Beef Liver Research Articles

Abstract 6332: Pegylated arginase isolated from beef liver tissue inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis & inhibits induced mammary tumors in human breast cancer in vitro & in vivo

Abstract Arginase, an enzyme of the urea cycle, converts L-arginine to L-ornithine, which is the precursor of polyamines that are essential components of cell proliferation. However, Arginine deprivation and Arginase clinical implications in human breast and liver cancers have not been fully elucidated. The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential role of the Arginine degrading enzyme, Arginase, on three cell lines; Luminal A breast cancer (T-47D), TNBC (MDA-MB-231), and HCC cell line, HepG2, respectively. Herein, Arginase was extracted and purified from the beef liver and its specific activity was 0.2 IU/mg protein yielded 49% compared to the crude beef liver Arginase. The purified Arginase is covalently bound via a succinamide propionic acid (SPA) linker to polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight 5,000 to enhance the half-life time compared to the native enzyme with a maximum specific activity between 37~55℃ and pH 7~9. The potential influence of extracted Peg-Arginase was examined on cell proliferation, clonogenic assays, morphological alteration, and oncogenic signaling pathways of STAT3, β-catenin, and miR-23a. Our data showed that Peg-Arginase treatment displayed a significant inhibition in cell proliferation and viability in a dose-dependent manner in both breast cancer cell lines, but not in HepG2 cells after 48h. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that Peg-Arginase induced apoptosis that was associated with cell morphological changes, histone release from fragmented DNA, caspase-3 activation in a dose-dependent manner after 48h, and cell cycle arrest at S and/or G2/M phases. Moreover, Peg-Arginase down-regulated miR-23a, STAT3, β-catenin, cyclin D1, and mutant p53 levels as well as increased p21and Bax, pro-apoptotic signal, in both breast cancer cells as determined by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. In vivo, the effects of native- and Peg-Arginase enzymes were examined on MNU-induced mammary tumors in Albino-Wister rats. Our data showed that 400 IU of native- or peg- Arginase twice per week for two weeks significantly inhibited the growth of MNU-induced mammary tumors by 58.8±4.1 % for peg-Arginase compared to 19.7±3.5 % for native-Arginase. Furthermore, the results also revealed a significant reduction in activities of ALT, AST, and ALP in the Peg-Arginase group compared to MNU untreated or native-Arginase groups, suggesting that Peg-Arginase may eliminate the hepatotoxic effect of the MNU. All in all, our results suggested that the arginine-depleting enzyme, Peg-Arginase, exerted an anticancer effect against both T-47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines through cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. Citation Format: Asmaa Ali, Omnia Ali, Doaa Othman, Ahmed Sultan. Pegylated arginase isolated from beef liver tissue inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis & inhibits induced mammary tumors in human breast cancer in vitro & in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6332.

Effects of Grass-Fed Beef Suet and Liver Supplementation on Fatty Acid and Nutrient Profile of Chicken Eggs

ObjectivesThe nutrient composition of chicken eggs can be manipulated by altering the composition of layer hen feeds and adding supplements to chicken diets. Current nutrition guidelines recommend consuming diets with less saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and a lower omega-6: omega-3 (n-6: n-3) ratio to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease. There has been interest in utilizing the byproducts of grass-fed systems to reduce the SFA content and n-6: n-3 ratio of eggs in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the FA and nutrient profile of pasture-raised chicken eggs supplemented with grass-fed beef suet and liver (n = 6) to pasture-raised chicken eggs fed a standard non-GMO layer hen feed (n = 6) and cage-free chicken eggs from a local grocery store (n = 6). MethodsEgg samples were collected and lyophilized prior to analysis. FA profiles were determined by microwave-assisted lipid extraction, acid-base methylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Total carotenoids were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and total phenolic content was measured using a microplate reader and compared to a gallic acid standard. Vitamin and mineral content were assessed by a commercial laboratory. FA profiles of the layer hen feeds and the grass-fed beef suet and liver were also quantified. ResultsThere was no significant difference in total SFA among the three groups of eggs (P = 0.787). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) and the n-6: n-3 ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the chicken eggs supplemented with grass-fed beef suet and liver. Total carotenoid content was significantly greater in eggs supplemented with grass-fed beef suet and liver compared to the eggs from the grocery store (P < 0.001), but total phenolic content was significantly lower (P = 0.012). Vitamin B1, B3, B5, B12, and K1 content were significantly different among groups (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThese results indicate that supplementing chicken diets with grass-fed beef suet and liver increases the CLA content and decreases the n-6: n-3 ratio in eggs without influencing the SFA content. In addition, the diet also influenced egg nutrient and phenolic profile. Funding SourcesThe Cure AMD Foundation provided funding for the vitamin and mineral analysis.

