Beck Depression Inventory-II Research Articles

The role of self-rumination and self-reflection in depressive symptoms among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits

While some types of rumination have been reported as exacerbating factors in depressive symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits, the role of self-rumination remains underexplored. Additionally, self-reflection—a similar form of private self-consciousness which may have protective effects—has been even less examined. This study of 3,000 Japanese adults (aged 18–50 years) investigates self-rumination and self-reflection in depressive symptoms related to ADHD, using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation and linear regression for mediation/moderation. ADHD traits were correlated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.413, p < 0.001), mediated by self-rumination (indirect effect = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.26]). Self-reflection was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.193, p < 0.001) but had a protective effect when controlling for self-rumination (β = −0.75, p < 0.001). Moderated mediation analysis showed self-reflection reduced depressive symptoms related to ADHD traits by moderating both the impact of ADHD traits on self-rumination and the influence of self-rumination on depressive symptoms. These effects were particularly significant for inattention traits. Our findings suggest that self-reflection, by mitigating self-rumination, may serve as a therapeutic target for depressive symptoms in adults with ADHD traits.

Comparison of Depression Levels in Early and End Preclinical Students at Pelita Harapan University

Introduction: Mental health is a crucial concern globally and in Indonesia, especially among medical students who face higher rates of depression than the general population due to academic pressure, high expectations, and social stress. Depression can negatively affect academic performance and future careers. Studies show varying results regarding depression levels between early and end preclinical students. Purpose: This study aims to compare the level of depression in early to end preclinical students at Pelita Harapan University and to see whether there is a relationship between gender and social support and the level of depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 333 preclinical students from the Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, in January-March 2024. The data was collected using the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 (chi-square statistical test). Results: The study found no statistically significant difference in depression levels between early and end preclinical students (p-value 0.348). There is a relationship between social support and the level of depression in preclinical students of the UPH Medical Faculty, with a (p-value of 0.001). However, no significant relationship was found between gender and the level of depression in preclinical students, with a p-value of 0.093. Conclusion: Conducted outside major metropolitan areas like Jakarta, the study offers insights into how depression manifests in different geographic and socio-economic contexts. The findings can be used as a consideration for making a faculty or university policy to improve mental health management for medical students, ensuring an effective learning process.

Rethinking gender differences: An investigation of comorbid psychopathology and alcohol use disorder in veterans.

While men have been found to drink more alcohol and have higher rates of alcohol-related mortality, women tend to experience higher rates of alcohol-related consequences, including psychological comorbidities and worse alcohol use disorder (AUD) outcomes. However, gender differences in comorbid psychopathology and associations with AUD outcomes among veterans are less well understood. Veterans (N = 126; 32 women) receiving inpatient treatment for AUD completed baseline clinical measures including the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Early Life Stress Questionnaire, and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Alcohol use was assessed with the Timeline Followback for the 90 days prior to the baseline assessment and again at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups. Gender differences in baseline alcohol and psychopathology measures were examined using Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test. Linear/logistic regression was used to examine associations between comorbid psychopathology and alcohol relapse/use severity post-study. Consistent with prior literature, statistically significant gender differences in psychopathology were observed, with women reporting higher anxiety (p < 0.001), depression (p = 0.001), early life stress (p < 0.001), and PTSD (p < 0.001) at baseline. Higher early life stress was also associated with higher anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Statistically significant gender differences were not observed for alcohol use in the 90 days prior to the study. Similarly, gender was not associated with relapse or severity of use at 1-, 3-, or 6-month follow ups (ps > 0.05). Psychopathology measures were not associated with relapse or severity of use at any time point (ps > 0.05). Our study highlights that women veterans are drinking similar quantities of alcohol to men, supporting emerging evidence of a narrowing gender gap in alcohol use. Women also have a higher psychiatric burden than men; thus, identifying ways to mitigate comorbidity among women veterans should be a health priority.

