hen feeds and the grass-fed beef suet and liver were also quantified. ResultsThere was no significant difference in total SFA among the three groups of eggs (P = 0.787). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) and the n-6: n-3 ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the chicken eggs supplemented with grass-fed beef suet and liver. Total carotenoid content was significantly greater in eggs supplemented with grass-fed beef suet and liver compared to the eggs from the grocery store (P < 0.001), but total phenolic content was significantly lower (P = 0.012). Vitamin B1, B3, B5, B12, and K1 content were significantly different among groups (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThese results indicate that supplementing chicken diets with grass-fed beef suet and liver increases the CLA content and decreases the n-6: n-3 ratio in eggs without influencing the SFA content. In addition, the diet also influenced egg nutrient and phenolic profile. Funding SourcesThe Cure AMD Foundation provided funding for the vitamin and mineral analysis.

Cookbooks for Making History: As Sources for Historians and as Records of the Past

Cookbooks for Making History: As Sources for Historians and as Records of the Past

Preparation and characterization of control materials for the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-vaccenic acid in beef

Beef and beef fat control composites (CC) were prepared for a large multi-year study of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) in beef. Raw ground beef and beef suet were each frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder, dispensed into subsamples, and stored at − 60 °C under nitrogen. The CCs, reference materials (beef/pork fat; meat homogenate), and standards prepared at two concentrations of CLA and TVA added to a total lipid extract of beef (differing by 0.27 g/100 g CLA and 1.2432 g/100 g TVA) were analyzed via alkaline saponification of lipids, derivatization to fatty acid methyl esters, and GC. CLA and TVA recoveries from the standards were 95–113% (CLA) and 103–106% (TVA). Fatty acids quantified in the reference materials were within the certified ranges. Relative standard deviations ( n = 3 in each of 5 assay batches) were < 5% (TVA) and < 10% (CLA) for both CCs, at both laboratories.

Reduction of cholesterol in beef suet using lecithin

Dietary fats have been implicated in the progression of coronary heart disease (CHD), and cholesterol-lowering procedures have attracted much attention since the link between cholesterol and CHD was established. This study aims to investigate the cholesterol-lowering effect of soybean lecithin on bleached and deodorized beef suet, a slaughterhouse by-product. Beef suet was bleached, deodorized and subjected to lecithin treatment, and the effects of lecithin-to-suet ratio, stirring time, stirring rate, and lecithin-to-water ratio on cholesterol reduction were investigated. Bleaching and deodorization, increasing of lecithin to-suet ratio, stirring rate, and stirring time up to 1.5 h elicited a linear reduction in cholesterol content, although further stirring showed no evidence of significant cholesterol reduction. In addition, different lecithin-to-water ratios did not show significant effect on cholesterol removal content. In all, up to 54.8% of bleached and deodorized beef suet cholesterol was reduced by lecithin treatment. Moreover, treatment with lecithin demonstrated an increase in suet-free fatty acids and color value with no effect on peroxide value. In conclusion, our observations suggest lecithin treatment as an appropriate method to reduce cholesterol in beef suet.

The Effect of Meal Composition on Specific Dynamic Action in Burmese Pythons (Python molurus)

We quantified the specific dynamic action (SDA) resulting from the ingestion of various meal types in Burmese pythons (Python molurus) at 30 degrees C. Each snake was fed a series of experimental meals consisting of amino acid mixtures, simple proteins, simple or complex carbohydrates, or lipids as well as meals of whole animal tissue (chicken breast, beef suet, and mouse). Rates of oxygen consumption were measured for approximately 4 d after feeding, and the increment above standard metabolic rate was determined and compared to energy content of the meals. While food type (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid) had a general influence, SDA was highly dependent on meal composition (i.e., amino acid composition and carbohydrate structure). For chicken breast and simple carbohydrates, the SDA coefficient was approximately one-third the energetic content of the meal. Lard, suet, cellulose, and starch were not digested and did not produce measurable SDA. We conclude that the cost of de novo protein synthesis is an important component of SDA after ingestion of protein meals because (1) simple proteins, such as gelatin and collagen, did not stimulate levels of SDA attained after consumption of complete protein, (2) incomplete mixtures of amino acids failed to elicit the SDA of a complete mixture, and (3) the inhibition of de novo protein synthesis with the drug cycloheximide caused a more than 70% decrease in SDA. Stomach distension and mechanical digestion of intact prey did not cause measurable SDA.