The Difference of Iron Level Based on the Cooking Time and Methods Applied on the Tempeh and Beef Liver: An Experimental Study

Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia, so it is necessary to consume adequate food sources of iron to prevent anemia. One way that can be used to fulfill iron intake is by minimize the loss of iron in the cooking process. Beef liver and tempeh are the common iron food sources in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the effect of cooking methods and cooking times on the iron levels of beef liver and tempeh. This study was an experimental. There are three cooking methods used in this study: boiling, boiling + stirring, and steaming, and two cooking times were applied for each treatment: 10 and 15 minutes. We were measured the iron level using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method. The study results showed that boiling decreased the iron content of tempeh and beef liver by a range of 22.43-34.61%, boiling+stirring decreased the iron content by a range of 42.24-49.64%, and steaming decreased the iron content by a range of 11.93-19.09%. Based on cooking time, cooking for 15 minutes showed a higher reduction in iron content than cooking for 10 minutes. However, cooking methods and cooking times significantly affect the iron level of beef liver and tempeh while steaming for 10 minutes has the highest iron level.

Agents of Campylobacteriosis in Different Meat Matrices in Brazil.

We aimed to identify the prevalence of thermophilic species of Campylobacter in meats of different species available on the Brazilian commercial market and to determine the genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and virulence potential of the isolates. A total of 906 samples, including chicken, beef and pork carcasses and chicken and beef livers, were purchased in retail outlets, and prevalences of 18.7% (46/246), 3.62% (5/138), 10.14% (14/138), 3.62% (5/138) and 4.47% (11/132), respectively, were identified, evidencing the dissemination of genotypes in the main producing macro-regions. Of all isolates, 62.8% were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), with resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (49.4%), tetracycline (51.8%) and ciprofloxacin (50.6%) and co-resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones (37.1%). Multivirulent profiles were identified mainly in isolates from chicken carcasses (84.8%), and the emergence of MDR/virulent strains was determined in pork isolates. All isolates except those from chicken carcasses showed a high potential for biofilm formation (71.4% luxS) and consequent persistence in industrial food processing. For chicken carcasses, the general virulence was higher in C. jejuni (54.3%), followed by C. coli (24%) and Campylobacter spp. (21.7%), and in the other meat matrices, Campylobacter spp. showed a higher prevalence of virulence (57.2%). The high rates of resistance and virulence reinforce the existence of strain selection pressure in the country, in addition to the potential risk of strains isolated not only from chicken carcasses, but also from other meat matrices.

Effect of storage periods on the quality and shelf life of beef liver at refrigerated temperature

The current study investigated the quality and shelf life of beef liver storage under refrigerated temperature (4°C). For this purpose, raw beef liver sample was divided into five treatments groups as T1 (day 1or control), T2 (day 2), T3 (day 3), T4 (day 4) and T5 (day 5). Sensory attributes, proximate composition, pH value, cooking loss, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (POV) and microbial load such as total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total yeast mould count (TYMC) analysis were carried out for each treatment. The results show that color, odor, juiciness, and tenderness were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased with increase the storage periods. Dry matter and ash contents were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, whereas, crude protein and either extract were decreased with increase storage periods. Consequently, the cooking loss (%), FFA and POV values were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, while pH value was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased with the increase of storage periods. Moreover, TVC (log CFU/g), TCC (log CFU/g), and TYMC (log CFU/g) were also showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher value for T3 and T5 compared to T1 . These findings suggest that shelf life of raw beef liver at refrigeration temperature (4°C) may be maximum three days with minor changes of quality.