Flexibility between immersion and distancing: Relationship with depressive symptoms and therapeutic alliance

Objectives High levels of change are linked to the flexibility between immersion and distancing, as well as to higher levels of therapeutic alliance. This study aims to explore the evolution of flexibility between immersion and distancing throughout the entire therapeutic process and its relationship with therapeutic alliance and depressive symptoms in a clinical case. Method We analyzed five sessions of a good outcome case of depression undergoing cognitive–behavioral therapy. We assessed the distancing/immersion of these sessions using the Measure of Immersed and Distanced Speech, and therapeutic alliance with the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form. The depressive symptoms were assessed from the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results Flexibility and therapeutic alliance from both client’s and therapist’s perspectives increased throughout the therapeutic process. A strong negative correlation was found between flexibility and depressive symptoms. Conclusions The increase in flexibility can be an adaptive pattern associated with the decrease in depressive symptoms, the increase in therapeutic alliance (from both the client's and the therapist's perspective), and therapeutic success.

Exploring the relationship between physical activity and Inhibitory Function in College Students with depressive symptoms through EEG

This study aims to examine the relationship between physical activity and inhibitory function in college students with depressive symptoms and to explore the role of resting EEG as a mediator in this relationship. Specifically, it analyzes how physical activity correlates with inhibitory function and identifies potential routes through which physical activity impacts inhibitory function. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 154 college students with depressive symptoms. Participants completed the Basic Information Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale. Five-minute EEG signals were recorded, and participants performed behavioral tasks to assess inhibitory function. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests, χ2 tests, Pearson correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Significant differences were found between the adequate and inadequate physical activity groups in BDI scores and response inhibition (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between physical activity and the average accuracy rate on No-go tasks (r = 0.281, P < 0.001) in students with depressive symptoms. Delta and beta1 lateralization in the central, parietal, and temporal regions were significantly positively correlated with both physical activity and response inhibition (r = 0.20, r = 0.38, both P < 0.05). Both direct and mediating effects were significant, with direct effects accounting for 67.80% of the total effect (B = 0.141, 95% CI: 0.013–0.287) and mediating effects accounting for 32.20% of the total effect (B = 0.067, 95% CI: 0.029–0.136). Gender did not significantly moderate the relationship between physical activity and response inhibition (P > 0.05). There is a close relationship between physical activity, specific EEG indicators, and response inhibition. The central, parietal, and temporal regions serve as potential routes linking physical activity and response inhibition. Delta band lateralization (in the central, parietal, and temporal regions) may be the route through which physical activity influences response inhibition.

Evaluating duloxetine for pruritus and psychiatric comorbidities in lichen simplex chronicus.

The use of antidepressant medications in the treatment of lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) also known as neurodermatitis, is not well-documented in the literature. The primary aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of duloxetine 30mg on the quality of life in patients with LSC, focusing on both pruritus and psychopathological aspects. The secondary aim is to investigate the relationship between LSC and anxiety and depression. The observational prospective clinical study, conducted from November 2023 to November 2024, included male and female patients aged 18 and older diagnosed with neurodermatitis (lichen simplex chronicus). Inclusion criteria required a confirmed diagnosis by a dermatologist. Exclusion criteria included other skin conditions, polyneuropathies (e.g., diabetic, chemotherapy-induced), malignancy, current use of antidepressants or neuropathic pain medications, and medications known to cause itching (e.g., β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, antacids). Patients with LSC at the dermatology clinic were assessed by a dermatologist using the DLQI and a neurologist using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory before and after three months of treatment. The study included 219 patients with a mean age of 39.6 (12.2) years, 69.5% female and 30.5% male. Post-treatment, the Duloxetine 30mg + 0.05% alpha clobetasol propionate group showed the most significant improvement in DLQI scores (p < 0.05). This group also had a notable reduction in itchiness scores by the third month, with more change over time. The greatest reduction in scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory was observed in the Duloxetine 30mg + 0.05% alpha-clobetasol propionate group, with this reduction continuing in a decreasing pattern in the Duloxetine 30mg and 0.05% alpha-clobetasol propionate groups, respectively. Significant changes in the time-group interaction were observed only in the Duloxetine 30mg + 0.05% alpha-clobetasol propionate and Duloxetine 30mg groups (p < 0.05). No significant time effect was seen in the 0.05% alpha clobetasol propionate group. In the regression analysis, both BAI and BDI-II showed significant and strong effects on DLQI (p < 0.05). Our study suggests that duloxetine 30mg may be effective in treating LSC by reducing pruritus and addressing comorbid psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression. The multidisciplinary approach, involving both dermatological and neuropsychiatric evaluations, is essential for treatment. Long-term, multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Equivalence of Paper and Smartphone Versions of the Beck Depression Inventory-II.

