Beef Liver Research Articles

Effect of ultrasound and enzymatic pre-treatments on the profile of bioactive peptides of beef liver hydrolysates

The use of meat by-products as a potential source of protein hydrolysates rich in bioactive peptides is of growing interest to valorise these products and improve their sustainable use. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different pre-treatments (hydrolysis with pepsin, ultrasounds, and ultrasounds-assisted pepsin hydrolysis) on the peptide profile and bioactivity of beef liver hydrolysed with flavourzyme. The pre-treatments with pepsin increased the degree of hydrolysis and generation of free amino acids in the liver hydrolysates, whereas the subsequent hydrolysis with flavourzyme influenced the molecular weight distribution of the peptides. Samples pre-treated with pepsin and ultrasounds-assisted pepsin hydrolysates showed the highest values of antioxidant and inhibitory activity of ACE-I, ECE-I, DPP-IV, and neprilysin enzymes, and therefore these hydrolysates were characterised to obtain the bioactive peptide profiles. A total of 995 peptides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry in the most active fractions separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and 20 of them were predicted as potentially responsible for the observed bioactivities and subsequently characterised by in silico tools. These results evidenced the potential of hydrolysis pre-treatments with pepsin and ultrasounds-assisted pepsin to obtain beef liver hydrolysates rich in bioactive peptides that could exert multifunctional bioactivities such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic, while giving added value to this meat by-product.

Nutrient Analysis of Raw United States Beef Offal Items.

Nutrient composition of beef offal was evaluated to expand availability of nutrient data for the following beef items: beef heart, liver, kidney, tongue, honeycomb tripe, oxtail, marrow bones, testicles, and blood. These items are consumed both domestically and internationally, with significant regional variations that can be contributed to unique cultural meals and dietary patterns. Standardized procedures were used to dissect and homogenize beef offal samples. Nutrient analysis occurred at United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service-approved laboratories using validated methods and standards. Each of the offal items in the study qualified for at least one "Good Source" or "Excellent Source" nutrient labeling claim as defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration, based on composition of the separable lean component. This study provides analytically derived nutrient information for U.S. beef offal items. The results reflect that these products could be beneficial in providing essential nutrients as a component of a healthy diet.

Evaluation of the contribution of media derived from various animal livers on the production of Lucilia sericata

The effects of liver from different animals and agar- media on the production of Lucilia sericata (Meigen 1826) larvae were investigated to determine the best medium for producing larvae for wound therapy. The research was conducted in two phases. The best liver for generating L. sericata larvae was determined in the first phase, using media with beef, porcine, lamb, and chicken livers gelled with agar. In the first phase of the research, it was established that chicken liver was acceptable since the number of flies emerging from puparia was the highest at 80.75%. The preparation and content of the best medium for developing L. sericata larvae were determined in the second phase using chicken liver, raw, cooked, agar, and agar+salt. The number of flies emerging from puparia on the medium with chicken liver + salt + agar was 95.7% in the second phase, followed by 95% of flies coming out of the pupa in the medium prepared with chicken liver and agar. Finally, as the number of flies developing in these two mediums was not significantly different, we believe that the chicken liver and agar medium are most suitable for developing larvae.

Development Modeling of Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

A series of experiments were conducted on Phormia regina, a forensically important blow fly species, that met the requirements needed to create statistically valid development models. Experiments were conducted over 11 temperatures (7.5 to 32.5 °C, at 2.5 °C intervals) with a 16:8 L:D cycle. Experimental units contained 20 eggs, 10 g of beef liver, and 2.5 cm of sand. Each life stage (egg to adult) had five sampling times. Each sampling time was replicated four times for a total of 20 measurements per life stage. For each sampling time, the cups were pulled from the chambers, and the stage of each maggot was documented morphologically through posterior spiracular slits and cephalopharyngeal development. Data were normally distributed with the later larval (L3m) and pupation stages having the most variation within and transitioning between stages, particularly between 12.5 °C and 20.0 °C. The biological minimum was between 10.0 °C and 12.5 °C, with little egg development and no egg emergence at 7.5 °C and no maturation past L1 at 10.0 °C. Phormia regina did not display increased mortality associated with the upper temperature of 32.5 °C. The development data generated illustrate the advantages of large data sets in modeling blow fly development and the need for curvilinear models in describing development at environmental temperatures near the biological minima and maxima.

Allergenic potency of various foods of mammalian origin in patients with α-Gal syndrome.