Chemical Quality and Amino Acid Profile of Liver Nuggets Using Different Flours

Abstract Liver is a by-product that can be used as raw material for nuggets because it has the nutrients needed for growth especially for children. Processing liver into nuggets is a diversification effort. Different flours used will produce different final products. The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical quality and amino acid profile of liver nuggets with different flours as filler agents. The research materials were fresh chicken and beef liver, cornstarch and sago flour in the same formula. There were 4 research treatments consisting of AM (cornstarch chicken liver), AS (sago flour chicken liver), SA (cornstarch beef liver) and SS (sago flour Beef liver). The variables consisted of levels of fat, cholesterol, iron, protein and amino acids profile. The research method used was an experiment design with a nested experiment design with 5 replications. The results showed that the treatments gave highly significant differences (P&lt;0.01) on fat, cholesterol, iron, protein content and some of the essential amino acids. The best quality nugget was liver nuggets made from beef liver using cornstarch which was contain 21.77% fat, 31.42% protein, 8.31mg/100g zinc but it has 188.64 mg/100g cholesterol.

Использование пищевых субпродуктов и немясного ингредиента в технологии производства рубленых мясосодержащих полуфабрикатов

Aim. Expanding the range of chopped semi-finished products of high degree of readiness with increased biological value and reduced fat content in the middle price segment of the consumer market. Materials and Methods. Raw materials were used: beef, chilled categories (GOST 34120-2017), pork, semi-fat and fatty (GOST 31476-2012), beef liver and beef heart (GOST 32244-2013), Persian lentils (TU10.61.32-003-99621687-2017), onion (GOST 34306-2017), salt (GOST R 51574-2018), ground black pepper (GOST 29050-91). The development and research of control and experimental samples were carried out according to generally accepted methods in accordance with regulatory and technical documentation. Sampling and organoleptic research methods in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7269-2015. The determination of organoleptic parameters was carried out according to the requirements of GOST 9959-2015. The mass fraction of fat was determined according to GOST 23042-2015, the mass fraction of protein – according to GOST 25011-2017, amino acid composition – according to GOST 34132-2017. The moisture content was determined according to GOST 9793-2016. Results. The formulation and technological scheme of the chopped meat-containing semi-finished product of a high degree of readiness have been developed. Conclusion. The created product expands the range of chopped semi-finished products of high degree of readiness with increased biological value and reduced fat content.

Trash to Treasure: How Insect Protein and Waste Containers Can Improve the Environmental Footprint of Mosquito Egg Releases.

Release and subsequent establishment of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti in native mosquito populations has successfully reduced mosquito-borne disease incidence. While this is promising, further development is required to ensure that this method is scalable and sustainable. Egg release is a beneficial technique that requires reduced onsite resources and increases community acceptance; however, its incidental ecological impacts must be considered to ensure sustainability. In this study, we tested a more environmentally friendly mosquito rearing and release approach through the encapsulation of diet and egg mixtures and the subsequent utilization of waste containers to hatch and release mosquitoes. An ecologically friendly diet mix was specifically developed and tested for use in capsules, and we demonstrated that using either cricket or black soldier fly meal as a substitute for beef liver powder had no adverse effects on fitness or Wolbachia density. We further encapsulated both the egg and diet mixes and demonstrated no loss in viability. To address the potential of increased waste generation through disposable mosquito release containers, we tested reusing commonly found waste containers (aluminum and tin cans, PET, and glass bottles) as an alternative, conducting a case study in Kiribati to assess the concept’s cultural, political, and economic applicability. Our results showed that mosquito emergence and fitness was maintained with a variety of containers, including when tested in the field, compared to control containers, and that there are opportunities to implement this method in the Pacific Islands in a way that is culturally considerate and cost-effective.