Background: The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a widely used patient-reported outcome (PRO) tool designed to screen for depressive symptoms and assess their severity. In recent years, with advancements in digital technology, the BDI-II has been adapted for use as an electronic PRO (ePRO) tool. However, to the best of our knowledge, the reliability of the smartphone version of the BDI-II has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to assess the equivalence of the traditional paper and smartphone versions of the BDI-II. Methods: This study employed a randomized crossover design with adults (n = 100) from the Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Participants completed both the paper and smartphone versions of the BDI-II at 1-week intervals. The equivalence between the two versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCagreement). Additionally, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were calculated for both versions. Results: The mean age of the participants was 19.78 years (SD = 0.94, 10% male). The ICCagreement between the paper and smartphone versions of the BDI-II was 0.81 (95% CI 0.74-0.87). Cronbach's alpha was 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.91) for the paper version and 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.91) for the smartphone version. McDonald's omega was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.95) for the paper version and 0.89 (95% CI 0.85-0.93) for the smartphone version. Conclusions: The BDI-II is suitable for use in its smartphone version, and the smartphone version of the BDI-II is a valuable addition to the mental healthcare professional's toolkit.

Effect of depression and empowerment on medication adherence in patients with breast cancer: a descriptive survey

BackgroundGiven the global prevalence of breast cancer and its high mortality rate, adherence to long-term anti-hormonal therapy is crucial for preventing recurrence and improving survival outcomes. Previous research demonstrates how psychological factors including depression and empowerment impact medication adherence. However, comprehensive studies remain limited, especially in Korea. This study explores the effects of depression and empowerment on medication adherence among patients with breast cancer undergoing anti-hormonal therapy.MethodsThis descriptive survey involved 183 patients with breast cancer from one hospital in South Korea; participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess medication adherence, depression levels using the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and empowerment levels using a tool developed for women with breast cancer. Hierarchical regression explored relationships and influences between variables.ResultsParticipants demonstrated an average depression score of 19.67 ± 11.25, with medication adherence measured at 18.06 ± 5.15 and empowerment at 106.40 ± 18.15, revealing that, among patients with breast cancer, many experienced depression with varying levels: 16.9% mild, 27.3% moderate, and 21.9% severe. Medication adherence levels were distributed, with 58.5% of patients categorized as non-adherent and 41.5% categorized as adherent. The results indicated a significant negative correlation between depression and medication adherence and a positive correlation between empowerment and medication adherence. Higher empowerment levels were associated with improved adherence. Conversely, high depression levels were associated with low medication adherence.ConclusionsThis study enhances understandings of psychosocial factors influencing medication adherence in patients with breast cancer, highlighting patient empowerment as crucial for healthcare interventions. Thus, healthcare providers should implement targeted interventions including educational programs to inform patients about their treatment regimens, provide counseling services addressing mental health concerns such as depression, and establish support groups fostering a sense of community and shared experiences among patients. By integrating these strategies into patient care, healthcare professionals can significantly enhance patient empowerment and improve medication adherence toward better health outcomes for breast cancer patients. Future research could explore the long-term effects of these interventions on adherence and overall patient well-being.

The impact of induced stress on reactive and proactive control in depression.

Depression, a widespread mental health issue, is often marked by impaired cognitive control, particularly in managing proactive and reactive processes. The Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework differentiates between these two modes of cognitive control: proactive control involves sustained goal maintenance, while reactive control is more stimulus-driven and transient. Stress, known to exacerbate cognitive dysfunction in depression, may influence the balance between these control processes, though the specific effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate how acute stress influences proactive and reactive control in individuals with depressive symptoms. A total of 142 participants were divided into high-stress and control conditions and further categorized based on their depression levels, measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Cognitive control was assessed using the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT), both before and after exposure to a stress-inducing anagram task, which was designed to differentiate between high-stress and low-stress conditions. Participants exposed to the high-stress condition reported significantly greater stress and fatigue levels compared to the control group, validating the stress manipulation. Although the balance between reactive and proactive control, as measured by the Proactive Behavioral Index (PBI), did not show significant changes, depressive individuals in the high-stress condition exhibited a significant decline in their ability to retain contextual information, as indicated by a reduction in the d'-context index. This suggests that depressive individuals may be more prone to stress-induced difficulties in proactive control. These findings highlight the selective impact of stress on proactive cognitive control in individuals with depressive symptoms, shedding light on a potential cognitive vulnerability in depression. While the balance between reactive and proactive control remained stable, the impaired retention of contextual information post-stress points to a specific deficit in proactive control. This could have implications for targeted cognitive interventions, such as cognitive control training, aimed at enhancing resilience against stress in depressive populations. Future research should explore the long-term effects of stress on cognitive control, particularly in clinically diagnosed individuals.