The effects of dietary lipids on adrenergically-stimulated lipolysis in perinodal adipose tissue following prolonged activation of a single lymph node

The effects of feeding beef suet (mostly saturated and monoenoic fatty acids), sunflower oil (rich inn-6 fatty acids) and fish oil (rich inn-3 fatty acids) on the response of mesenteric, omental, popliteal and perirenal adipocytes to experimentally-induced local inflammation were studied in adult guinea pigs. After 6 weeks on the experimental diets, the animals were fed standard chow, and lipopolysaccharide was injected unilaterally daily for 4 d to induce swelling of one popliteal lymph node. Basal lipolysis in the perinodal adipocytes of all depots studied was higher in the sunflower oil-fed animals than in the controls fed on standard chow, and lower in those fed on suet or fish oil. Dietary lipids altered rates of lipolysis during incubation with 10-5M noradrenaline in all samples studied from the locally-activated popliteal depot, but only in adipocytes within 5 mm of a large lymph node in the other depots. The fish-oil diet attenuated the spread of increased lipolysis within the locally-activated popliteal adipose tissue, and from this depot to other node-containing depots. These experiments show thatn-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote andn-3 fatty acids suppress the spread of immune activation to adipocytes within and between depots, and alter the sensitivity of perinodal adipocytes to noradrenaline. Dietary effects are reduced or absent in adipocytes in sites remote from lymph nodes, and thus such samples do not adequately represent processes in perinodal adipose tissue. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that perinodal adipocytes interact with adjacent lymphoid cells during immune responses.

Oxidation of garbage in supercritical water

In the present study, 17 kinds of organic materials selected from groups of vegetable, meat, fat and fish as main components of garbage were oxidized with H2O2, using a batch reactor system under the condition of supercritical water, in order to treat organic wastes of high water content and low calorific value. It was found that they were easily oxidized, and remarkable influence of the kind of material in each group on the TOC decomposition was not recognized, but meats, fats and fishes, especially beef suet, were more difficult to be oxidized than vegetables. The residual intermediate product was acetic acid in reactions of one minute at 400°C for all materials. Based on this result, the rate expression for supercritical water oxidation of acetic acid was determined.

Kinetics of oxidation of food wastes with H 2O 2 in supercritical water

In this study, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of carrots and beef suet was carried out in a batch reactor system with an H 2O 2 oxidant, at a temperature between 400 and 450°C and reaction times from 10 s to 10 min. The results showed that the oxidative decomposition of carrots and beef suet proceeded rapidly and a high total organic carbon (TOC) decomposition of up to 97.5% was obtained within 3 min at 420°C for carrots and within 5 min at 450°C for beef suet when there was a sufficient supply of oxygen. It was also found that the oxidation reaction for both carrots and beef suet might be separated into a fast reaction at the early stage and a slow reaction at the later stage. In the later stage following the early stage reaction, acetic acid, which is a fairly stable product of the early stage reaction, is the reactant and the rate of overall oxidation reaction for complete decomposition is dominated by the later stage reaction. Global kinetic analysis based on the model described above showed that the early stage oxidative reaction of beef suet could be considered as a first-order reaction with respect to the concentration of organic carbon. The activation energy was 37.3 kJ mol −1. Oxidation of acetic acid could also be expressed as a first-order reaction, and the activation energy was 106.5 kJ mol −1. The early stage oxidation reaction of carrots was too fast to be analyzed. On the basis of intermediate products identified, reaction pathways were discussed. For carrots, polysaccharides may first be hydrolyzed to glucose and then oxidation of the glucose may take place. For beef suet, glyceride is first hydrolyzed to glycerin and carboxylic acids corresponding to the components of glyceride, followed by consecutive reactions for oxidative decomposition.

牛脂の超臨界水湿式酸化により生成する酢酸からの酢酸カルシウムの生成 生ごみの超臨界水湿式酸化により生成する酢酸の利用 Ｉ

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an attractive alternative mean for treatment of organic wastes of high water contents. However, for most of organic compounds, acetic acid is a stable intermediate product, and a high reaction temperature or catalyst is required for its complete decomposition. In this study, a new method of utilization, rather than decomposition, of residual acetic acid produced by supercritical water oxidation of beef suet was investigated. That is, the residual acetic acid was converted into (CH3COO)2Ca, which can be used as a deicer to reduce environmental pollution problems caused by the road deicing salts (NaCl and CaCl2) presently available. Results showed that acetic acid of high concentration (6,000 mg / l) and relatively high purity was obtained under the condition of 400 °C of reaction temperature, 30 seconds of reaction time and 150 % of H2O2 supply, and 97 % of residual acetic acid was covered to (CH3COO) 2Ca by adding Ca(OH)2 or CaCO3 in the both cases of its addition before and after the oxidation reaction. However, in the former case, when excess Ca(OH)2 or CaCO 3 was added, some products by thermal decomposition and hydrolysis appeared, and production of acetic acid decreased.