Abstract P5-10-06: Arginine- depleting enzyme, pegylated arginase, isolated from beef-liver tissue induces growth inhibition, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibits induced mammary tumors: A promising strategy for human breast cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Arginine auxotrophy occurs in certain tumor types, renders tumors vulnerable to treatment with arginine-degrading enzymes, and leads to their rapid demise. Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid but is essential for rapidly proliferating cells. Thus, Arginine deprivation can be exploited as a potential targeted therapy for the treatment of various cancers. Arginase, an enzyme of the urea cycle, converts L-arginine to L-ornithine, which is the precursor of polyamines that are essential components of cell proliferation. However, Arginine deprivation and Arginase clinical implications in human breast cancer have not been fully elucidated. The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential role of the Arginine degrading enzyme, Arginase on two breast cell lines that have different differentiation patterns, Luminal A breast cancer (T-47D), and TNBC (MDA-MB-231), respectively. Herein, Arginase was extracted and purified from the beef liver and its specific activity was 0.2 IU/mg protein yielded 49% compared to the crude beef liver Arginase. The purified Arginase is covalently bound via a succinamide propionic acid (SPA) linker to polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight 5,000 to enhance the half-life time compared to the native enzyme with a maximum specific activity between 37~55°C and pH 7~9. The potential influence of extracted Peg-Arginase was examined on cell proliferation, clonogenic assays, morphological alteration, and oncogenic signaling pathways of STAT3, β-catenin, and miR-23a. Our data showed that Peg-Arginase treatment displayed a significant inhibition in cell proliferation and viability in a dose-dependent manner in both breast cancer cell lines compared to control after 48h. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that Peg-Arginase induced apoptosis that was associated with cell morphological changes, histone release from fragmented DNA, caspase-3 activation, and cell cycle arrest at S and/or G2/M phases in a dose-. dependent manner after 48h. Moreover, Peg-Arginase down-regulated miR-23a, STAT3, β-catenin, cyclin D1, and mutant p53 levels as well as increased p21and Bax, pro-apoptotic signal, in both breast cancer cells as determined by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. In vivo, the effects of native- and Peg-Arginase enzymes were examined on MNU-induced mammary tumors in Albino-Wister rats. Our data showed that injecting 400 IU of native- or peg- Arginase twice per week for two weeks significantly inhibited the growth of MNU-induced mammary tumors by 58.8±4.1 % for peg-Arginase compared to 19.7±3.5 % for native-Arginase. Furthermore, the results also revealed a significant reduction in activities of ALT, AST, and ALP in the Peg-Arginase group compared to MNU untreated or native-Arginase groups, suggesting that Peg-Arginase may eliminate the hepatotoxic effect of the MNU. Furthermore, Peg-Arginase treatment reduced the localization and expression of oncogenic β-catenin in the nucleus compared to MNU-untreated and native-Arginase groups. All in all, our results suggested that the arginine-depleting enzyme, Peg-Arginase, exerted an anticancer effect against both luminal A and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, through cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction, which might provide a promising alternative strategy targeting oncometabolite in human breast cancer. Citation Format: Islam Yahiya, Asmaa Ali, Omnia Ali, Ahmed Sultan. Arginine- depleting enzyme, pegylated arginase, isolated from beef-liver tissue induces growth inhibition, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibits induced mammary tumors: A promising strategy for human breast cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-10-06.

Bioresource-derived tannic acid-supported immuno-network in lateral flow immunoassay for sensitive clenbuterol monitoring

Although lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool has been widely used because of numerous merits, it remains challenging to realize higher sensitivity, easier labeling, and fewer antibodies consumption. Herein, a bioresource-derived tannic acid (TA)-supported immuno-network based LFIA for clenbuterol (CLE) monitoring was proposed by employing poly TA nanospheres (PTAN) as the new tracer. Attributing to the effective protein-enrichment ability of TA, plenty of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins (GAMI) were first absorbed on the surface of PTAN and then monoclonal antibodies (AbCLE) were added to form immuno-network. Compared with directly coupling antibodies, the utilization efficiency of AbCLE was significantly improved. Thus, the detection sensitivity (take the cut-off value as an example) was enhanced 5-fold and 10-fold at least compared with PTAN-AbCLE and colloidal gold-based LFIA, respectively. Additionally, the proposed method was successfully verified in beef and pork liver and provided an effective strategy for food safety monitoring.

