Beck Depression Inventory-II Research Articles

Psychosocial Stressors Associated with Depression Among Young Adults in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

The early stage of adulthood is a critical period of interpersonal, educational, and career development, leading to an increased risk of depression. While studies examining psychosocial stressors among depressed young adults have been conducted in developed countries, more efforts are needed to identify the risk factors in developing countries. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial stressors associated with depression among young adults in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study recruited 341 respondents aged 18 – 40 (mean age 21.7). The Beck Depression Inventory-II were used to identify the level of depression, and the psychosocial stressors were self-reported. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed the risk factors of depression. Results: A total of 39% of participants had severe depression. The level of depression was higher in participants who were government employee (p<.001), were living with a partner(p<.001), and had experienced being bullied (p<.05). Types ofoccupation was a significant predictor (p<.001) of levels of depression, adjusting for socio-demographic factors and other psychosocial stressors. Special attention needs to be placed on promoting mental health among people who live with a partner, have experience of being bullied and those who work in the government sectors in Indonesia.

Facing Change: Using Automated Facial Expression Analysis to Examine Emotional Flexibility in the Treatment of Depression.

Depression involves deficits in emotional flexibility. To date, the varied and dynamic nature of emotional processes during therapy has mostly been measured at discrete time intervals using clients' subjective reports. Because emotions tend to fluctuate and change from moment to moment, the understanding of emotional processes in the treatment of depression depends to a great extent on the existence of sensitive, continuous, and objectively codified measures of emotional expression. In this observational study, we used computerized measures to analyze high-resolution time-series facial expression data as well as self-reports to examine the association between emotional flexibility and depressive symptoms at the client as well as at the session levels. Video recordings from 283 therapy sessions of 58 clients who underwent 16 sessions of manualized psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression were analyzed. Data was collected as part of routine practice in a university clinic that provides treatments to the community. Emotional flexibility was measured in each session using an automated facial expression emotion recognition system. The clients' depression level was assessed at the beginning of each session using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996). Higher emotional flexibility was associated with lower depressive symptoms at the treatment as well as at the session levels. These findings highlight the centrality of emotional flexibility both as a trait-like as well as a state-like characteristic of depression. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of computerized measures to capture key emotional processes in the treatment of depression at a high scale and specificity.

Acute effects of a chewable beetroot-based supplement on cognitive performance: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial

BackgroundDietary nitrate (NO3−) has been shown to be useful as an ergogenic aid with potential applications in health and disease (e.g., blood pressure control). However, there is no consensus about the effects of dietary NO3− or beetroot (BR) juice supplementation on cognitive function.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single dose of a chewable BR-based supplement on cognitive performance.MethodsA double-blind randomized placebo-controlled two-period crossover clinical trial was carried out based on the extension of the CONSORT guidelines for randomized crossover trials. A total of 44 participants (24 F; 20 M; 32.7 [12.5] years; 66.3 [9.0] kg; 170 [9.2] cm; 22.8 [1.4] kg/m2) were randomly allocated to receive first either four BR-based chewable tablets (BR-CT) containing 3 g of a Beta vulgaris extract (RedNite®) or four tablets of a placebo (maltodextrin). A 4-day washout period was used before crossover. Ninety minutes after ingestion of the treatments, a neuropsychological testing battery was administered in each period. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT05509075.ResultsSignificant improvements with moderate effect size were found on memory consolidation at the short and long term only after BR-CT supplementation via the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test immediate (+ 20.69%) and delayed (+ 12.34%) recalls. Likewise, enhancement on both frontal lobe functions (+ 2.57%) and cognitive flexibility (+ 11.16%) were detected after BR-CT. There was no significant change (p < 0.05) on verbal memory of short-term digits, working memory and information processing speed. Mixed results were found on mood and anxiety through the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1 and STAI-Y2); however, sequence and period effects were seen on STAI-Y2.ConclusionsThe acute administration of a chewable BR-based supplement improves certain aspects of cognitive function in healthy females and males, particularly memory capacity and frontal skills.