Granulocyte Marker Protein Is Increased in Stools from Rats with Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Cancer

Background: We wanted to investigate the relationship between the fecal levels of granulocyte marker protein (GMP) and the presence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colorectal cancer in rats given injections of azoxymethane (AOM) and fed either of two different diets, a basal diet plus 20% corn oil or 20% beef suet, respectively. Methods: The rats received intraperitoneal injections of AOM, 15 mg/kg, once weekly for 6 weeks and were killed after 22 weeks. Results: In the group fed beef suet 17 of 19 rats developed colon cancer, whereas in the group fed corn oil 4 of 14 rats developed cancer. None of the 20 control rats fed either the beef suet or corn oil diets developed cancer or aberrant crypts, and GMP remained unchanged. Surprisingly, the numbers of ACF were significantly higher (467 versus 295; P = 0.004) in the group fed corn oil than in the group fed beef suet. On the other hand, the size (crypts/focus) of the ACF was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in the beef suet group. Furthermore, fecal GMP was significantly higher in the beef suet group than in the corn oil group after 18 weeks, and this difference increased further toward the end of the study. GMP was greatly increased in all rats with colorectal cancer. Conclusions: Fecal GMP may have provided us with a valuable tool for further studies of the induction and progression of neoplasia in rats and, possibly, in mice, since the anti-GMP antibody cross-reacts with feces extracts from mice.

Spontaneous development of fatty liver in ferrets in a toxicology study

Ferrets were maintained for 12 months on different diets (A, meat and biscuit; B, all meat; C, meat and fish; D, high fibre) to ascertain the cause of spontaneous development of fatty liver. High hepatic triglyceride contents resulted on diets B = C > D; whereas ferrets on diet A (control) showed no accumulation of lipid in liver. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were unchanged by diet. These ferrets (F 0 generation) were mated with ferrets on the same diet and the offspring (F 1 generation), maintained on the same diets as the parents, were killed at 12 months and the livers studied similarly. Histology showed that hepatic lipid accumulation in the F 1 generation was identical with that in the same dietary groups of the F 0 generation; liver glutathione (GSH) reductase and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (an index of lipid peroxidation) were increased in ferrets maintained on diets B, C and D; liver GSH concentration and GSH peroxidase activities were unchanged. Other ferrets fed a high-fat diet (diet A plus 20% w/w beef suet) for 18 days exhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and decreased hepatic cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl CoA oxidation (−30%), but hepatic lauric acid hydroxylation and carnitine acyl transferase activities were unchanged. These data indicate that ferrets on high-fat diets show no increased rates of liver fatty acid oxidation, as seen in rats, but instead accumulate triglyceride in the liver with some degree of lipid peroxidation.

Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene : L-K. SU ET AL. Science 256, 668–670

Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene : L-K. SU ET AL. Science 256, 668–670

Inhibiton ofexperimental colorectal carcinogenesis by dietary N-6 polyunsaturated fats

The influence of dietary fats on azoxymethane-induced colorectal carcinogenesis and erythrocyte, adipose, colon mucosa and tumour tissue fatty acids was investigated in 228 Wistar rats. The two main diets compared were beef suet rich in saturated fatty acids and corn oil rich in a linoleic acid, an N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The animals were placed in one of four dietary groups: A = 5% saturated fat, B = 20% saturated fat, C = 5% N-6 fat and D = 20% N-6 fat. There was no difference in the number of adenomas between any of the dietary groups. The mean (+/- SEM) carcinoma yield per rat was A = 0.93 +/- 0.28, B = 1.93 +/- 0.50, C = 0.70 +/- 0.07, D = 0.13 +/- 0.04; the tumour yields in rats fed the saturated fat diets were significantly different from each other and from those fed the N-6 fat diets. The fatty acid profiles in all tissues were dependent upon the type and level of dietary fat and the tissue type. Arachidonate was higher in tumours compared to normal mucosa. Significant correlations were found between adipose linoleate (reflecting dietary intake) and tumour oleate and tumour arachidonate but not with the colorectal mucosa of control animals. This is the first in vivo study to show reduced colorectal carcinogenesis by N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

THE GREEKS HAVE A WORD FOR IT …

Margarine was invented by the French chemist, Mège Mouriés, and patented by him in 1869. This new product, which Mouriés made with beef suet and skimmed milk as the main ingredients, came at a time of severe food shortages in Europe and particularly in the France of Napoleon III. It was a much needed lower cost substitute for scarce butter, and it virtually remained as a butter substitute until some years after the second world war.