Physicochemical Parameters of Raw Pet Food and Dehydrated Pet Treats Developed from Beef Processing Co-Products.

Simple SummaryPet food and treat industries are rapidly growing and are important consumers of protein co-products from the human meat processing industry. Unfortunately, there are some co-products such as liver that can be difficult to handle due to the fact it liquifies when ground. This research attempts to address this issue through the use of protein structure forming food technology (hydrocolloids). These technologies may help produce pet foods and treats with higher acceptability, while allow for upcycling of highly nutritious protein co-products. Additions of one such technology (sodium alginate and encapsulated calcium lactate) demonstrated that inclusions of liver could be increased when used in raw pet foods and dehydrated pet treats without negatively impacting chemical attributes that may adversely impact consumer acceptance.Pet humanization and premiumization of pet foods have led to significant changes in the co-product market, as pet food companies are looking for more profitable protein sources for their products. Co-products such as beef liver (BL) and beef heart (BH) can be combined to generate restructured pet foods rich in vitamins and nutrients. Sodium alginate and encapsulated calcium lactate (ALGIN) can improve the acceptability of meat pieces by transforming them into a singular shape. The objective of this experiment was to assess the physiochemical parameters of co-products for utilization in raw pet foods and restructured pet treats generated from BL and BH by using ALGIN as a structure-forming agent. Results demonstrated increased cooking loss as ALGIN inclusion decreased, but cooking loss decreased as BL proportions increased (p = 0.0056). Expressible moisture of raw pet food decreased as ALGIN inclusion increased, but more moisture was released from treats when BL proportions increased (p < 0.0001). Increasing ALGIN and BH led to increased water activity of cooked treats (p < 0.0001). Thus, we suggest that BL and BH combinations with ALGIN inclusion produces a viable platform for higher inclusions of co-products in pet treats. Additionally, these ingredients improved the finished product quality characteristics of raw pet foods.

Influence of Endogenous Factors of Food Matrices on Avidin-Biotin Immunoassays for the Detection of Bacitracin and Colistin in Food.

(Strept)avidin–biotin technology is frequently used in immunoassay systems to improve their analytical properties. It is known from clinical practice that many (strept)avidin–biotin-based tests provide false results when analyzing patient samples with a high content of endogenous biotin. No specific investigation has been carried out regarding possible interferences from avidin (AVI) and biotin (B7) contained in food matrices in (strept)avidin–biotin-based immunoanalytical systems for food safety. Two kinds of competitive ELISAs for bacitracin (BT) and colistin (COL) determination in food matrices were developed based on conventional hapten–protein coating conjugates and biotinylated BT and COL bound to immobilized streptavidin (SAV). Coating SAV–B7–BT and SAV–B7–COL complexes-based ELISAs provided 2- and 15-times better sensitivity in BT and COL determination, corresponding to 0.6 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. Simultaneously with the determination of the main analytes, these kinds of tests were used as competitive assays for the assessment of AVI or B7 content up to 10 and 1 ng/mL, respectively, in food matrices (egg, infant milk formulas enriched with B7, chicken and beef liver). Matrix-free experiments with AVI/B7-enriched solutions showed distortion of the standard curves, indicating that these ingredients interfere with the adequate quantification of analytes. Summarizing the experience of the present study, it is recommended to avoid immunoassays based on avidin–biotin interactions when analyzing biosamples containing these endogenous factors or enriched with B7.