Psychological changes among women with recurrent pregnancy loss during the COVID-19 period in northeastern China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIt aimed to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) women and the related factors in Northeastern China during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsFrom March to June 2021, we conducted an electronic questionnaire survey of 267 RPL women who attended the recurrent pregnancy loss clinic at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS-C) were used to screen for anxiety, depression, stress, and social support. Logistic regression was used to explore the related factors of anxiety and depression.ResultsRPL women had severe psychological problems during the pandemic: 56.6% showed state anxiety or trait anxiety, 26.6% showed high levels of stress, and 13.1% showed depression. Economic pressure caused by COVID-19, and high stress were common related factors for anxiety and depression. The interval since last miscarriage &amp;lt;6 months, worse mood changes due to COVID-19, and concerns about COVID-19 were associated with anxiety. A history of pregnancy loss &amp;gt;14 weeks was associated with depression. While adequate social support and actively seeking health help were protective factors for trait anxiety. And identifying the etiology was a protective factor for depression.ConclusionThe study revealed the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and the associated factors in RPL women during COVID-19. More attention should be paid to the psychology of RPL women and adequate social support should be provided.

Depression among medical students in Tunisia: Prevalence and associated factors.

Medical school is known for its lengthy process, which is both physically and emotionally draining. Students' mental balance would shrink as they progress in their medical training. A systematic review and meta-analysis reported that the prevalence of depressive symptoms among medical students remained relatively constant at 27.2%. To assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Tunisian medical students and evaluate its associated factors. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was carried out in the second semester of the academic year 2017/2018, between April 2018 and July 2018 among 1138 medical students. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Sixty-four percent (n = 728) of the participants had depressive symptoms, of which 266 (23.4%) met the criteria for mild, 271 (23.8%) for moderate, and 191 (16.8%) for severe depressive symptoms. Female gender, low socio-economic level, smoking habits and history of mental disorder, performing leisure and physical activities, satisfaction toward a career choice, and happiness perception were the main prognostic factors for depression among medical students. Although academic grades may not be considered a prognostic factor, final-year students appeared to be less depressive than their colleagues. These findings give insight into mental health issues and comorbidities among Tunisian medical students. It is a hopeful request for decision-makers and academic authorities to set serious measures and draw effective interventions to minimize the currency of psychological distress among this subpopulation.

Effectiveness of the Unified Protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in online and group format in Argentina: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe Unified Protocol (UP) is a transdiagnostic intervention based on emotional regulation for the treatment of emotional disorders. Its application in individual and group formats has been studied worldwide, obtaining similar results to specific protocols but with a lower drop-out rate and improving the cost–benefit ratio, since a larger number of patients can benefit from it. Moreover, the inclusion of digital technologies in psychotherapy aims to improve the accessibility of treatments, especially since the pandemic of COVID-19 that forced the implementation of treatments through teletherapy increasing its use. To date, no studies have been carried out in Argentina on the application of the UP in a group format and through teletherapy. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of the UP in a group format and through teletherapy in the Argentine population.MethodsA parallel-group, controlled, randomized trial, with pre-post and repeated follow-up measures intergroup design will be conducted. One hundred eighty patients will be randomized to one of the following conditions: an online, group-based UP intervention or a waiting list. The Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory will be used to compare primary outcomes and the Beck Hopelessness Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale, and Multicultural Quality of Life Index will be administered for secondary outcomes at baseline, post-intervention, and 3 months follow-up. Ad-hoc questionnaires will be used to assess patients’ experiences and treatment satisfaction.DiscussionThe purpose of this trial is to evaluate the efficacy of the online and group application of the UP in the Argentine population, as well as to evaluate the patient’s experience and satisfaction with the treatment. It is expected that the findings of this study will be useful in reducing anxious and depressive symptomatology, will allow us to adapt the UP to our culture, and will improve accessibility to treatment.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05275322. Registered on 11 March 2022.