The α-Gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging allergy to mammalian food caused by IgE-mediated reactions to the carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). Mammalian food sources contain α-Gal, but the amount differs. The objective of this study was to investigate the allergenic potency of various foods of mammalian origin among AGS patients. Twenty-six AGS patients were included. Food extracts from innards, lean meats, processed meat products, milk, and whey were analyzed. Immunoblot, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and basophil activation test were used to determine the α-Gal content, characterize IgE binding, and assess foods' allergenicity. The determined amount of α-Gal, IgE reactivity to food extracts, and food extract potencies to activate patients' basophils correlated well with each other. Pork and beef kidney showed the highest allergenicity. Beef liver and bacon showed allergenicity comparable to that of lean meats. Game meat seemed to have a higher allergenic potency than meats from farm-raised animals. The processed meat products liver pâté and black pudding, despite lower α-Gal content, demonstrated moderate allergenicity. Milk showed the lowest allergenicity. IgE reactivity to food extracts was highly similar for all patients and strongly dominated by the α-Gal epitope. The allergenic potency of mammalian meat depends on the origin of the meat, the different cuts, and type of processing, with innards posing the greatest risk to AGS patients. Even processed mammalian meat constitutes a risk. Dairy products show the lowest risk. This study highlights the importance of analyzing even more foods to improve the management of AGS.

Modelling and numerical methods for identifying low-level adulteration in ground beef using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI)

Owing to the inherent characteristics of ground beef, adulteration presents a substantial risk for suppliers and consumers alike. This study developed a robust and novel method for identifying replacement fraud in ground beef with beef liver, beef heart, and pork using Near Infrared-Hyperspectral Imaging (NIR-HSI) coupled with chemometric and other statistical methods. More specifically, NIR-HSI provided an efficient and accurate means of identifying each type of adulteration using the classification model Genetic Algorithm (GA) - Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN), showing perfect sensitivity and specificity (a value of 1.00) for the calibration and the validation sets for all types of adulteration. As an alternative to chemometric analysis, Hyperspectral Imaging-Root Mean Square (HSI-RMS) value, based on the RMScut-off calculation, was determined to discriminate types of adulterations without the need of resource-intensive modelling. This HSI-RMS approach provides a simple-to-use method that avoids the complexity of HSI data processing and aims to directly understand the similarity between different spectra of one sample in the pixel level. Different types of adulteration show noticeable differences reflected in the HSI-RMS value (varying from 55 to 1439), which demonstrate the potential of HSI-RMS concept as a novel and valuable alternative for assessing the HSI data and facilitating the identification of adulterants.

Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Chicken Nuggets Supplemented with Beef and Chicken Livers.

This study explores the potential of utilizing meat byproducts, specifically chicken and beef liver, to enhance the nutritional value of processed foods like chicken nuggets. Proximate analysis was conducted on the livers, including moisture, ash, fat, and protein content, and degradation potential was observed. Antioxidant potential was analyzed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The total phenolic content (TPC), oxidative stability through peroxide value (POV), and free fatty acid (FFA) were performed to evaluate quality changes during seven-day storage. The radical scavenging activity showed that beef liver has excellent antioxidant capacity (61.55%- and 195.89-mM gallic acid equivalent for DPPH and TPC, respectively) compared to chicken liver and significantly increased the antioxidant potential of nuggets by 5%-10%. POV and FFA values increased with increased storage days for the liver and its incorporation in nuggets. However, the values remained under the 10 meq/kg threshold. Incorporating the livers into chicken nuggets led to a significant (p=0.000) improvement in nutritional content, particularly a 1.5%-2% increase in protein, with a similar increase in mineral content. Texture and sensory evaluations indicated favorable consumer acceptability for liver-enriched nuggets. Overall, this research shows the value of adding liver as a functional ingredient to enhance the nutritional profile of processed foods.

Zinc contents in foods and estimates of dietary intakes in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.