One-step Green Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Carbon Dots from Beef and Application as Selective and Sensitive Nanosensor for Ketotifen Fumarate Detection in Human Serum and Urine Samples

Green luminescent water soluble carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized by the simple one-step hydrothermal method of: beef, shrimp, beef liver and oyster, without using surface passivating and oxidizing agent or inorganic salts. The application of high fluorescent beef CDs without surface modification was described as a green, simple, and inexpensive method for sensitive and selective determination of ketotifen fumarate (KTF) based on fluorescent quenching. The beef CDs exhibit exceptional advantages including: significant fluorescent quantum yield (13.75), and admissible chemical stability. The quantum yields of CDs from beef, oyster, beef liver, and shrimp were calculated as: 13.75, 17.29, 20.59, and 17.45, respectively. Among the prepared CDs, only the fluorescence of CDs prepared from beef was significantly reduced by KTF, indicating the high selectivity of beef CDs toward KTF. The linear range of determination of KTF by this nanosensor was 〖7×10〗^(-7)-〖5×10〗^(-6) (mol/lit) with a detection limit of 0.3 (μM). The proposed method was then applied to the highly sensitive and selective determination of KTF in human serum and urine samples with acceptable results.

Real-time monitoring of high intensity focused ultrasound focal damage based on transducer driving signal

Real-time monitoring of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) focal region is a key problem in clinical treatment of focused ultrasound. At present, the change of strong echo in B-ultrasound image is often used in clinical practice to monitor tissue damage in the focal area. However, the strong echo in B-ultrasound image is mostly related to cavitation and boiling bubbles in the focal area, which cannot monitor the treatment status accurately or in real time. In the HIFU treatment, the focal area tissue will be accompanied by changes in temperature, cavitation, boiling, and tissue characteristics. The acoustic load on the surface of the transducer is also constantly changing. To solve this problem, a real-time detection platform of transducer voltage and current is built in this work, which can sense the change of focal area tissue state by measuring the electrical parameters of the transducer. The experimental results show that the stability of the phase difference of the transducer driving signal will be different (the fluctuation amplitude will be different) when different media are placed on the surface of the transducer to change the acoustic load on the surface of the transducer. The fluctuation amplitude of the phase difference of the driving signal will be larger than that in the water when the iron plate is placed in the focal plane. However, the phase fluctuation amplitude will be much smaller than that in the water where the beef liver is placed. This shows that different acoustic loads can cause the electrical parameters of the transducer to change. The isolated bovine liver tissue is used as the HIFU irradiation object, and the results of the phase difference change are compared with the results of the isolated bovine liver tissue damage. The experimental results show that the phase of the transducer voltage and current will change from relatively stable to large fluctuations during the HIFU irradiation. At this time, obvious damage can be seen in the focal region when the irradiation is stopped, and the grayscale of B-ultrasound image has no significant change. In addition, when the cavitation occurs in the focal region, the fluctuation amplitude and range will turn larger. The damage area of the lower focal area under the monitoring method is smaller than that under B-ultrasonic monitoring, and the over input of radiation dose can be avoided. This method can provide a new research scheme and means for HIFU focal area tissue damage monitoring.

Determination of chlorpropham residues in animal-derived foods by solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS)测定动物源食品中氯苯胺灵残留的分析方法。动物源食品经乙腈溶液提取、正己烷脱脂、ProElut PLS固相萃取柱富集净化,采用C18色谱柱进行分离,以0.2%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离、正离子模式扫描,多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。研究通过对不同填料的固相萃取柱的考察,最终选择了ProElut PLS固相萃取柱,其能对动物源食品复杂基质中的氯苯胺灵进行有效富集和净化;通过考察3种规格的C18柱对氯苯胺灵的保留能力和出峰效果,选择了Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)作为氯苯胺灵的分离色谱柱;通过考察氯苯胺灵在正负两种质谱电离模式下的响应情况,选择了正离子模式,确定氯苯胺灵一级质谱准分子离子和相应的碎片离子。结果表明:氯苯胺灵在0.5~100.0 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)均不低于0.9929;方法定量限(LOQ)为3 μg/kg(S/N≥10);以猪肉、牛奶、牛肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、鸡蛋、鸡胗、鸭蛋、猪腰、猪肝、牛肝、羊肉、鸭胗共13种动物源食品为基质,在0.003、0.006、0.060 mg/kg添加水平下,氯苯胺灵的平均回收率为74.9%~97.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.9%~9.5%(n=6)。本方法前处理简便易行、基质干扰小、灵敏度高、准确性高,适用于多种动物源食品中氯苯胺灵的定性和定量检测。