Learning from Hindsight: Examining Autonomic, Inflammatory, and Endocrine Stress Biomarkers and Mental Health in Healthy Terrorism Survivors Many Years Later.

Terrorism and trauma survivors often experience changes in biomarkers of autonomic, inflammatory and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis assessed at various times. Research suggests interactions of these systems in chronic stress. This unprecedented retrospective study explores long-term stress biomarkers in three systems in terrorism survivors. Sixty healthy, direct terrorism survivors were compared to non-exposed community members for cardiovascular reactivity to a trauma script, morning salivary cortisol, interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), and interleukin 2-R (IL-2R). Survivors' biomarkers were correlated with psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses and reported functioning and well-being seven years after the Oklahoma City (OKC) bombing.Main outcome measures were the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) Disaster Supplement for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnoses, Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Distress and Functioning Scale (DAF), and General Physical Well-Being Scale. Survivors had higher inflammatory IL-1β, lower anti-inflammatory IL-2R, lower cortisol, higher resting diastolic blood pressure (BP), and less cardiovascular reactivity to a trauma script than comparisons. Survivors' mean posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom levels did not differ from comparisons, but survivors reported worse well-being. None of survivors' biomarkers correlated with PTS or depressive symptoms or diagnoses or reported functioning. Alterations of biological stress measures in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and cortisol systems coexisted as an apparent generalized long-term response to terrorism rather than related to specific gauges of mental health. Potential interactions of biomarkers long after trauma exposure is discussed considering relevant research. Longer-term follow-up could determine whether biomarkers continue to differ or correlate with subjective measures, or if they accompany health problems over time. Given recent international terrorism, understanding long-term sequelae among direct survivors is increasingly relevant.

Group Psychological Therapy Program in Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Anxious-Depressive Symptoms.

Introduction: Anxiety and depression are significant mental health concerns for individuals with congenital heart disease (CHD). As group therapy has proven to be a valuable and effective treatment option for managing anxiety and depression, the aim of this study was to determine its effects on patients with CHD and anxious-depressive symptoms. Methods: We used non-pharmacological psychological group intervention, of six weekly sessions of 90 min each, administered by trained personnel, in adult patients with CHD. Measurement tools included quality of life (Euro quality of life-5D questionnaire), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and satisfaction surveys. Results: A total of 18 out of 21 CHD patients (mean age 35.8 ± 9.0 years old and 13 (72%) females) completed the program. According to CHD complexity, five (28%) patients had mild, six (33%) moderate, and seven (38%) great defects. Patients with CHD scored significantly higher in the Euro quality of life visual analogue scale (7.83 ± 1.4 vs. 7.14 ± 1.6, p = 0.012) and lower in the Beck Depression Inventory-II (12.3 ± 10.9 vs. 18.1 ± 12.1, p = 0.003) post-program than pre-intervention. Meanwhile, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score was close to reaching statistical significance (27.4 ± 6.0 vs. 25.1 ± 5.4, p = 0.051), while the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory did not. Finally, participants scored high in the satisfaction questionnaire at the end of the sessions, on a scale from 0 to 3, especially in the questions related to feeling comfortable with others (2.5 ± 0.6), recommending the program (2.3 ± 0.6), or being willing to attend future sessions (2.6 ± 0.8). Conclusions: Group psychological therapy proved to be a useful tool to reduce depressive symptomatology after a 6-week program, providing a comfortable environment to patients with CHD.