Zinc is one of human essential metals. In this study, 101 kinds of daily food for residents, including vegetables, aquatic food, meat, fruits, rice and cereal products, pulse food, dairy products and eggs, were collected at various agricultural markets and supermarkets in Guangzhou city, China, and their zinc contents were determined. The results showed oyster is most abundant in zinc (703.5 ± 25.6 mg/kg), followed by high-zinc milk powder (58.63 ± 0.90 mg/kg), pulse food, mutton, beef and pig liver with zinc contents above 30 mg/kg. The zinc contents of rice and cereal products, milk powder, poultry, pork, some aquatic food and eggs are also relatively high (>10 mg/kg), while vegetables and fruits have zinc contents significantly below 10 mg/kg. The daily zinc intake per person was determined by considering the zinc content of various food types and the dietary habits of specific demographic groups, resulting in 12.3 mg/day for the normal person, 11.2 mg/day for low-income individual, 12.3 mg/day for middle-income individual, 13.3 mg/day for high-income individual, 10.2 mg/day for older individual, 12.9 mg/day for factory worker, 11.5 mg/day for college student, and 8.4 mg/day for kindergarten child. The reference values of zinc intake recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society were used to evaluate the zinc intake of Guangzhou residents, showing that the residents' zinc intake is generally sufficient and not necessary to use zinc supplementation. Income, age and occupation could have posed influence on dietary intake of zinc.

A preliminary study of carrion insects in Greece and their attraction to three animal baits: a forensic entomology perspective.

The current study provides data on the composition of the dipteran and coleopteran fauna attracted to three different animal baits (chicken stomach, beef liver, fish) in the urban ecosystem of Athens, Greece. An additional objective was to examine the effect of bait choice by the collected taxa. Three trap locations were established within the Agricultural University of Athens. At each location two different types of baited traps were used to capture and record the local dipteran and coleopteran biodiversity. During the sampling period, a total of 2416 dipteran and coleopteran specimens representing 43 species were collected and identified. The three most abundant dipteran taxa were Sarcophaga sp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The results showed that the structure of the local insect community associated with the decomposition of animal baits depends on the bait used for sampling. This study reinforced the feasibility of using animal tissues as attractants to a wide diversity of medical, parasitological and forensically important taxa. Overall, beef liver attracted the most insects with Diptera preferring beef liver and Coleoptera preferring chicken stomach. Furthermore, this study revealed that baits of one animal tissue did not attract all species but in combination a much better understanding of this biodiversity was achieved. Finally, from a forensic entomology perspective this study highlights the lack of understanding of the value of entomological data related to case work in Greece.

Deep eutectic solvents vs. Aqueous acids in metal extraction from animal tissues

This study is the first to thoroughly compare the efficiency of ultrasonic extraction of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn) from solid-phase food products using acidic deep eutectic solvents and saturated aqueous solutions of these acids (lactic, citric, tartaric, glycolic, malonic, malic). Atomic emission spectral analysis with inductively coupled plasma is used for the sensitive and selective determination of metals in extracts. The work shows that eutectic solutions more effectively extract all the studied metals compared to aqueous solutions of acids (extraction efficiency of 85–95 %), which is comparable to the results obtained with complete mineralization of the sample using microwave mineralization. However, the proposed procedure is much more environmentally friendly, since it does not require oxidizing mixtures and does not generate dangerous nitrogen oxides. The highest extraction efficiency is achieved when using lactic acid. Also, in the work, the extraction mechanism was studied for the first time, and the contribution of choline chloride to the extraction efficiency was demonstrated. The proposed method made it possible to determine metals at a level from 0.33 to 0.8 mg kg−1, and was used to analyze real samples of chicken meat and certified reference material of beef liver.

Behavioral report of Chrysomya rufifacies in response to substrate infestation by Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina using a tetrahedron olfactometer device.

Calliphoridae are widespread globally and can inhabit a variety of habitats. In this brief report, we assessed the appeal of Chrysomya rufifacies to resources that were previously inhabited by Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina, both common carrion colonizers. Two hundred adult male and female (1:1) C. rufifacies were released under controlled conditions into clear plastic cages (45 x 45 x 45 cm) with four types of substrates: beef-liver; liver with 100 third-instar larvae of L. cuprina; (III) liver containing 100 third-instar larvae of L. sericata; and liver containing 100 third-instar larvae of C. rufifacies. Each substrate was left in place for 24 hours at the end of a tube connected to the cage, where sticky traps were positioned to capture flies that might have been attracted to a specific substrate. The results indicate variations in the attraction of flies to different types of livers colonized by larvae of various species. It is suggested that flies may have specific preferences depending on the species of larvae present in the substrate. The liver without larvae was the preferred choice, while beef liver with C. rufifacies larvae was the least attractive. Results of statistical tests indicated that there is independence between attractiveness preference and the presence of C. rufifacies flies. Although there is a trend among certain levels of the variables in the correspondence analysis, these relationships are not statistically significant. However, they indicate specific patterns of association between different groups of flies and species of larvae. This study demonstrated that C. rufifacies does not show reduced attraction to any of the resources. A tetrahedron olfactometer device has been used for the first time in a behavioral study of C. rufifacies flies. This may enable future studies to enhance the understanding of fly behavior.