Cooked sausage enriched with essential nutrients for the gastrointestinal diet

Introduction. People with gastrointestinal disorders should have a sparing diet with a balanced chemical and amino acid composition including all essential components. Based on formulations of meat products, we identified a number of essential nutritional components that could improve the diet for gastrointestinal pathologies. In this study, we aimed to develop a formulation for cooked sausage enriched with deficient essential nutrients.&#x0D; Study objects and methods. Our study object was cooked sausage. First, we analyzed the diet for people with gastrointestinal disorders. Then, we formulated a meat-based product (cooked sausage), determined its chemical and amino acid compositions, as well as vitamin and mineral contents, and assessed the balance of amino acids. Finally, we evaluated the biological value and safety of the formulated sausage on laboratory mice.&#x0D; Results and discussion. The chemical and amino acid compositions of a daily gastrointestinal diet in medical institutions revealed a deficiency of some water-soluble vitamins, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, and iron, as well as an imbalance of amino acids. To replenish the deficiency, we formulated a meat-based product composed of trimmed beef and pork, beef liver, egg mix, food gelatin, chitosan succinate, rice flour, and soy fortifier. The product was classified as a meat and cereal cooked sausage of grade B, in which most amino acids were used for anabolic purposes. Its daily portion of 100 g eliminated the deficiency of potassium and iron, almost completely replenished magnesium, calcium, and vitamin A, as well as reduced the deficiency of dietary fiber by 4.8 g. The cytological studies of the blood of laboratory animals, whose basic diet contained the formulated sausage, proved its high biological value and safety.&#x0D; Conclusion. We found that the formulated meat and cereal sausage can be included in the diet for patients with gastrointestinal diseases and used in medical institutions to eliminate the deficiency of essential nutrients.

Sources of vitamin D for humans.

Both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are now well-documented worldwide in relation to human health, and this has raised interest in vitamin D research. The aim of this article is therefore to review the literature on sources of vitamin D. It can be endogenously synthesised under ultraviolet B radiation in the skin, or ingested through dietary supplements and dietary sources, which include food of animal and plant origin, as well as fortified foods. Vitamin D is mainly found in two forms, D3 (cholecalciferol) and D2 (ergocalciferol). In addition to the D3 and D2 forms of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D also contributes significantly to dietary vitamin D intake. It is found in many animal-derived products. Fortified food can contain D3 or D2 forms or vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Not many foods are a rich source (> 4 μg/100 g) of vitamin D (D represents D3 and/or D2), e.g., many but not all fish (5-25 μg/100 g), mushrooms (21.1-58.7 μg/100 g), Reindeer lichen (87 μg/100 g) and fish liver oils (250 μg/100 g). Other dietary sources are cheese, beef liver and eggs (1.3-2.9 μg/100 g), dark chocolate (4 μg/100 g), as well as fortified foods (milk, yoghurt, fat spreads, orange juice, breakfast grains, plant-based beverages). Since an adequate intake of vitamin D (15 μg/day set by the European Food Safety Authority) is hard to achieve through diet alone, dietary supplements of vitamin D are usually recommended. This review summarizes current knowledge about different sources of vitamin D for humans.