Efficacy and moderators of metacognitive training for depression in older adults (MCT-Silver): A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundUp to 79 % of older adults with depression do not receive treatments commensurate with guideline recommendations. Metacognitive Training-Silver (MCT-Silver) is a low-intensity group training, which aims to reduce depressive symptoms by targeting (meta)cognitive beliefs. MethodsA randomized controlled trial comparing MCT-Silver (n = 41) to cognitive remediation (n = 39) was conducted with older adults with major depressive disorder and/or dysthymia. Clinician-rated depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS, primary outcome]), self-reported depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]), negative cognitive beliefs, positive metacognitive beliefs, rumination, health status, quality of life, and neurocognitive functioning were assessed at baseline, eight weeks (post) and three months (follow-up). ResultsBoth groups demonstrated moderate to large reductions in depression. No superior effects of MCT-Silver on clinician-rated depression (HDRS) were detected. MCT-Silver led to greater reductions in self-reported depression and rumination at post- and follow-up. Despite this, scores at post- and follow-up assessments were similar for both groups. MCT-Silver's effect on depressive symptoms was moderated by baseline rumination, positive metacognitive beliefs and previous treatment experience. MCT-Silver was evaluated as superior according to patient appraisals. LimitationsConclusions are limited by divergent findings on measures of depression and that the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. ConclusionsWhereas no superior effect of MCT-Silver was found for the primary outcome, there was a significant effect of MCT-Silver for self-reported depression and rumination. Patients endorsing rumination and positive metacognitive beliefs as well as those without previous psychological treatment may benefit more from MCT-Silver.

Feelings of loneliness and meaning in life in subjects with Asperger’s syndrome: a pilot study

Subjects with Asperger’s syndrome without intellectual disabilities have significant difficulties in establishing social relationships despite their IQ being within the normal range. One of the effects of social deficit is depression. The question arises whether loneliness and dimensions of meaning in life correlate with the severity of depression and whether the average severity of depression, loneliness and dimensions of meaning in life differentiate the following groups: people with Asperger’s syndrome and depression, people with Asperger’s syndrome without depression, people with depression without Asperger’s syndrome and healthy subjects. The study was conducted on a total of 170 people, including: 43 people with Asperger’s syndrome and depression, 41 people with Asperger’s syndrome without depression, 40 people with depression without Asperger’s syndrome and 46 healthy people (without Asperger’s syndrome and without depression). All were administered a demographic survey, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Life Attitude Profile-Revised. Asperger’s syndrome and depressive episodes were diagnosed on the basis of ICD-10 research criteria still applicable in Poland. In the group with Asperger’s syndrome and depression the highest levels of loneliness and the lowest values of the dimensions of the sense of meaning in life, except for the acceptance of death, were observed. This result was significantly different from the results obtained in the other study groups. Both in people with Asperger’s syndrome without depression and in people with depression without Asperger’s syndrome, the values of the dimensions of the sense of meaning in life and the level of loneliness differ significantly from the results obtained in the control group. The BDI-II scores correlated positively with the loneliness values and negatively with the sense of meaning in life values in all groups. The results indicate that both suffering from depression and having Asperger’s syndrome are associated with an increased sense of loneliness and a reduced sense of meaning in life. People with Asperger’s syndrome and depression have the highest values of loneliness and the lowest values of dimensions of the sense of meaning of life compared to the other groups studied. The limitation of the work is the deliberate selection of groups, because it would be interesting to answer the question whether Asperger’s syndrome is a risk factor for depression in the population.

Cost-effectiveness of twice-weekly versus once-weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for depression at 12 months after start of treatment: randomised controlled trial.

Cost-effective treatments are needed to reduce the burden of depression. One way to improve the cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy might be to increase session frequency, but keep the total number of sessions constant. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of twice-weekly compared with once-weekly psychotherapy sessions after 12 months, from a societal perspective. An economic evaluation was conducted alongside a randomised controlled trial comparing twice-weekly versus once-weekly sessions of psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioural therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy) for depression. Missing data were handled by multiple imputation. Statistical uncertainty was estimated with bootstrapping and presented with cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Differences between the two groups in depressive symptoms, physical and social functioning, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) at 12-month follow-up were small and not statistically significant. Total societal costs in the twice-weekly session group were higher, albeit not statistically significantly so, than in the once-weekly session group (mean difference €2065, 95% CI -686 to 5146). The probability that twice-weekly sessions are cost-effective compared with once-weekly sessions was 0.40 at a ceiling ratio of €1000 per point improvement in Beck Depression Inventory-II score, 0.32 at a ceiling ratio of €50 000 per QALY gained, 0.23 at a ceiling ratio of €1000 per point improvement in physical functioning score and 0.62 at a ceiling ratio of €1000 per point improvement in social functioning score. Based on the current results, twice-weekly sessions of psychotherapy for depression are not cost-effective over the long term compared with once-weekly sessions.