Changes in Subjective Cognitive and Social Functioning in Parkinson's Disease from Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background/Objectives: Social isolation and health-related consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic may have significantly impacted quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic specifically on subjective cognition and social functioning in PwPD is poorly understood. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of changes in subjective cognitive and social functioning in PwPD before (T1, 2017-2019) and during (T2, 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: At T1, 347 PwPD completed online surveys. At T2, 123 of them (54 males, 69 females) responded to follow-up questionnaires including Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) subscales, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Parkinson's Anxiety Scale, motor and non-motor experiences of daily living from the MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and the Coronavirus Impact Scale. Results: T1-T2 declines in subjective cognition and social functioning both were correlated with more anxiety, fatigue, and motor symptoms. Additionally, declines in subjective cognition correlated with depression, and with decline in social functioning. Women reported greater COVID-19 impact than men, unrelated to cognition and social functioning; in men, personal experience with COVID-19 was associated with decline in subjective cognition. Conclusions: Our finding that subjective cognition and social functioning are associated with different motor and non-motor symptoms of PD suggests that the impacts of PD on subjective cognition and social functioning are complex, which has important implications for treatment.

Rhinitis or asthma among adults as associated factors with symptoms of depression.

Background. It has been observed that diseases such as rhinitis and asthma not only affect the physical health of individuals but can also significantly impact their psychological well-being. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR), non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), and asthma with symptoms of depression in adults. Methods. Comparative cross-sectional study. Adult subjects diagnosed with AR, NAR or asthma were selected and a fourth group of apparently healthy individuals (control group) was recruited. Study subjects were included consecutively. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the association of the diseases in this study (AR, NAR or asthma) with the 21 symptoms of depression from the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was used as the test statistic. Results. A total of 257 participants (60% women; mean age 33.2 years) were included and compared cross-sectionally in four groups: AR (n=59), NAR (n=42), asthma (n=80), and a control group (n=76). In women, asthma and allergic rhinitis were associated with loss of energy and tiredness or fatigue. On the contrary, among men, neither asthma nor allergic rhinitis showed an association with the variables analyzed. However, anxiety showed an association as a risk factor for symptoms of depression in both sexes. Conclusions. Our study reveals for the first time that although the spectrum of symptoms of depression is broad, rhinitis and asthma are only related to some of them.

Psychometric Properties of the Bangla Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) With University Students in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In clinical practice and research, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is one of the most frequently employed and consistent depression assessment instruments. Despite numerous international studies thoroughly establishing the psychometric properties of the BDI-II, no notable study has validated the scale in Bangladesh, especially on the student sample as well as in nonclinical settings. Therefore, the current study was conducted with a view to assessing the psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the BDI-II in a sample of undergraduate students in the cultural context of Bangladesh. The sample consisted of 1128 undergraduate students (55.9% males) aged from 18 to 28 (M = 22.35, SD = 1.41) from the university of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The factor structure of the BDI-II was investigated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA revealed that the hypothesized two-factor model of the BDI-II had an acceptable fit [χ 2/df = 3.030, GFI = 0.957, TLI = 0.949, and CFI = 0.955, RMSEA = 0.042] in the current sample, which confirms the factorial validity of the Bangla version of the BDI-II. Cronbach's α value (for total scale α = 0.90; for the cognitive-affective factor α = 0.88; and for the somatic factor α = 0.73) assured high internal consistency. The concurrent validity of the BDI-II was confirmed by the correlation with the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) in the expected direction. The findings of the study suggest that the Bangla version of the BDI-II is a valid instrument for assessing depression among the student community in Bangladesh. This study will also be very beneficial to research on mental health problems in Bangladesh.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.