Campylobacter species and genotype distribution in Finnish beef liver – Retail liver juice ideal for isolation and quantification

Campylobacteriosis, primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, is the main bacterial zoonosis worldwide. While poultry is recognized as the main reservoir, bovines are considered another important reservoir for Campylobacter spp. found in human infections. In contrast to chicken, retail beef is seldom contaminated by Campylobacter species. However, beef liver is recognized to be frequently contaminated and has been linked to human infections via epidemiological investigations. Our aims were to evaluate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. inside and on the surface of beef liver pieces at retail in Finland and to analyse the population in more detail using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the public health relevance. A total of 90 retail beef livers were studied using both enrichment of the external peptone-saline rinse of the liver piece and direct culture from the inside after surface sterilization. Furthermore, 46 of the livers were also studied using direct culture of retail beef liver juice collected from the bottom of the consumer package to estimate the concentration of Campylobacter species. Overall, 44 (49 %) of the samples were positive for Campylobacter species, C. jejuni, C. fetus and C. lari being identified in 42 %, 8.9 % and 1.1 % of the samples, respectively. Direct culture of retail liver juice was a sensitive and convenient method for Campylobacter spp. detection, resulting in 48 % prevalence and a mean concentration of 49 cfu/ml (maximum 335 cfu/ml). Two samples (2.2 %), containing large hepatic ducts, were positive for C. jejuni internally, representing multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence type ST-19 and ST-21. WGS, core genome phylogeny and core genome MLST revealed that in most cases only one clearly distinct clone of clinically relevant C. jejuni or C. fetus was isolated from a single lot of samples. However, in some cases several distinct clones were identified simultaneously even from a single liver piece. In epidemiological investigations, it is thus highly advisable to genotype multiple isolates to capture the whole diversity of Campylobacter spp. from suspected food sources. Good kitchen hygiene, avoidance of cross-contamination and thorough cooking are important for limiting the transmission of campylobacteriosis.

Effects of larval diets on some biological parameters and morphometric and biochemical analysis of ovaries of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The effects of three larval diets (beef meat, chicken meat, and beef liver) on development of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) were evaluated. Egg hatching rates were higher on chicken meat and beef meat (99.5%) than on beef liver (96.5%). Pupation success was higher on chicken meat (99.0%) and beef meat (98.0%) than on beef liver (87.1%). Adult emergence rates were higher in flies reared on chicken meat (99.0%) and beef meat (98.5%) than on beef liver (93.5%). Proportions of female flies were somewhat higher in flies reared on chicken meat or beef meat (54-56% female) than on beef liver (52.5%). Flies that were reared on chicken meat and beef meat had shorter egg-adult development times (16.3 days) than flies reared on beef liver (18.5 days), and the generation time of flies reared on chicken meat or beef meat (51-52 days) was several days shorter than flies reared on beef liver (54 days). Flies reared on chicken meat had larger ovaries and more ovarioles per ovary when larvae were reared on chicken than flies reared on beef meat or beef liver. The ovaries of flies reared on chicken meat had significantly higher amounts of protein (21 mg/g body weight) than flies reared on beef liver (12 mg). Analysis of the larval diets showed that beef liver had the lowest amounts of protein and carbohydrate of the three tested diets, whereas the amounts of lipids did not differ among the diets.

Effects of Salt Soaking Treatment on the Deodorization of Beef Liver and the Flavor Formation of Beef Liver Steak.