Low serum 25‑hydroxy-vitamin D levels are associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis

BackgroundCognitive impairment frequently affects people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Low vitamin D has been associated with cognitive dysfunction in different neurodegenerative diseases, and, in MS, with motor disability and disease activity. We aim to investigate associations between vitamin D and cognitive status in MS. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we included 181 MS patients, recruited consecutively at the MS Unit of the Policlinico Federico II University Hospital of Naples, Italy, between January and April 2022, with serum 25‑hydroxy (25-OH) vitamin D measurements using Chemiluminescence-ImmunoAssay, and cognitive assessment using the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS), which includes Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R). We collected demographics (age, sex, education), and clinical variables (disease duration, disease subtype, expanded disability status scale (EDSS), disease modifying treatment, relapses in previous 12 months, vitamin D supplementation, comorbidities). For a subset of patients (n = 41, 23.2% of the total sample), we collected Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. ResultsAt univariable linear regression models, serum 25-OH-vitamin D levels were 0.9 ng/mL higher for each unit increase of SDMT adjusted scores (Coeff=0.93; 95%CI=0.81, 1.04; p<0.01), 0.7 ng/mL higher for each unit increase of CVLT-II adjusted scores (Coeff=0.68; 95%CI=0.53, 0.83; p<0. 01), 0.6 ng/mL higher for each unit increase of BVMT-R adjusted scores (Coeff=0.58; 95%CI=0.43, 0.73; p<0.01), -9.63 ng/mL lower for each impaired BICAMS test (Coeff=-9.63; 95%CI=-11.48, -7.79; p<0.01), and -2.2 ng/mL lower for each unit increase of EDSS (Coeff=-2.16; 95%CI=-3.57, -0.75; p<0.01). At multivariable linear regression models, we confirmed associations between 25-OH-vitamin D and EDSS (Coeff=-2.09; 95%CI=-4.45, -0.43; p<0.01), SDMT (Coeff=0.75; 95%CI=0.60, 0.90; p<0.01), and CVLT-II (Coeff=0.14; 95%CI=0.01, 0.28; p = 0. 04). Results remained unchanged when including depression, anxiety and fatigue scores. ConclusionsLower serum 25-OH-vitamin D was associated with worse cognitive function in MS. Future studies should consider longitudinal variations in cognitive function in relation to vitamin D supplementation.

The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression of people with epilepsy

BackgroundDepression, a common mental problem frequently detected in people with epilepsy (PWE), is a major factor that decreases the quality of life of PWE. The cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used non-pharmacological treatment for depressive disorders. The CBT for PWE with depression has not yet been studied in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the CBT on depression in PWE in Korea. MethodThis study included 16 PWE with depression who received CBT and 30 control PWE with depression who did not receive CBT. The mean number of CBT sessions per patient was 7.2 in the CBT group. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were administered before and after CBT sessions in the CBT group, whereas PHQ-9 was performed at baseline and follow-up in the control group. The difference in PHQ-9 and BDI-II scores were analyzed between the pre- and post-CBT periods in the CBT group. The difference between baseline and follow-up PHQ-9 scores was compared in the control group. ResultsThere was no significant difference in baseline variables between the CBT and control groups. The PHQ-9 score significantly decreased after the CBT sessions in the CBT group (pre-CBT PHQ-9 = 13.56 vs. post-CBT PHQ-9 = 8.56) but it did not change in the control group (Baseline PHQ-9 = 13.83 vs. follow-up PHQ-9 = 14.67). Twelve PWE had undergone four or more CBT sessions with pre-CBT and post-CBT BDI-II. The BDI-II score significantly decreased after CBT sessions (pre-CBT BDI-II = 30.75 vs. post-CBT BDI-II = 21.5). The CBT decreased the sub-field scores of cognitive and physical-emotional factors as well as suicidal ideation, but the score of sleep problems did not significantly improve. The CBT did not significantly change the seizure frequency. ConclusionThe CBT significantly improved depression in Korean PWE. Therefore, it can be considered a treatment tool for depression in PWE. However, a study with more patients and a fixed number of CBT sessions is recommended to generalize this effect.