The characteristics of persistent long-term symptoms and their contribution to subjective quality of life remain unclear in patients with NMDAR encephalitis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate postacute neuropsychiatric symptoms, subjective cognitive complaints, and disease coping mechanisms and identify predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. This cross-sectional observational study investigated patients with NMDAR encephalitis in the postacute phase. Psychometric scales included assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms (i.e., fatigue, sleep, anxiety, and depressive symptoms), HRQoL, everyday independence, metamemory (i.e., self-rated ability, satisfaction, and use of strategies), and coping strategies (i.e., self-efficacy, disease-related coping, and stress management). A total of 50 patients (mean age 26.0 ± 10.1 years, 86% female) participated at a median of 4.15 (range 0.3-30.3) years after symptom onset. Patients reported significantly increased levels of anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory: 10.5 ± 7.7 [mean ± SD], 95% CI [8.32-12.71], p < 0.001) and depressive (Beck Depression Inventory-II: 11.4 ± 7.7 [9.22-13.62], p = 0.001) symptoms compared with the normative population. Both sleep problems (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: 5.8 ± 3.0 [4.98-6.66], p < 0.001) and motor and cognitive fatigue (Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Function: 50.5 ± 23.1 [42.5-58.4], p < 0.001) were significantly more prevalent. Moreover, lower self-rated memory ability (Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire score: 54.6 ± 8.5 [52.1-57.1], p = 0.004) was associated with greater reliance on compensatory strategies and memory aids (r = -0.41, p = 0.004). Patients used significantly fewer cognitive coping strategies, such as relativization (11.7 ± 4.7 [10.3-13.1], p = 0.001), while depressive coping prevailed (49.1 ± 15.5 [44.5-53.8], p < 0.001). It is important to note that HRQoL was predicted by self-reported affective symptoms, self-efficacy, and coping behaviors in multivariable regression analyses, but not by acute disease severity or postacute physical disability. Our findings show that persistent neuropsychiatric and subjective cognitive concerns explain a large part of the reduced quality of life in patients with NMDAR encephalitis. These findings have important implications for a patient-centered postacute care and the role of disease coping strategies in the neurorehabilitation of autoimmune encephalitis.

Insights into diet, psychological distress, and personality traits among patients with lower-extremity lymphedema and overweight/obesity in comparison to patients with lifestyle-induced overweight/obesity and patients with normal body weight.

Obesity is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. There are significant and mutual associations between lymphatic dysfunction and obesity. This case-control study aimed to compare nutrient intake, depressive symptoms, and Eysenck's personality traits in patients with lower extremity lymphedema and overweight/obesity (n = 34) in comparison to patients with lifestyle-induced overweight/obesity (n = 30) and patients with normal body weight (n = 30). The study groups were evaluated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R). Surprisingly, the study groups did not differ in any item in the FFQ, including total daily energy value and total intake of macronutrients, vitamins, or minerals. The group with lymphedema and overweight/obesity had higher scores on the depression scale, and the groups with lymphedema and overweight/obesity and lifestyle-induced overweight/obesity differed from the control group in Eysenck's psychoticism score; however, in all study groups, the scores of this trait were within the normal range. In conclusion, our study suggests that when FFQ is used, the problem of under-reporting of usual dietary intake among patients with lower extremity lymphedema and overweight/obesity, and lifestyle-induced overweight/obesity should be considered.

Anxiety, Depression, and Expanded Disability Status Scale Independently Predict the Perception of Disability in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of disability in young adults due to several motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms. However, little is still known about the impact of psychological, cognitive, and social-support variables on subjective disability. This study is aimed at exploring the role of clinical, psychological, cognitive, and social-support variables in predicting disability levels as perceived by persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were used as subjective and objective measures of disability, respectively. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression; 19-item Medical Outcome Study-Social Support Survey assessed social support; and Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery assessed cognitive functioning. A multivariable regression analysis was applied using the WHODAS 2.0 as an outcome. One hundred and fifty-one pwMS (93 females, mean age 51.6, standard deviation (SD) 5.8) were enrolled. EDSS (β = 7.190; p < 0.001), state anxiety (β = 0.265; p = 0.009), and symptoms of depression (β = 0.835; p < 0.001) explained a large amount of the variance of subjective disability (Adj.R 2 = 0.705; p < 0.001) measured through the WHODAS 2.0. Contrarily, cognitive functioning and perceived social support are not independently associated with the WHODAS 2.0 score. Psychosocial interventions in rehabilitation settings, aimed at reducing the overall perceived disability of pwMS, should be implemented in rehabilitation programs.