An Experimental Analysis of Mixed‐Species Flocking in Birds of Deciduous Woodland

Two general models have been developed concerning the adaptive advantage of participating in mixed—species foraging groups. One model emphasizes the increased feeding efficiency to be obtained in heterospecific groups, while the other model advances the antipredator advantages of participation in such species complexes. From these models, two conflicting predictions were made about the consequences of providing a superabundant of food resource to birds that normally engage in mixed—species flocking. We tested these predictions over the course of two winters birds in two central Ohio woodlots, provisioning one of the two woodlots with a superabundant supply of sunflower seeds and beef suet during the second winter of the study. In addition, we examined the effects of added food on the density of bird species, and on the size and composition of heterospecific flocks. Carolina Chickadees, White—breasted Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, Tufted Titmice, and Downy Woodpeckers all exhibited significant decreases in mixed—species flocking in the area with added food relative to the controls. These results reject protection from predators as a sufficient cause for mixed—species flocking, and support the view that either increased feeding efficiency alone or feeding efficiency and predation protection in combination cause animals to forage in mixed—species groups.

Recipes for an Antarctic cook

The meat of young shags, seals and penguins makes excellent eating but, in the natural state, it is rather too highly flavoured to be palatable. It should therefore be washed thoroughly and hung in the fresh air for a few days, or in the case of shags for a couple of weeks, before cooking. It is further improved by blanching; this consists of putting the meat in cold water, bringing the water to the boil, then removing the meat and washing it.Remove all blubber before cooking. Always use beef suet in cooking these meats.

Diastolic hypertension produced by high fat diets and dietary stresses.

SummaryFour normal adult dogs were subjected to rather intense dietary stresses and irregularities over a prolonged period of time. Basically these dietary manipulations consisted of the following: (1) A prolonged preliminary fast followed by realimentation with diets containing 50 to 70% of the calories from beef suet and butter and fed at a level of from 60 to 120 cal/M2/hr. These “fat episodes” were repeated 6 times in 14 months in the first experimental period and 3 times in 10 months during the second experimental period. (2) The production of marked obesity by a high calory diet. (3) A long period on a low calory diet of raw horse meat which caused marked weight loss. (4) Return to the normal kennel diet. As a result of these dietary manipulations, the animals gradually developed a highly significant diastolic hypertension which is still present while on the normal kennel diet approximately 34 months after the end of the last fat episode of Experimental Period I.

Notes and Blood Data on Some Small Mammals of Durham County, North Carolina

These data were gathered during the investigation of another problem (Foreman, J. Cell, and Comp. Physiol. 44: 421–430,1954). The trapping was conducted with the sole aim of collecting, alive, specimens of as many of the indigenous species of small mammals as possible. The rodents were of primary interest, and the author sought as many different habitat types as he could find in the area. Those trap sites that happened to yield a species poorly represented in the area were trapped repeatedly. Each trap was set where it was thought to be most likely to catch the desired species, and no effort was made to take random samples or otherwise measure relative or absolute population densities. The traps were made of 3/16” wire mesh, and the doors and rocking type treadles were made of thin galvanized iron. The traps were 3.5” × 3.5” × 12”. The bait used was a mixture of rolled oats and peanut butter; occasionally a little beef suet was added. Most of the trapping was done in the Duke University Forests, but some sites were selected at other places in the county. The trapping …

A substance in animal tissues which stimulates ketone-body excretion.

IT has been known for many years that the glycosuria of clinical diabetes can be prevented by feeding a very high fat diet. Petren1 showed that if the fat content of the diet was sufficiently great and if the protein content was restricted, the ketosis of diabetes could likewise be abolished. This observation was confirmed by Marks and Young2 in dogs rendered permanently diabetic by the injection of anterior pituitary extract. They showed not only that a diet consisting entirely of beef suet produced a remission of diabetic glycosuria and ketonuria, but also that the addition of raw horse meat to such a diet caused an exacerbation of ketone body excretion. They were able to extract the factor in the horse meat responsible for the ketonuria and demonstrated that this material was not present in significant quantities in casein. Burn, Lewis and Kelsey3 showed that alloxan-diabetic rats could be maintained without glycosuria on a high fat diet. Born-stein and Nelson4 extended these observations and noted that alloxan-diabetic rats exhibiting ketonuria on moderately high fat diets ceased to excrete ketone bodies when the fat content of the diet exceeded 70 per cent. Lazaris and Brzezhinskaya5 demonstrated that the critical factor in the ketosis of diabetic rats on a high fat diet was the presence or absence of animal protein in the diet. When ‘albumenous’ material was added to the diet, ketosis ensued, whereas other dietary constituents had no ketogenic effect.