Effect of Time-Restricted Eating versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Mood and Quality of Life in Adults with Obesity.

The purpose of this secondary analysis is to compare the effects of two popular weight loss regimens, time-restricted eating (TRE) and daily calorie restriction (CR), on mood and quality-of-life measures in adults with obesity. Ninety participants were randomized to one of three interventions for 12 months: 8 h TRE (eating only between 12:00 and 8:00 p.m., with no calorie counting); CR (25% energy restriction daily); or no-intervention control group. Questionnaires were administered to measure mood (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Profile of Mood States (POMS)) and quality of life (Rand 36-Item Short Form) at baseline and month 12. Body weight decreased in the TRE group (-4.87%, 95%CI: -7.61, -2.13) and CR group (-5.30%, 95%CI: -9.06, -1.54) versus controls, with no difference between TRE and CR. The BDI-II depression score did not change in the TRE or CR group, versus controls, by month 12. Likewise, there were no changes in any of the POMS subscales (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, anger, confusion, or vigor) or the total mood disturbance score in the TRE or CR group versus controls. As for quality of life, there were no significant changes in the SF-36 constructs of mental health, bodily pain, and general physical health in the TRE or CR group versus controls. However, there was a trend towards increased vitality in the TRE group (7.77 [95% CI: 0.15, 15.39] p = 0.05) relative to controls. There were no associations between changes in body weight, physical activity, mood, and quality of life in any group by the end of the study. These findings suggest that TRE and CR produce similar degrees of weight loss, but impact neither mood nor quality of life in adults with obesity over 12 months. Future well-powered studies will be needed to confirm these findings.

H - 68 Effects of Depression, Apathy and Anxiety in Hispanic Parkinson Disease Individuals' Cognition.

Previous research in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) found that heightened apathy is associated with worse executive function. Most studies to-date have involved primarily White, non-Hispanic individuals. Indeed, recent research suggests that mood/motivation's relationship to cognitive decline differs between Hispanic and non-Hispanic individuals (Thakur et al., 2021). In this study, we examined relationships between depression, apathy, anxiety, and cognition in Hispanic PD participants who were seen in a specialized movement disorders center. Participants included 31 non-demented Hispanic individuals with PD (age mean = 59.94, SD = 8.49years; education mean = 14.39, SD = 2.79; 83.9% male) who completed neuropsychological and mood measures (Beck Depression Inventory-II, Apathy Scale, STAI-Trait Anxiety Scale). Prevalence estimates were calculated using established cut-offs (BDI-II:14, AS:14, STAI-Trait:40). Cognitive raw scores were z-scored and averaged into the composites: attention (WAIS-III Digit Span Forward, Backward), processing speed (Stroop Word, Trails A), executive function (Trails B, Stroop Color-Word), and memory (Hopkin's Verbal Learning Test, WMS-III Logical Memory delayed recalls). Non-parametric partial correlations (correcting for age/education) assessed mood and cognitive composite relationships. 17% had clinically significant depressive symptoms, 12% had apathy, and 35% had anxiety. More depressive symptoms were significantly associated with worse memory (r = -0.54, p = 0.007). Greater anxiety symptoms trended with worse processing speed (r = -0.41, p = 0.065) and memory (r = -0.38, p = 0.094). Apathy did not relate to cognition (p's > 0.05). This pattern of associations differs from existing studies with predominantly White, non-Hispanic samples (Butterfield et al., 2010; Ratajska, et al.,2022), highlighting the importance of further investigating ethnic differences in PD.

A - 150 Emotional Awareness in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury.