In this study, based on the evaluation of fishy value and sensory evaluation, this study determined that soaking in a 1% salt solution for 60 min had a significant impact on the deodorization of beef liver (p < 0.05). The results showed that salt infiltration promoted the release of fishy substances, improving the edible and processing performance of beef liver. The identification of flavor compounds in raw and roasted beef liver via GC-IMS implies that (E)-2-octenal-M, (E)-3-penten-2-one-M, ethyl acetate-M, ethyl acetate-D, and methanethiol are closely related to improving the flavor of beef liver; among them, (E)-2-octenal-M, (E)-3-penten-2-one-M, and methanethiol can cause beef liver odor, while nonanal-M, octanal-M, benzene acetaldehyde, n-hexanol-D, butyl propanoate-M, heptanal-D, heptanal-M, and 3-methylthiopropanal-M had significant effects on the flavor formation of beef liver steak. The determination of reducing sugars revealed that salt soaking had no significant effect on the reducing sugar content of beef liver, and the beef liver steak was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), proving that reducing sugars promoted the formation of beef liver steak flavor under roasting conditions. Fatty acid determination revealed that salt soaking significantly reduced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef liver (p < 0.05), promoting the process of fat degradation and volatile flavor production in the beef liver steak. Salt plays a prominent role in salting-out and osmosis during deodorization and flavor improvement. Through controlling important biochemical and enzymatic reactions, the release of flavor substances in a food matrix was increased, and a good deodorization effect was achieved, which lays a foundation for further research on the deodorization of beef liver and the flavor of beef liver steak.

Совместное использование ультразвуковой обработки и электрического поля СВЧ при дефростации мясного сырья

Purpose. Combined use of ultrasonic and microwave treatment potential evaluation in the meat raw materials defrosting in terms of efficiency and impact on functional and technological properties. Materials and Methods. Defrosting and evaluation of organoleptic and functional-technological properties of meat raw materials samples were performed in conditions of the complex analytical laboratory of Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production. Analyses of qualitative characteristics were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods in the food industry and actual national standards. The objects of the study were frozen samples of lean pork, сhicken breast meat, pork heart, beef liver. Results. In the research, a defrosting meat raw materials method, based on successive processing with microwave fields and ultrasonic vibrations in a solution of sodium chloride was studied. To obtain relevant results, other methods of defrosting frozen meat raw materials used in the food industry were also analyzed. It was found that the combined effect of the microwave electromagnetic field and ultrasonic treatment in an aqueous medium on meat raw materials in all the studied cases has a synergistic effect, thereby increasing the rate of defrosting. In comparison with the immersion method in meat raw materials located in the ultrasound field, moisture accumulation is slower. Supposedly, this occurs due to the hydration processes inhibition on the meat raw materials surface under the effect of ultrasonic cavitation in a liquid. Conclusion. The proposed method of defrosting can be considered promising in terms of reducing weight loss of meat raw materials. At the same time, ultrasonic treatment prevents the accumulation of excess moisture. Soaking in a solution of sodium chloride makes it possible to increase heat transfer and thereby avoid local overheating of the surface, and even increase the power of the microwave electromagnetic field. At the same time, this type of processing leads to a insignificant increase in hardness and darkening of the surface, which limits the raw materials possibilities use.

Effect of the combined use of monensin with virginiamycin or bacitracin on beef cattle performance, liver gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and intramuscular fat content

The objective was to evaluate the combined use of monensin with virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin on performance, serum D-lactate, feeding behavior, carcass traits, and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes over time in feedlot young bulls. Nellore × Angus (F1) young bulls (n = 72; BW 368 ± 16.3 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were stratified by BW and allotted into 18 pens with 4 animals each. Pens (6 pens per treatment) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: monensin (MON), monensin + zinc bacitracin (MONZB) and monensin + virginiamycin (MONVM). The doses of monensin, zinc bacitracin and virginiamycin were 18.9, 6.62 and 18.9 mg/kg DM of the diet, respectively. The diet consisted of 85% corn-based concentrate and 15% corn silage. The finishing phase was 109 days with the first 27 days for diet adaptation and the remaining 82 days for the finishing diet. Treatment additives did not affect body weight (BW), overall average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) or gain:feed (P ≥ 0.13). Animals fed MONVM had lesser (P = 0.03) intramuscular fat than those fed MON and MONZB. Serum D-lactate concentration was greater (P = 0.05) in MONVM animals than in MON and MONZB animals. In the liver, MONVM animals upregulated (P < 0.03) Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression compared with MON and MONZB. The expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) in LT tended to be decreased (P = 0.07) in MONVM animals than in MONZB. Animals fed MONVM downregulated (P = 0.03) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA) expression compared with those fed MON. In conclusion, these additives affect growth performance in different times during feedlot phase. The combined use of monensin and virginiamycin reduce lipogenesis and increase lipid oxidation, triggering lesser IMF deposition compared to monensin alone or combined with bacitracin.

Preparation of Complementary Food for Infants and Young Children with Beef Liver: Process Optimization and Storage Quality.