Comparative effect of Tai-Chi Chuan Versus Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Parkinson’s disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Exercise is seen as an important aspects in the management of Parkinson’s disease, one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in the world. Tai-Chi Chuan, a mind and body exercise, is widely known for its proven benefits in controlling Parkinson’s disease symptoms and could be an alternative exercise compared to conventional aerobic exercise. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of Tai-Chi Chuan compared to aerobic exercise in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Systematic review approach based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was done across 4 databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Cochrane. Included studies went through quality assessment using RoB2.0 or ROBINS-I and quantitative assessment using RevMan 5.4.1. From 173 studies, only three studies were eligible. A total of 581 samples were divided into 295 in Tai-Chi and 286 in the aerobic exercise group. Our analysis showed that two studies were low risk in bias and one moderate risk. Tai-Chi group showed a statistically significant better performance in Foot-up and go test [SMD = -0.61; 95% CI (-0.79, -0.44) P = 0.06]and 50-foot walk [SMD = -1.06; 95% CI (-1.86, -0.26) P = 0.009]. Furthermore, Aerobic exercise has a favorable response towards the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and VO2 max without the significance shown. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed favorable response to both exercise in Parkinson’s disease. Tai-Chi helps Parkinson’s disease in improvements on motor symptoms meanwhile Aerobic exercise in cardiovascular health.

How is the assimilation of problematic experiences associated with the long-term psychotherapeutic outcomes in depression? A contrasting case study

ABSTRACT The Assimilation Model describes therapeutic change as a gradual integration of problematic experiences into the self. Previous studies associated higher assimilation levels with a reduction of depressive symptoms throughout therapy and better therapeutic outcomes at the end. We explored the relation between the assimilation of problematic experiences during therapy and the maintenance of therapeutic gains after the therapeutic process. Three depressed clients were studied: one remained asymptomatic throughout the follow-up; one relapsed after the end of therapy; and one become asymptomatic during the follow-up. The assimilation process was assessed through the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES) and depressive symptoms through the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Higher APES levels were associated with lower intensity of symptoms across sessions. The client who maintained gains and the client who recovered during follow-up achieved higher APES levels during treatment than did the client who relapsed. APES levels of at least 4 were associated with good outcomes during therapy and further improvement after therapy and levels of at least 6 were associated with maintenance of therapeutic gains. These results suggest that a more thorough assimilation of problematic experiences may help clients maintain therapeutic gains and/or recover after therapy, thereby reducing the likelihood of relapse.

The impact of single sessions of aerobic exercise at varying intensities on depressive symptoms in college students: evidence from resting-state EEG in the parietal region

BackgroundThe incidence of depression among college students is increasingly high, significantly impacting their daily lives. This study aims to utilize electroencephalography (EEG) to assess the effects of varying intensities of single-session aerobic exercise on depression symptoms in college students.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the effects of single sessions of aerobic exercise at varying intensities on depressive symptoms in college students through changes in BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II) scores and resting-state EEG lateralization.MethodsDepressed college students were randomly assigned to low, moderate, high-intensity exercise, and control groups. The study investigated the relationship between BDI-II scores and resting-state EEG parietal region lateralization and the impact of single sessions of aerobic exercise at different intensities on depressive symptoms.ResultsBDI-II scores were negatively correlated with parietal region α2 (P < 0.01) and β1 (P < 0.05) lateralization in depressed students. Low-intensity exercise significantly reduced BDI-II scores (P < 0.05). Moderate-intensity exercise resulted in significant changes in BDI-II scores (P < 0.001), α2 lateralization (P = 0.002), and β1 lateralization (P = 0.006). Post-test comparisons showed significant differences in BDI-II (P = 0.048), α2 (P = 0.002), and β1 (P = 0.041) compared to the control group, and differences in α2 (P = 0.021) and β1 (P = 0.041) compared to the low-intensity group. High-intensity exercise also significantly altered BDI-II scores (P < 0.001) and α2 (P = 0.035). Post-test comparisons showed differences in BDI-II compared to low-intensity (P < 0.001), moderate-intensity (P = 0.01), and control groups (P < 0.001), and differences in α2 compared to the control group (P = 0.011). BDI-II changes were negatively correlated with changes in α2 (P < 0.01) and β1 (P < 0.05).ConclusionFrom the perspective of the BDI-II, various intensities of a single bout of aerobic exercise can alleviate depressive symptoms in college students. Additionally, regarding the lateralization of resting EEG in the parietal region, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise demonstrates a more comprehensive improvement. The alleviation of depressive symptoms in college students is, to some extent, associated with the synergy within the parietal region.Trial registrationThe study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400087920, 07/08/2024).