To examine emotional awareness in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) utilizing the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Thirty-nine individuals with moderate-severe TBI received the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) consisting of 10 scenarios. Each scenario contains two components: a self-component, where participants are required to describe how they would feel, and another component, where they describe how the other person in the scenario would feel. Individuals also received Empathy Scale (ES) and Empathy Quotient (EQ) to evaluate empathy as well as measures of quality of life (Quality of Life After Brain Injury QOLIBRI), satisfaction with life (SWL), and mood (Beck Depression Inventory-II BDI-II; State Trait Anxiety Inventory- STAI). Individuals with TBI had a mean age of 46.08 (12.67), education of 14.28 (1.90) years and were on the average 113.25 (104.63) months since injury. Results indicate that the LEAS is associated with empathy on both the ES r(39) =0.34, p = 0.034 and EQ r(39) =0.37, p = 0.019. The LEAS was not associated with QOLIBRI r(39) =0.09, p = 0.572, SWL r(39) = -0.18, p = 0.286, BDI-II r(39) =0.12, p = 0.453 or STAI r(39) =0.05, p = 0.758. Our data suggests individuals with TBI emotional awareness is associated with empathy, specifically lower emotional awareness is associated with lower empathy. Emotional awareness is not associated with quality of life, satisfaction with life or mood. Understanding the relationship between these two constructs may aide in where to target interventions to improve social outcomes for individuals with TBI.

An Open-Source Platform for Real-Time Preliminary Diagnosis amongst Adults using Data Analytics

Depression can be defined as a mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood, loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life. Technical intervention to screen depression in non-clinical population which records, classify depression on the basis of severity and provide features or predictors that discriminate the classification of depression among non-clinical population comprising of college students is the main area of the study. Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II), as per Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental disorder (DSM IV) is used to screen depression and its severity. Indicators are determined on the basis of how well the features or predictors can discriminate the classes of depression severity. Providing quality indicators which help in supporting the process can be considered as symptoms for screening depression. Descriptive analytics is used in order to find the underlying pattern of the responses captured, factor analysis groups variables on the basis of correlation between patterns of the responses to reduce dimension. The approach for supervised descriptive analysis method that takes BDI-II questions as features and refine the features using information gain and linear discriminant analysis as feature selection algorithm. The classification of severity of depression is done using Support vector machine (SVM)..

Deficits in specific executive functions manifest by severity in major depressive disorder: a comparison of antidepressant naïve inpatient, outpatient, subclinical, and healthy control groups.

Previous research has highlighted the executive function (EF) deficits present in depressed patients; however, conflicting results exist regarding the impact of depression severity on the size of these deficits. This study aimed to compare deficits in EF between antidepressant naïve inpatient and outpatient depressed, a group with subclinical depression symptoms, and a healthy control group while controlling for education, sex, and age. In cross-sectional research, 245 antidepressant naive participants (46 inpatient, 68 outpatient, 65 subclinical, and 67 healthy control individuals) were recruited by convenience sampling. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to assess depression. EF was measured using several neuropsychological tests, including the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the N-back Test, which assessed the components of Inhibition, Shifting, and Updating, respectively. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the groups in EF components (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons further showed that inpatient and outpatient patients had more depressive symptoms and worse EF performance than subclinical and healthy control groups (p < 0.05). In the analysis of EF measures, a significant difference was found among the four groups, with post-hoc tests revealing variations in specific EF components. Overall, patients with more severe depressive symptoms show more deficits in EF. Additionally, correlations between clinical characteristics and EF measures varied across patient groups, but many correlations became non-significant after adjusting for the false discovery rate (FDR). This study emphasizes the impact of depression severity on deficits in the EF of depressed patients and at-risk populations. Consequently, it is important to consider executive dysfunctions as an underlying vulnerability in the development and persistence of depressive disorder.

Inpatient Treatment Outcome in a Large Sample of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is an illness affecting primarily adolescent girls and young women. Clinical guidelines recommend early intervention, with inpatient treatment for more severe cases. We present an evaluation of a multi-modal cognitive-behavioral inpatient treatment (CBT-E) involving carers in specialized units for adolescents. Routine data of 962 adolescent inpatients (26 boys) (mean age 15.48 [1.26]; range 12-17 years) were analyzed. Predictors of good body weight outcome (achieving a discharge BMI of at least 18.5 kg/m2) were identified by logistic regression analysis. Mean inpatient treatment lasted 96.69 (45.96) days. The BMI increased significantly from 14.93 (1.38) kg/m2 at admission to 17.53 (1.58) kg/m2 at discharge (z = 26.41; p < 0.001; d = 1.708). Drive for thinness decreased from 29.08 (9.87) to 22.63 (9.77; z = 18.41; p < 0.001; d = 0.787). All other subscores of the Eating Disorder Inventory also decreased significantly, with small to medium effect sizes. General psychopathology also showed significant decreases. The Beck Depression Inventory-II score decreased from 26.06 (11.74) to 16.35 (12.51; z = 18.41; p < 0.001; d = 0.883). A good body weight outcome was predicted by a higher BMI at admission (OR = 1.828), age at onset at 15 years or higher (OR = 1.722), and higher Somatization (OR = 1.436), Anxiety (OR = 1.320), and Bulimia (OR = 1.029) scores. CBT-E involving carers is an efficient intervention for adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Longitudinal Changes of Depressive Symptoms in Sedentary Women Who Exercised During Pregnancy.