In this study, fuzzy mathematics and response surface modeling were applied to optimize the preparation process of beef liver paste and characterize the proximate composition, sensory and physicochemical qualities, and in vitro simulated digestive properties while refrigerated at 0-4 °C (0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days). The results showed that the optimal preparation process was 4.8% potato starch, 99.4% water, 10.2% olive oil, and a 3:2 ratio of chicken breast and beef liver. The beef liver paste prepared contained essential amino acids for infants and children, with a protein content of 10.29 g/100 g. During storage, the pH of the beef liver paste decreased significantly (p < 0.05) on day 7, texture and rheological properties decreased significantly after 30 days, a* values increased, L* and b* values gradually decreased, and TVB-N and TBARS values increased significantly (p < 0.05) on day 7 but were below the limit values during the storage period (TVB-N value ≤ 15 mg/100 g, TBARS value ≤ 1 mg/Kg). In vitro simulated digestion tests showed better digestibility and digestive characteristics in the first 15 days. The results of this study provide a reference for the development of beef liver products for infant and child supplementation.

Effect of Lorazepam on the Development of the Hairy Maggot Blow Fly, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart): Implication for Forensic Entomology.

Entomotoxicology is based on using insect evidence recovered from a dead body to find out the cause and time of the death. Drugs can accumulate in fly larvae when they ingest the flesh of deceased persons and alter the normal development of the fly causing implications in calculating postmortem intervals. Lorazepam is an antidepressant generally used to treat anxiety. Larvae of Chrysomya rufifacies were fed on the beef liver mixed with lorazepam to study the effect of lorazepam on the developmental rate of larvae and to count delay in postmortem interval. Larvae grown on the beef liver with different doses of lorazepam showed delayed development as compared to normal larvae. The life cycle durations in experimental cultures with different concentrations of lorazepam completed in 1 ppm (272.56 hrs), 2 ppm (289.23 hrs), 3 ppm (324.10 hrs), and 4 ppm (350.72 hrs), while in the control culture life cycle completed in 257.26 hrs. The length, weight, and width of the larvae treated with lorazepam were smaller than the untreated culture. Length, weight, and width decreased with increased concentration of lorazepam. This delay in development ultimately affects the postmortem interval. That is why prior knowledge of the life cycle of flies with respect to various drugs needs to be studied, and these baseline data can be used to calculate postmortem interval and cause of death.

The Physicochemical and Organoleptic Quality of Liver Nuggets with Corn Flour and Sago Flour

The study aims to determine the effect of using corn flour and sago flour on chicken liver nuggets and beef liver nuggets in terms of physicochemical and organoleptic quality. The materials used in the study were chicken liver, beef liver, sago flour, corn flour, chicken eggs, salt, garlic, pepper, and breadcrumbs. The research method used was a laboratory experiment with a nested Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was distinguished by several codes including CC: chicken liver+corn flour, CS: chicken liver+sago flour, BC: beef liver+corn flour, and BS: beef liver + sago flour. The variables analyzed were water content, water activity (Aw), carbohydrates, texture, and organoleptic tests.

CoFe2O4 decorated graphene/C18-functionalized mesoporous silica nanocomposites prepared for magnetic enrichment and electrochemical detection of promethazine in beef

Promethazine (PHZ) is used as a sedative in veterinary medicine, and its residue can threaten the health of human. The electrochemical detection of PHZ is suitable method for application in the field. However, the traditional electroanalysis is difficult to perform directly in meat samples due to matrix interference. This work integrates magnetic solid-phase extraction and differential pulse voltammetry for highly sensitive and selective determination of PHZ in beef and beef liver for the first time. CoFe2O4/graphene coated with C18-functionalized mesoporous silica (MG@mSiO2-C18) is synthesized as dispersed magnetic adsorbent to extract PHZ. Magnetic glassy carbon electrode modified with nitrogen-doped hollow carbon microspheres (HCM) attracts the MG@mSiO2-C18 with PHZ, and directly detects the PHZ without elution procedure. MG@mSiO2-C18 can separate PHZ to avoid the interference of impurities on following detection, and also concentrate PHZ on magnetic electrode. Additionally, the electrode modification with HCM can amplify the electrochemical signal of PHZ. Finally, the integrated PHZ determination method exhibits a wide linear range from 0.08 µmol/L to 300 µmol/L with a low limit of detection of 9.8 nmol/L. The beef sample analysis presents excellent recovery, demonstrating that this protocol is promising for the rapid and onsite detection of PHZ in real meat samples