107 Quality Parameters of Pet Treats Generated from Beef Processing Co-products

Abstract By-products such as beef liver (BL) and beef heart (BH), while rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals, can be difficult products for incorporation into mixtures. Sodium alginate (SA) and calcium lactate (CL) can be used to improve structure of protein sources. The objective was to determine the quality of restructured BL and BH pet treats using ALGIN as a structure forming agent. Quality parameters assessed were pH, expressible moisture, cooking loss, and water activity of raw and dehydrated pet treats. After grinding, BL and BH, were mixed: 25%BL:75%BH, 50%BL:50%BH, and 75%BL:25%BH. The 3 BL:BH combinations were mixed with 2 dosages of ALGIN (0.5% SA + 0.425% CL, and 1% SA + 0.85% CL) to produce 6 treatments. Each treatment was then extruded into 20-mm-thick jerky slices and refrigerated at 3°C for 48 h. Samples were dehydrated at 93°C for 2.5 h for cooking loss analysis. Ten raw samples (25.4 mm × 25.4 mm) were used to measure expressible moisture, and another ten raw samples were used to measure pH. Water activity was assessed on ten raw and ten dehydrated samples. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and means were separated at P ≤ 0.05. Cooking loss decreased as ALGIN dosage increased in all BL and BH mixtures (P &amp;lt; 0.0001); however, cooking loss percentage increased as BH proportions increased (P = 0.0001). Water activity of dehydrated samples decreased as BL proportions increased (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), but with increasing ALGIN dosage, water activity of dehydrated treats increased (P = 0.0193). Raw pH was not affected by treatment. Expressible moisture of samples increased with increasing BL proportions (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) but decreased as ALGIN dosage decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Use of ALGIN allowed for BL and BH to be restructured into an acceptable form for use in pet treats.

Efficacy of Novel Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli Biofilms on Stainless Steel

Biofilm formation by E. coli is a serious threat to meat processing plants. Chemical disinfectants often fail to eliminate biofilms; thus, bacteriophages are a promising alternative to solve this problem, since they are widely distributed, environmentally friendly, and nontoxic to humans. In this study, the biofilm formation of 10 E. coli strains isolated from the meat industry and E. coli ATCC BAA-1430 and ATCC 11303 were evaluated. Three strains, isolated from the meat contact surfaces, showed adhesion ability and produced extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms of these three strains were developed onto stainless steel (SS) surfaces and enumerated at 2, 12, 24, 48, and 120 h, and were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, three bacteriophages showing podovirus morphology were isolated from ground beef and poultry liver samples, which showed lytic activity against the abovementioned biofilm-forming strains. SS surfaces with biofilms of 2, 14, and 48 h maturity were treated with mixed and individual bacteriophages at 8 and 9 log10 PFU/mL for 1 h. The results showed reductions greater than 6 log10 CFU/cm2 as a result of exposing SS surfaces with biofilms of 24 h maturity to 9 log10 PFU/mL of bacteriophages; however, the E. coli and bacteriophage strains, phage concentration, and biofilm development stage had significant effects on biofilm reduction (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the isolated bacteriophages showed effectiveness at reducing biofilms of isolated E. coli; however, it is necessary to increase the libraries of phages with lytic activity against the strains isolated from production environments.

According to the issue of the giant freshwater prawn ((&lt;i&gt;Macrobrachium rosenbergii&lt;/i&gt;)

Purpose: study the biotechnical features of rearing juvenile giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).Materials and methods. Two fish-farming modules RAS and aquarian complex were used for the work. One of them has a total volume of 6.5 m3, the second - 14.5 m3. Larvae were reared in gasite cages of 0.021 m3 in an aquarian complex of two 200-liter aquariums. Larvae of one female prawn were used in an amount of 8500 units. At each stage of prawns' development we used different versions of feed of both animal and plant origin: artemia, minced fish, boiled chicken eggs (protein + yolk), beef liver and oat flakes.Results. Brood fish were kept at an average planting density of 6.2 individuals/m2, with a sex ratio of 1:4.5 (males: females). The planting density of larvae in cages was 2,125 units/cage or 101.2 units/liter. The average weight of juveniles during rearing of postlarvae at 130 days was 3.19 g. Juvenile yield was 49.9%. Specific growth rate of biomass varied from 4.87 to 3.68 %. Planting density of juveniles varied from 1775,6 units/m2 to 660,9 units/m2. As a result, the feeding coefficient was 5.24 units. Growing productivity was 362.7 pcs/m2 or 1156.8 g/m2 in the RAS module.Conclusion. There were established biotechnical peculiarities and production possibilities of growing young giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using fish-breeding RAS and aquarian complex. Modernization of fish-feeding RAS and use of some recommendations on feeding suggest the possibility of their use for breeding and rearing of juvenile giant freshwater prawns in already existing warm-water enterprises, initially aimed at other objects of aquaculture.