Prenatal depression is a common disorder; however, little is known about how depressive symptoms manifest during pregnancy, including when symptoms present and what symptoms are common. This study aimed to better understand prenatal depressive symptoms during pregnancy in the postpartum period, as well as how exercise, such as walking and stretching, can improve depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period. A total of 55 women were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II for depressive symptoms at 16 weeks, 28 weeks, and 2 months postpartum. Sedentary pregnant women at-risk for preeclampsia were randomly assigned to either a stretching or walking group for 40 minutes five times a week from 18 weeks of gestation until birth. The primary analyses were analysis of variance and mixed-effects models. All depressive symptoms decreased throughout pregnancy during the postpartum period, although this trend was not statistically significant. Cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms had different trajectories during pregnancy into the postpartum period, but no significant difference was found. Statistically significant improvements were observed in loss of energy and change in sleeping pattern for the walking and stretching groups. The finding that physical activity improves the depressive symptoms' loss of energy and changes in sleeping patterns during pregnancy aligns with the existing literature, but little research has examined how individual depressive symptoms change throughout pregnancy into the postpartum period. Gaining a better understanding of the trajectories and manifestations of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period is essential for improving detection and treatment practices. Understanding when and how depressive symptoms are present is critical for the clinical diagnosis of this disorder.

Psychometric testing of the indonesian version of beck depression inventory-ii among Indonesian floods survivors

Introduction: Indonesia is a multi-linguistic country using the official language of Bahasa Indonesia. It is important to use formal language to collect research data without misinterpretation of study outcome and intervention effect with high accuracy. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze whether the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) instrument translated into the Indonesian version was reliable and valid for measuring depression in floods-affected communities. Methods: The forward-backward translation was used to translate the BDI-II from English to Indonesian version. We tested the reliability and validity including content and construct validity through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We recruited 107 annual flood survivors in West Java, Indonesia as participants to test the psychometric testing. Results: The structures shown by the EFA are two factors, with Factor 1 representing negative cognitive-attitude domains and somatic symptom items consisting of Factor 2. The CFA concludes that the general factor model best fits the data on the basis Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI)= 0.8; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)= 0.09; Standard Root-Mean-Square Residual (SRMSR)); Comparative Fit Index (CFI)= 0.81; Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI)= 0.79; and p-value χ2 = &lt; 0.01, χ2/df: 1.82). Conclusions: The results showed that the BDI-II Indonesian version has good reliability and validity and can be used to measure depression status among people who suffer floods in community setting. Future studies need to be validated within multiple socio-cultural groups.

Omega-6 and Omega-3 Intake Ratio in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and Its Correlation with Depression Score

Introduction: Depression affects 45.19% of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients' adherence to treatment, resulting in increased morbidity and death, medication resistance, and continued disease transmission. This study aimed to examine the relationship between omega-6/omega-3 (ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake ratio and depression score in patients with pulmonary TB at Persahabatan National Respiratory Referral Hospital, Jakarta. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 99 subjects with pulmonary TB. Data were collected using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), anthropometric measurements, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results: Correlation analysis used the Spearman test and revealed the ratio of ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFAs intake of 7.78 ± 1.13, the median value of depression score was 9 (10-36). There was no correlation between ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFA intake and depression score (r = 0.063; p = 0.534). Conclusion: There was no correlation between ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFAs intake ratio and depression scores in pulmonary TB patients. This is the first study to examine the correlation between ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFA intake ratio and depression score in pulmonary TB patients.